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51
ɋɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ
ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɸɠɧɨɣ
ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ
,
ɝɞɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɬɟɩɥɟɟ ɢ ɫɭɲɟ
.
Ʌɟɬɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɟ
,
ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ
ɫɭɯɨɟ
.
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ Ƚ
.
Ɍ
.
ɋɟɥɹɧɢɧɨɜɭ ɡɚ ɦɚɣ
–
ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ
1,0–
1,1,
ɧɨ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɨɧ ɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ
0,7
ɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ
.
Ɉɫɚɞ
-
ɤɨɜ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɟɬ
450–500
ɦɦ ɜ ɝɨɞ
.
ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɹɧɜɚɪɹ
–9, –10 °
ɋ
;
ɢɸɥɹ
20,4 °
ɋ
.
ɋɭɦɦɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɜɵɲɟ
10
ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ
2550
ɞɨ
2700,
ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɹɫɶ ɞɨ
2450°.
Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɬ ɨɫɨɤɨɜɨ
-
ɫɧɵɬɟɜɵɟ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɵ ɫ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤɨɜɨɣ
,
ɦɟɥɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɩɭɫɬɵɧɧɨɣ
ɞɟɧɞɪɨɮɥɨɪɵ
,
ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ
.
ɉɨɞ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɬɟɦɧɨ
-
ɫɟɪɵɟ ɢ
ɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ
.
ɋɜɟɬɥɨ
-
ɫɟɪɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬ
-
ɫɹ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɵ ɤ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧɚɦ
,
ɞɧɢɳɚɦ ɛɚɥɨɤ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ ɫ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɟɦ
.
ɑɬɨɛɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɹɫɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɨɞɡɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɯ ɫɟ
-
ɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ
,
ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ ɩɨɫɟɳɚɸɬ
ɒɢɩɨɜ ɥɟɫ
,
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ Ʉɚ
-
ɥɚɱɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɩɨɞɡɨɧɵ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ
(
ɸɠɧɨɟ ɧɚ
-
ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɚ
).
ɗɬɨɬ ɥɟɫ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɩɶɸ
.
ɉɟɬɪ
I
ɧɚɡɜɚɥ ɟɝɨ
«
ɡɨɥɨɬɵɦ ɤɭɫɬɨɦ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ
»
ɢ
«
ɦɚɝɚɡɢɧɨɦ ɤɨɪɚ
-
ɛɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɣ
».
ȿɝɨ ɩɨɪɚɡɢɥɢ ɝɢɝɚɧɬɫɤɢɟ ɞɭɛɵ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɨɦ
400–450
ɥɟɬ ɫ
ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɣ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢ
.
ɒɢɩɨɜ ɥɟɫ ɪɚɫɤɢɧɭɥɫɹ ɨɬ ɝ
.
Ȼɭɬɭɪɥɢɧɨɜɤɢ ɞɨ
ɝ
.
ɉɚɜɥɨɜ
c
ɤɚ ɩɨɥɨɫɨɣ ɨɬ
6
ɞɨ
12
ɤɦ ɜ ɲɢɪɢɧɭ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ⱦɨɧɨɦ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɥɟɜɵɦ
ɩɪɢɬɨɤɢɦ Ɉɫɟɪɟɞɨɣ
.
ɉɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɒɢɩɨɜɚ ɥɟɫɚ
– 40
ɤɦ
,
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ
32
ɬɵɫ
.
ɝɚ
.
Ȼɚɥɤɢ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɚ Ɉɫɟɪɟɞɵ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨ ɜɤɥɢɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɦɚɫ
-
ɫɢɜ
,
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɹ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ
.
Ⱦɭɛ ɱɟɪɟɲɱɚɬɵɣ
(Quercus robur) –
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ
ɩɨɪɨɞɚ ɒɢɩɨɜɚ ɥɟɫɚ
.
