Файл: мурманский медицинский колледж рабочая тетрадь по учебной дисциплине английскийй язык.docx

to play a role – играть роль (в прямом и переносном смысле)

furious – взбешенный

irritable – раздражительный

gloomy – угрюмый

physical state – физическое состояние

emotional state – эмоциональное состояние

source of health – источник здоровья

necessary vitamins and calories – необходимые витамины и калории

dessert – десерт

taste – вкус

to put one’s hunger out – утолять чье-то голод

contain a lot of glucose – содержать много глюкозы

exist – существовать

and so on and so forth – и так далее и тому подобное

internal organs – внутренние органы

aims – цели

intestines – кишечник

high-calorie products – высококалорийные продукты

become depleted – становиться истощенным

nutritious nourishment – питательная еда, пища

consequences – последствия

causes – причины

national peculiarities – национальные особенности

habits – привычки

become attached – становиться привязанным

betray one’s habit – изменить своей привычке

be connected – быть связанным

cellebs – знаменитости (разг. сокр. от celebrities)

Exercise 2. Read the text.

The Importance of Food in Human Life

Food plays a huge role in our life. In fact, human can’t live without food. Of course, you can argue with me that man can’t live without water, but without food he can live more than two month. I agree with you, but have you ever imagined what his emotional state will be? He will become angry, furious, irritable, and gloomy. And his physical state will also be very poor: he will become very bony, weak, tired. So you see: we need food.

But it’s not only the source of our health and necessary vitamins and calories, it’s also the way to please ourselves. Remember different desserts: we eat them to feel their sweet taste, but not to put our hunger out, though they contain a lot of glucose that helps our brain to work hard, different vitamins (if they are fruit desserts) that help our organism exist and so on and so forth. By the way, all the products we eat are used by our internal organs for their own aims. For example: carrot, cabbage, turnip and other coarse vegetables are very useful for our intestines, fish is useful for bones and brains, meat – for our muscles and so on.

But food can be also very dangerous: too much food makes you fat, too little food makes you dead. This statement of the famous British comedian is very truthful: if you eat too much fat, high-calorie products, you will become very fat, you will have problems with your heart, endocrine system and other organs; if you eat too little, your organism will become depleted and in the end you may die. A man is what he eats. If you eat rather nutritious nourishment, you are lively, cheerful, happy and joyful, but is ration is poor, the consequences are awful.

But why different people eat different food? Why are their tastes so different? There are several causes for it:

• 
  National peculiarities
  
• 
  Material status
  
• 
  Habits
  
• 
  and even Fashion.
  

For example, if you are Italian, your favorite dish will be pizza and pasta, if you are Russian, you will like pancakes, salted cucumbers and buckwheat. A poor man will never eat oysters and a rich will never eat pearl barley. If you became attached to chocolate from your early childhood, you will never betray your habit. So, these three points are clear, but what about the last one? How can fashion be connected with food? The example can be sushi. This dish containing raw fish, rice and vegetables came to us from Japan, and not by the direct way, but through the USA, where Japanese culture is extremely popular, especially among cellebs. So, their fans tried to copy their manners and the dishes they eat. Sushi spread throughout the world in a very high rate and now the majority of people eat it according to the fashion.

Nutritional Value of Food. Healthy and Junk Food. Diets

Nowadays everyone is crazy about health. That’s why food is divided into health and junk food. Health food is organically grown untreated food, containing no synthetic ingredients and eaten for the health-giving properties. Junk food is processed food that typically has high carbohydrate and fat content but overall low nutritional value.

Junk food is very harmful for us; it contains a lot of chemical substances (stabilisers, emulsifyings, tartaric acid), cholesterol and carbohydrates. Their amounts are accumulated in our organism and act like poison for our internal organs. But helas! It’s very popular with all kinds of people. This event takes place because of our life-style. We exist in a very high rate and we haven’t got enough time to cook or to eat properly, and we eat hamburgers, sandwiches, chips, etc.

So, that’s the one trend in eating nowadays. But there is another one. In Europe and America (and in big cities in Russia) everyone is addicted to health food that is grown without chemical fertilizers, but with the organic ones. These products are sold in special eco-shops and cost rather big deal of money. Healthy meal by itself cannot be harmful, but an excessive passion for it can lead to painful personality changes and eating disorders.