ȿɝɨ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɹɫɟɧɶ
(Fraximus),
ɨɫɢɧɚ
(Populus tremula),
ɥɢɩɚ
(Tilia),
ɤɥɟɧ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɣ
(Acer campestre),
ɨɫɬɪɨɥɢɫɬ
-
ɧɵɣ
(Acer platanoides),
ɬɚɬɚɪɫɤɢɣ
(Acer tataricum),
ɜɹɡ ɦɟɥɤɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɣ
(Ul-
mus pumila),
ɢɥɶɦ
(Ulmus),
ɹɛɥɨɧɹ ɞɢɤɚɹ
(Malus silvestris)
ɢ ɝɪɭɲɚ ɨɛɵɤɧɨ
-
ɜɟɧɧɚɹ
(Pyrus communis).
ɂɡ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɬɶ ɥɟɳɢɧɭ
(Corylus),
ɲɢɩɨɜɧɢɤ
(Rosa),
ɛɟɪɟɫɤɥɟɬ
(Euonymus),
ɛɨɹɪɵɲɧɢɤ
(Crataegus),
ɬɟɪɧ
(Prunus),
ɤɪɭɲɢɧɭ
(Frangula).
Ⱦɭɛ ɢ ɹɫɟɧɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ
ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
.
ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ
–
ɥɢɩɚ
,
ɢɥɶɦ
,
ɜɹɡ
,
ɤɥɟɧ ɨɫɬɪɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɣ
.
ȼ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɤɟ
–
ɤɥɟɧ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɣ
,
ɥɟɳɢɧɚ
,
ɛɟɪɟɫɤɥɟɬ ɢ ɞɪ
.
ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɢ
.
Ȼɨɝɚɬ
ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɟɧ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɜ ɥɟɫɭ
.
ȼ ɧɟɦ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɧɵɬɶ
(Aegopodium podagraria),
ɨɫɨɤɚ ɜɨɥɨɫɢɫɬɚɹ
(Carex pilosa),
ɩɟɪɥɨɜɧɢɤ ɬɪɚɧ
-
ɫɢɥɶɜɚɧɫɤɢɣ
(Melica transsilvanica),
ɥɚɧɞɵɲ ɦɚɣɫɤɢɣ
(Convallaria majalis),
ɤɨɩɵɬɟɧɶ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɣ
(Asaram europaeum),
ɦɟɞɭɧɢɰɚ
(Pulmonaria)
ɢ ɞɪ
.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɒɢɩɨɜɨɦ ɥɟɫɭ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɨɣɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɵ
ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɢɧɵ Ɉɫɟɪɟɞɵ
.
Ɉɫɬɪɨɜɨɤ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ
–
ɫɬɚɪɢɧ
-
ɧɵɣ ȼɨɪɨɧɰɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɩɚɪɤ ɫ
350-
ɥɟɬɧɢɦɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɚɧɚɦɢ ɞɭɛɚɦɢ
,
ɥɢɩɚɦɢ
,
ɜɹɡɚ
-
ɦɢ
,
ɬɨɩɨɥɹɦɢ
.
Ⱥ ɜɨɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɢ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɒɢɥɨɜɚ
ɥɟɫɚ ɛɟɪɟɡɵ
–
ɷɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
.
52
ȼ ɸɝɨ
-
ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ ɡɧɚɤɨ
-
ɦɹɬɫɹ ɫ ɛɢɨɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟɦ ɢ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ Ɍɟɥɥɟɪɦɚɧɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɋɚ
-
ɜɚɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɨɜ
.
Ɍɟɥɥɟɪɦɚɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɥɟɫ
–
ɫɚɦɚɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɚɹ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɧɚɹ ɞɭɛ
-
ɪɚɜɚ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɉɪɢɯɨɩɟɪɶɹ
.
ȿɝɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ
42
ɬɵɫ
.
ɝɚ
.
ȼɵɬɹɧɭɜɲɢɣɫɹ
ɜɞɨɥɶ ɩɪɚɜɨɛɟɪɟɠɢɣ ɪɟɤ ȼɨɪɨɧɵ ɢ ɏɨɩɪɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɧɚ
45
ɤɦ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ
ɦɚɫɫɢɜ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɩɨɣɦɵ
,
ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɬɟɪɪɚɫ
,
ɩɨɥɨɝɢɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɫɤɥɨɧɵ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɥɚɬɨ
.
ȼ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɟ ɫ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɝɨ ɬɸɪɤɫɤɨ
-
ɦɨɧɝɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɨɧ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ
«
ɥɟɫ ɧɚ ɯɨɥɦɚɯ
».
Ɇɚɫɫɢɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟ
-
ɞɟɥɚɯ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ Ɉɤɫɤɨ
-
Ⱦɨɧɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ
,
ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ
ɞɜɭɯ ɩɨɞɡɨɧ
(
ɨɧɚ ɢɞɟɬ ɩɨ ɏɨɩɪɭ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɦɭ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɸ ȼɨɪɨɧɵ
):
ɩɨɞɡɨɧɵ
ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ
(
ɩɪɚɜɵɣ ɛɟɪɟɝ
,
ɝɞɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚɝɨɪɧɚɹ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɚ
)
ɢ ɩɨɞɡɨɧɵ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ
(
ɥɟɜɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɟɤ
).
ɋɚɦɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɨɬ
-
ɦɟɬɤɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɵ
– 164
ɦ ɧɚɞ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɦɨɪɹ
,
ɜ ɒɢɩɨɜɨɦ ɥɟ
-
ɫɭ
– 231
ɦ
.
ɂɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɢ ɜ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ
ɞɭɛɪɚɜ
.
ȼɨɪɨɧɨ
-
ɏɨɩɟɪɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɟ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɦɨɳɧɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɟɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪ
-
ɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɨ
-
ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ
,
ɭɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɨɞ ɪɭɫɥɚ ɪɟɤ
.
ȼɟɪɯɧɸɸ
ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ȼɨɪɨɧɚ
–
Ʉɚɪɚɱɚɧ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɝɢɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɤ ɪɟ
-
ɤɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɦɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɥɢɧɵ ɢ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɢ ɫ ɜɚɥɭɧɚɦɢ
,
ɩɪɢɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɩɥɚɳɨɦ
ɥɟɫɫɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɨɜ
,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣ
ɩɨɪɨɞɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɥɭɱɲɢɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɱɜ
,
ɡɚɧɹɬɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɦ
.
ɉɨ ɨɤɪɚɢɧɚɦ
ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɵ ɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɛɚɥɨɤ
,
ɢɞɭɳɢɯ ɤ ɪɟɤɟ
,
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɟɫɫɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɭɝ
-
ɥɢɧɤɨɜ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɢɯ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɤɥɢɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ
.
ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɩɨɱɜɵ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɨɪɟɧɟ
,
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɟɣ
;
ɩɥɨɞɨɪɨɞɢɟ ɢɯ
ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɨɧɰɨɜ ɢ ɛɟɡɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɹɧ
.
ɉɟɫɱɚɧɵɟ
ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɨɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ
-
ɫɬɢ ɥɟɫɚ
,
ɝɞɟ ɜ ɏɨɩɟɪ ɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɪ
.
Ʉɚɪɚɱɚɧ
.
ɍɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɜ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɟɟ
,
ɱɟɦ ɜ ɒɢɩɨɜɨɦ ɥɟɫɭ
,
ɱɬɨ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
.
Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɟ
-
ɪɟɡɚ ɩɨɜɢɫɥɚɹ
(Betula pendula).
Ʌɢɩɚ ɜ ɫɧɵɬɟɜɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɥɟɫɤɨɜɨɦ ɬɢɩɚɯ
ɞɭɛɪɚɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ
,
ɧɨ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɞɭɛɨɦ ɢ
ɹɫɟɧɟɦ
.
Ⱦɨɥɹ ɨɫɢɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɉɪɢɝɨɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
26–30 %.
Ɉɫɢɧɚ ɢ ɥɢɩɚ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɹɸɬ ɞɭɛ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɜɵɪɭɛɨɤ
.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ Ɍɟɥɥɟɪɦɚɧɨɜ
-
ɫɤɢɣ ɥɟɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɯɨɠ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɟ
,
ɚ ɧɟ ɸɠɧɨɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɫɭɯɢɟ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɵ
(
ɒɢɩɨɜ ɥɟɫ
).
Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɭɛ ɱɟɪɟɲɱɚɬɵɣ
.