And all these things starts with following different diets. They can be light or hard. For example, here is the “Turkish diet”, very popular now among young people. It contains five levels.

I level: you should weekly reduce amount of in-taken food.

II level: 1) Breakfast: a handful of prunes, a cup of black coffee or tea without sugar;

2) Lunch: a glassful of fresh-squeezed juice or one big persimmon or other juicy fruit;

3) Dinner: a piece of fat-free steamed meat, steamed vegetables.

III level: 1) Breakfast: the same;

2) Lunch: a cup of pulped juice;

3) Dinner: a cup of tea without sugar.

IV level: 1) Breakfast: the same;

2) Lunch: a cup or a glass of fresh water;

3) Dinner: the same.

V level: 1) Breakfast: a handful of nuts (not peanuts!);

2) Lunch: water;

3) Dinner: 2 handful of nuts.

Of course, this diet is extremely effective if you need to lose weight quickly to get into your favorite dress. But if you eat like this all the time, then at least you are guaranteed constant headaches, and in the worst case anorexia.
Exercise 3. Find the English equivalents to the following Russian words and phrases.

Здоровая еда; органически выращенная; необработанная еда; искусственные ингредиенты; полезные свойства; обработанная пища; высокое содержание углеводов и жиров; низкая пищевая ценность; быть очень вредным; холестерин и углеводы; накапливаться; действовать как яд; быть популярным у большого количества людей; происходить (иметь место); быть зависимым от здоровой еды; выращиваться без химических удобрений; продаваться в специальных эко-магазинах; стоить довольно больших денег; вести к болезненным изменениям личности и расстройствам пищевого поведения; следовать разным диетам.

Exercise 4. Answer the questions.

1. What is health food?

2. What trends in eating are the most popular nowadays?

3. Why is junk food so popular?

4. Can you give any examples when healthy food can be dangerous for us?

5. Why do people follow diets?

6. How do you consider diets are effective?

7. What diet, in your opinion, is the most effective?

8. Is it helpful to be on a diet?

Exercise 5. Read the list of different products. Which of them can be called junk food, health food and wholefood?

Soda pop, hamburgers, fresh fruits and vegetables, Wheaties or other whole-grain, low-sugar cereals, ice-cream, chocolate bars, pizza, chips, whole milk, extra-lean ground beef, frozen yoghurt, carrot sticks, oranges, hot dogs, whole wheat crackers, skim or 1% milk, low-fat hot dog, vegetarian burgers, crisps, frozen lasagna, fat-free corn or potato crisps, strawberries.

Exercise 6. These are Mike and Sam. Mike is lean and Sam is fat. You should compose two diets to make Mike more fatty and Sam – more slim.

Mike		Sam

Exercise 7. What do you think of vegetarian diets? Write pros and cons.

Pros		Cons

Grammar: The Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Rules

Present Perfect Continuous - настоящее совершенное длительное время

Времена Perfect Continuous используются для обозначения процесса, который начался и длился в течение некоторого времени до некоего момента в настоящем, прошлом или будущем.

Время Present Perfect Continuous указывает на действие, которое началось в прошлом, продолжалось в течение некоторого времени и либо закончилось непосредственно перед разговором или все еще продолжается в момент разговора.

I have been waiting here for 2 hours! Я прождал здесь два часа!

We have been preparing for our exam since morning. Мы готовились к экзамену с самого утра.

Образование Present Perfect Continuous

Утвердительные предложения:

I have been playing	We have been playing
You have been playing	You have been playing
He / she / it has been playing	They have been playing

Вопросительные предложения:

Have I been playing?	Have we been playing?
Have you been playing?	Have you been playing?
Has he / she / it been playing?	Have they been playing?

Отрицательные предложения:

I have not been playing	We have not been playing
You have not been playing	You have not been playing
He / she / it has not been playing	They have not been playing

Для того, чтобы поставить глагол в форму времени Present Perfect Continuous, требуется вспомогательный глагол to be во времени Present Perfect и причастие настоящего времени (форма V-ing) смыслового глагола.
To be во времени Present Perfect имеет две формы:

Have been – 1 и 2 лицо ед. ч. и все формы мн. ч.