ɇɚ ɧɟɝɨ
ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ
3
4
ɥɟɫɨɩɨɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɞɭɛɧɹɤɨɜ ɸɠɧɨɣ
ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ
8
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɞɭɤ
-
ɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɬɢɩɚɦɢ ɥɟɫɚ
.
Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɫɯɨɞɧɚ ɫ ɬɢɩɚɦɢ ɞɭɛɪɚɜ ɒɢɥɨɜɚ
ɥɟɫɚ
.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɹɫɟɧɟɜɨ
-
ɞɭɛɨɜɨ
-
ɫɧɵɬɟɜɵɣ ɬɢɩ
(
ɞɭɛɪɚɜɚ ɫɧɵɬɟɜɚɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɧɨ
-
ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɫɭɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɩɨɱ
-
ɜɚɯ
),
ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɤ ɩɥɚɤɨɪɚɦ ɢɥɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɨɥɨɝɢɦ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɦ
.
Ȼɨɥɟɟ
400
ɝɚ
53
ɬɚɤɢɯ ɞɭɛɪɚɜ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ
.
ɇɚ ɫɥɚɛɨɩɨɤɚɬɵɯ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɯ
ɪɚɫɩɪɨɬɪɚɧɟɧ ɹɫɟɧɟɜɨ
-
ɞɭɛɨɜɨ
-
ɫɧɵɬɟɜɨ
-
ɨɫɨɤɨɜɵɣ ɬɢɩ
(
ɞɭɛɪɚɜɚ ɫɧɵɬɟɜɨ
-
ɨɫɨɤɨɜɚɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɫɭɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ
).
ȼ ɬɚɤɨɣ
ɞɭɛɪɚɜɟ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶ ɹɫɟɧɹ ɢ ɥɢɩɵ
,
ɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɥɹ
ɤɥɟɧɚ ɨɫɬɪɨɥɢɫɬɧɨɝɨ
,
ɚ ɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ
–
ɨɫɨɤɢ ɜɨɥɨɫɢɫɬɨɣ
.
ȼ ɩɪɟɞɛɚ
-
ɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɝɢɯ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨ
-
ɜɚɥɫɹ ɬɢɩ ɥɟɫɚ
,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɒɢɩɨɜɨɣ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɟ
:
ɥɢɩɨɜɨ
-
ɞɭɛɨɜɨ
-
ɩɪɨɥɟɫɤɨɜɵɣ
.
ȼ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟ ɧɟɬ ɹɫɟɧɹ
,
ɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɩɵ
.
ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨ
-
ɜɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɥɟɫɤɢ ɞɜɭɥɢɫɬɧɨɣ
,
ɩɨɞɫɧɟɠɧɢɤɚ
(Scilla bifolia).
ɉɨ ɬɚɥɶɜɟɣ
-
ɝɚɦ ɛɚɥɨɤ ɢ ɩɨɞɧɨɠɢɸ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɧɚ ɞɟɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɚɫɩɪɨ
-
ɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɟ ɜ Ɍɟɥɥɟɪɦɚɧɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɫɭ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɵ
.
ɇɚ ɦɵɫɚɯ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɜɪɚɝɚɦɢ
,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨ ɩɨɥɨɝɢɦ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɦ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɞɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ
ɛɪɨɜɤɢ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɹɫɟɧɟɜɨ
-
ɞɭɛɨɜɨ
-
ɨɫɨɤɨɜɵɣ ɬɢɩ
(
ɞɭɛɪɚɜɚ ɫɭɯɚɹ ɨɫɨɤɨɜɚɹ
ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɥɨ
-
ɫɟɪɵɯ ɢ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ
).
ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ
ɞɭɛ
,
ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶ ɹɫɟɧɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɚɹ
.
ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ
,
ɪɟɞɤɢɣ ɢ ɜ
ɧɟɦ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɤɥɟɧ ɨɫɬɪɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɣ
.
ȼ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɤɟ
,
ɦɟɧɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɦ
,
ɱɟɦ ɜ
ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɬɢɩɚɯ
,
ɤɪɨɦɟ ɤɥɟɧɚ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɥɟɳɢɧɵ
,
ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ
-
ɦɟɫɶ ɤɥɟɧɚ ɬɚɬɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɛɟɪɟɫɤɥɟɬɚ ɛɨɪɨɞɚɜɱɚɬɨɝɨ
.
ȼ ɬɢɩɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɧɚ ɫɨ
-
ɥɨɧɰɟɜɚɬɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɢ ɫɨɥɨɧɰɚɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɥɟɫɚ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬ
-
ɧɵɟ ɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɬ ɞɭɛɧɹɤɢ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ
.
ɂɯ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɣ ɫɨ
-
ɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɭɛɚ
,
ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɯɨɜɟɪɲɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ
.
ȼ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɤɟ
–
ɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɢ
–
ɬɟɪɧ
,
ɛɨɹɪɵɲɧɢɤ
,
ɜɢɲɧɹ ɫɬɟɩɧɚɹ
,
ɲɢɩɨɜɧɢɤ ɢ ɞɪ
.
ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɡɥɚɤɢ
:
ɦɹɬɥɢɤ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɧɵɣ
(
Ɋɨɚ
nemoralis),
ɥɟɫɧɨɣ
(P. silvicola),
ɭɡɤɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɣ
(P. angustifolia),
ɟɠɚ ɫɛɨɪɧɚɹ
(Dactylis glomerata).
Ⱦɭɛɧɹɤ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɨɩɭɲɤɢ ɫɨɥɨɧɰɨɜɵɯ ɩɨ
-
ɥɹɧ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɤɚɬɨɝɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ
,
ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɦ
ɟɝɨ ɜ ɛɚɥɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɪɭɬɨɣ ɫɤɥɨɧ
.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟɜ ɫ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɭɛɚ ɜ Ɍɟɥɥɟɪɦɚɧɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɟ
ɩɨɱɬɢ
1
4
ɥɟɫɨɩɨɤɚɬɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɡɚɧɹɬɚ ɨɫɢɧɨɣ
,
ɹɫɟɧɟɦ
,
ɥɢɩɨɣ
,
ɤɥɟɧɨɦ ɨɫɬ
-
ɪɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɦ
–
ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹɦɢ
,
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɫɦɟɧɵ ɞɭɛɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɪɭɛɤɚɯ
.
ɇɟɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɪɨɳɚ
(
ɨɤɨɥɨ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ ɝɟɤɬɚɪɚ
)
ɥɢɫɬ
-
ɜɟɧɧɢɰɵ
(Larix)
ɜ ɭɪɨɱɢɳɟ Ⱦɟɦɢɞɨɜ Ʌɨɝ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɧɚ
-
ɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ
1905
ɝ
. (
Ƚɪɢɛɚɧɨɜɫɤɨɟ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
).
ɉɨɞ ɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɝɨɦ ɫɬɢɯɢɣɧɨ
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɢ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɨɤ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ
–
ɢɥɶɦ
,
ɱɟɪɟɦɭɯɚ
,
ɨɪɟɲɧɢɤ
,
ɤɥɟɧ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɢ ɞɪ
.
ɉɨ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɦ ɞɧɢɳɚɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɚɥɨɤ ɧɚ ɥɭɝɨɜɨ
-
ɥɟɫɧɵɯ
,
ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɥɚɛɨ
ɡɚɫɨɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ
,
ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɬ ɜɹɡɨɜɧɢɤɢ ɥɟɳɢɧɨɜɵɟ
,
ɜ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɤɟ ɤɨɬɨ
-
ɪɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɪɟɫɤɥɟɬɚ ɛɨɪɨɞɚɜɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ
,
ɤɥɟɧɚ ɩɨɥɟ
-
ɜɨɝɨ
.
ȼ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɶɟ
:
ɬɚɜɨɥɝɚ ɜɹɡɨɥɢɫɬɧɚɹ
(Filipendula ulmaria),
ɤɪɚɩɢɜɚ ɞɜɭɞɨɦɧɚɹ
(Urtica dioica),
ɫɧɵɬɶ
(Aegopodium
podagraria),
ɤɭɩɟɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɰɜɟɬɤɨɜɚɹ
(Polygonatum multiflorum).
54
ɋɚɜɚɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɥɟɫ
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɪɟɱɶɟ ɩɪɚɜɵɯ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɨɜ ɏɨɩɪɚ
-
Ʉɚɪɚɱɚɧɚ ɢ ɋɚɜɚɥɵ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɘɠɧɨɝɨ Ȼɢɬɸɝɨ
-
ɏɨɩɟɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨ
-
ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ
.
ȼ ɧɟɦ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɱɢ
-
ɳɚ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ
78 %.
ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɦ ɥɟɫɧɵɦ ɦɚɫ
-
ɫɢɜɨɦ
.
ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɥɟɫɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ
1886
ɝ
.
ɧɚ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɯ ɩɟɫɤɚɯ ɫ ɤɨɬ
-
ɥɨɜɢɧɚɦɢ ɜɵɞɭɜɚɧɢɹ
,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɛɥɢɡɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɩɥɨɞɨ
-
ɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɡɟɦɥɢ
.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɫɨɫɧɚ
.
Ʉ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɱɢɳ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
,
ɧɨ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɭɠɟ
ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɛɢɨɰɟɧɨɡ ɫ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɤɨɦ
,
ɦɧɨ
-
ɝɨɜɢɞɨɜɵɦ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ
,
ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɳɢɦ ɬɪɚɜɨɫɬɨɣ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ
.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɥɟɫɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɫɥɚɛɨɜɨɥɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɬɟɦɧɨ
-
ɫɟɪɵɦɢ ɫɭɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɚɦɢ ɩɨɞ
ɫɜɟɠɟɣ ɫɭɞɭɛɪɚɜɨɣ
.
ɇɟ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɢɦ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɥɚɬɨ ɫ
ɬɟɦɧɨ
-
ɫɟɪɵɦɢ ɫɭɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɚɦɢ ɩɨɞ ɫɜɟɠɟɣ ɨɫɨɤɨɜɨ
-
ɫɧɵɬɟɜɨɣ ɞɭɛɪɚ
-
ɜɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɝɢɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɵ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɫ ɬɟɦɧɨ
-
ɫɟɪɵɦɢ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɚɦɢ
ɩɨɞ ɫɜɟɠɟɣ ɫɧɵɬɟɜɨɣ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɨɣ
.
ɇɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɋɚɜɚɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɬɶ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɪɨɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɵ ɢ ɨɫɢɧɨɜɨ
-
ɛɟɪɟɡɨɜɵɟ ɤɭɫ
-
ɬɵ
,
ɧɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɢɯ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢ
.
Ɉɫɢɧɨɜɨ
-
ɛɟɪɟɡɨɜɵɟ ɤɭɫɬɵ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɵ ɤ ɡɚɩɚ
-
ɞɢɧɚɦ
.
ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧɵ ɩɪɢɞɚɸɬ ɋɚɜɚɥɶɫɤɨɦɭ ɥɟɫɭ ɧɟɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɦɵɣ
,
ɡɚɩɨ
-
ɦɢɧɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɨɛɥɢɤ
.
ȼɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɨɲɥɢ ɫɬɚɞɢɸ ɨɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
.
ɉɪɢɱɟɦ
ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɦɟɥ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ
.
ȼɫɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧ ɋɚ
-
ɜɚɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧɧɵɯ ɭɪɨ
-
ɱɢɳ
,
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɭɸ Ɏ
.
ɇ
.
Ɇɢɥɶɤɨɜɵɦ ɜ
1976
ɝ
.,
ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɡɞɟɫɶ
ɨɡɟɪɧɵɯ
,
ɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɯ
,
ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɥɭɝɨɜɵɯ
.
Ɉɡɟɪɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɱɢɳɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶɸ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɫ
-
ɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ
.
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɡɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɬɥɨɜɢɧ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɫɭɮɮɨɡɢɨɧɧɨ
-
ɩɪɨ
-
ɫɚɞɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɷɨɥɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ
.
ɋɟɣɱɚɫ ɷɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɵɯɚɸ
-
ɳɢɟ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɭ ɥɟɬɚ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɵ ɫɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚ
-
ɰɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɱɜ
.
ɂɯ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ
1,5–2,0
ɦ
,
ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ
150–160
ɦ
,
ɮɨɪɦɚ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɚɹ
,
ɨɤ
-
ɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɜɚɥɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɵɬɵɯ ɩɟɫɤɨɜ
.
ɐɟɧɬɪ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧɵ ɫ ɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɦɢ ɬɨɪɮɹɧɨ
-
ɝɥɟɟɜɵɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɚɦɢ ɥɢɲɟɧ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɨɣ
,
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɥɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ
.
ɗɬɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɟ ɩɪɨ
-
ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɟɬ ɬɪɨɫɬɧɢɤ
(Phragmites),
ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ
ɫɢɬɧɢɤ ɱɟɪɧɵɣ
(Iuncus atratus),
ɤɚɦɵɲ ɨɡɟɪɧɵɣ
(Scirpus lacustris),
ɪɨɝɨɡ ɲɢ
-
ɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ
(Typha latifolia).
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɶɰɨ ɨɫɨɤɨɜɨɝɨ
ɤɨɱɤɚɪɧɢɤɚ ɫ ɥɭɝɨɜɨ
-
ɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɦɢ ɬɨɪɮɹɧɢɫɬɨ
-
ɝɥɟɟɜɵɦɢ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɱ
-
ɜɚɦɢ
.
ɂɯ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɨɡɟɪɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɝɟɥɟɣ
.
ȼɵɫɨɬɚ
ɤɨɱɟɤ
0,5
ɦ
.
ɂɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɨɫɨɤɢ
:
ɡɚɨɫɬɪɟɧɧɚɹ
(Carex acutiformis),
ɨɦɫɤɚɹ
(
ɋ
.
omsciana),
ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɚɹ
(
ɋ
. riparia),
ɨɫɬɪɚɹ
(
ɋ
. acuta)
ɢ ɥɨɠɧɨɫɵɬɟɜɢɞɧɚɹ
(
ɋ
.
pseudocyperus).
Ȼɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧɵ
,
ɨɫɨɤɢ ɫɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɹɫɨɦ ɪɚɡ
-
ɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɨ
-
ɡɥɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
.
ɉɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɸ ɢ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɜɚɥ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ
ɭɠɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
-
ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɯ
55
ɩɨɱɜɚɯ
.
Ɉɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɨɫɢɧɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɫɧɵɬɟɜɵɦɢ
,
ɟɠɟɜɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɞɪ
.
ɢɥɢ
ɛɟɪɟɡɧɹɤɚɦɢ
.
Ȼɨɥɨɬɧɵɟ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɱɢɳɚ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɨɡɟɪɧɵɯ ɬɟɦ
,
ɱɬɨ ɜɨɞɚ
ɜ ɧɢɯ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɪɚɧɧɟɣ ɜɟɫɧɨɣ
,
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɪɨɫɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɡɚɪɨɫɥɢ
,
ɰɟɧɬɪ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧɵ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɨɫɨɤɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɱɤɚɪɧɢɤɢ
.
ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ
ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɨɫɨɤɨɜɨ
-
ɡɥɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɨɫɨɤɨɜɨ
-
ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɛɨ
-
ɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɱɢɳ
.
Ȼɨɥɨɬɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɨ
-
ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɟ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ
.
Ɉɫɨɤɨɜɨ
-
ɡɥɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɱɢɳɚ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɜɵɪɨɜɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɟ ɞɧɢ
-
ɳɟ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧ ɫ ɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɦɢ ɬɨɪɮɹɧɢɫɬɨ
-
ɝɥɟɟɜɵɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɚɦɢ
.
ɇɚ ɟɝɨ ɞɨɥɸ ɩɪɢ
-
ɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ
85–90 %
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧɵ
.
ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɨɫɨɤɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟ
-
ɧɵ ɜɥɚɝɨɥɸɛɢɜɵɟ ɡɥɚɤɢ
:
ɞɜɭɤɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɬɪɨɫɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ
(Typhoides
arimdinacea),
ɜɟɣɧɢɤ ɫɟɪɨɜɚɬɵɣ
(Calamagrostis canescens),
ɦɹɬɥɢɤ ɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɣ
(
Ɋɨɚ
palustris)
ɢ ɞɪ
.
ɐɟɧɬɪ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧɵ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧ ɭɡɤɢɦ ɤɨɥɶɰɨɦ
,
ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ
5–6
ɦ
,
ɥɭɝɨɜɵɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɶɟɦ
,
ɝɞɟ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɢɤ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ
(Plan-
tago media),
ɥɢɩɱɚɬɤɚ ɝɭɫɢɧɚɹ
(Potentilla argentea)
ɢ ɞɪ
.
ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɥɚɛɨ
ɧɚɤɥɨɧɟɧɚ ɤ ɞɧɢɳɭ
,
ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɨɧɚ ɛɭɝɪɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɬ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɫɥɟɩɵɲɚɦɢ
.
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɤɨɥɶɰɨ ɛɟɪɟɡɧɹɤɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɵɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ
.
ɉɨɞ ɟɝɨ
ɩɨɥɨɝɨɦ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬ ɞɭɛɚ
,
ɥɢɩɵ
,
ɚ ɜ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɤɟ
–
ɤɪɭɲɢɧɚ ɢ ɤɚɥɢɧɚ
.
Ɉɫɨɤɨɜɨ
-
ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɱɢɳɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɞɧɢɳɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧɵ
,
ɝɞɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨ
-
ɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɨɫɨɤɢ
,
ɫɢɬɧɢɤɢ
,
ɡɥɚɤɢ
,
ɧɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɪɚɡɧɨ
-
ɬɪɚɜɶɹ
(
ɬɵɫɹɱɟɥɢɫɬɧɢɤ ɩɬɚɪɦɢɤɚ
– Achillea ptarmica;
ɞɟɪɛɟɧɧɢɤ ɢɜɨɥɢɫɬ
-
ɧɢɤ
– Lythrum salicaria;
ɥɸɬɢɤ ɩɨɥɡɭɱɢɣ
– Ranunculus repens;
ɨɤɨɩɧɢɤ ɥɟ
-
ɤɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ
– Symphytum officinale).
Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɞɬɢ ɩɨ ɞɜɭɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ
–
ɨɛɥɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ
.
ɉɪɢ ɨɛɥɟɫɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɬɪɚɧɫ
-
ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɱɜ ɛɨɥɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɜ ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨ
-
ɝɥɟɟɜɨ
-
ɷɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ
,
ɩɪɢ ɨɫɬɟɩɧɟɧɢɢ
–
ɜ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɥɭɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ
.
ȼ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ
ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɫɢɧɚ
,
ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɞɭɛɚ
,
ɥɢɩɵ
,
ɤɥɟɧɚ ɢ
ɜɹɡɚ
.
ɑɢɫɬɵɟ ɨɫɢɧɧɢɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɦ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɢ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɞ
,
ɚ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɨɛɫɵɯɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɜɧɟɞɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ
.
ɉɟɫɬɪɨɬɚ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɥɟɫɚ
,
ɨɛɢɥɢɟ ɡɚɩɚɞɢɧ
,
ɛɟɪɟɡɨɜɵɯ
,
ɨɫɢɧɨɜɵɯ
,
ɨɫɢɧɨɜɨ
-
ɞɭɛɨɜɵɯ ɤɭɫɬɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ
ɱɚɫɬɶ ɋɚɜɚɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɤ ɚɡɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɭɛɪɚɜɟ
,
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɯɨɬɹ
ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ
,
ɧɨ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɟ
-
ɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɢ
.
ȼ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɟɪɵɟ ɢ ɬɟɦ
-
ɧɨ
-
ɫɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ
,
ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɋɚɜɚɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ
.
ɋɟɪɵɟ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ
.
ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ Ⱥ
1
+
Ⱥ
1
ȿ
40
ɫɦ
,
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ
6,7
ɜ ɫɥɨɟ
0–10
ɫɦ ɞɨ
1,9 %
ɧɚ
ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ
30–40
ɫɦ
.
Ɂɚɩɚɫ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɜ ɦɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
233
ɬ
/
ɝɚ
,
ɜ ɫɨ
-
ɫɬɚɜɟ ɟɝɨ ɝɭɦɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɧɚɞ ɮɭɥɶɮɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦɢ
.
ɋɪɟɞɢ