Has been – 3 лицо ед. ч.
Причастие настоящего времени (Participle I) можно получить, прибавив к начальной форме значимого глагола окончание -ing:

jump – jumping

live – living

В вопросительном предложении вспомогательный глагол to have выносится на место перед подлежащим, а остальная часть сказуемого располагается после него:

I smell tobacco. Have you been smoking? Я чувствую запах табака. Ты что, курил?

Has she been using my car again? Она опять пользовалась моей машиной?

В отрицательных предложениях за вспомогательным глаголом to have следует отрицательная частица not:

It has not been snowing here since 1993. Здесь не было снега с 1993 года.
Случаи употребления Present Perfect Continuous

Действие, которое началось в прошлом, продолжалось в течение некоторого времени и все еще продолжается в момент разговора:

The workers have been trying to move our wardrobe for half an hour, go help them.
Рабочие вот уже полчаса пытаются сдвинуть наш шкаф с места, помоги им.

Действие, которое началось в прошлом, продолжалось в течение некоторого времени и закончилось непосредственно перед разговором:

Do you like this cake? I have been baking it since morning.
Тебе нравится этот пирог? Я пекла его с самого утра.

Exercise 1. Open the brackets using the Present Perfect Continuous Tense.

1

Olga: Rose! What are you doing here? I ___________ (wait) for you for hours!

Rose: I’m sorry, Olga. I __________ (try on) these clothes for two hours. And I haven’t decided vet.

2

Greg:    Molly! Call our waiter again!

Molly:   I___________ (try) to call him.

Greg:    Molly!  We_____________ (sit) here for twenty-five minutes... and I’m not going to wait any more!

Molly:   I’m sorry, dear... but he’s again talking to that nice girl.

Greg:    Yes, he ____________ (talk) to her since we came in.

Molly:   Waiter!

Waiter: Yes, ma’am ... Do you want the bill?

Molly:   The bill! We haven’t even got the menu yet!

1. I het

2. I have

3. I have

4. I go

5. I watch

6. I go

breakfast

TV

to college

up at 7 o’clock

to bed at 11 o’clock

a shower

Exercise 2. What time do you do these things?

1. 
   I have a shower
   
2. 
   I go to work/college
   
3. 
   I watch TV
   
4. 
   I get dressed
   
5. 
   I brush my teeth
   
6. 
   I have breakfast
   
7. 
   I get up
   
8. 
   I have a cup of coffee
   
9. 
   I go to bed
   
10. 
    I wake up
    

Example: I usually get up at 7.30.

Exercise 3. Read about Lesley’s day.

Lesley is an ESOL teacher at Hackney College in London. On weekdays she always gets up at about 7 o’clock. She has a shower and then she has breakfast with her husband and daughter. After breakfast she brushes her teeth and gets dressed and then she takes her daughter to school. She goes to college by bicycle at 8.30 and she starts work at 9 o’clock. At about 1.30 she usually has lunch. She has a sandwich and some fruit in her office. She finishes work at 5 o’clock and picks up her daughter from her after-school club. She usually has dinner at about 7 o’clock and then she has a cup of coffee. In the evening she watches television or sometimes she listens to the radio. She likes listening to music. She usually goes to bed at about 11.30. Then she reads her book for about half an hour. She goes to sleep at midnight.

Exercise 4. Circle True or False.

1. 
   Lesley gets up at 7 o’clock.
   
2. 
   She has a shower in the morning.
   
3. 
   She goes to college by bus.
   
4. 
   She picks up her daughter after work.
   
5. 
   She likes listening to music on the radio.
   
6. 
   She goes to bed at eleven o’clock.
   

Exercise 5. Answer the questions.

Who does she have breakfast with? .................................................. ……………………………………

How does she go to college? .................................................. ………………………………………….. Where does she have lunch? .................................................. ………………………………………………………………..

What does she have for lunch? ..............................................................................................
Exercise 6. Answer the questions about you.

1. What time do you get up? .............................................................................................

2. Do you usually have a shower in the morning? ……………………………………………………………………

3. How do you go to work or college? .............................................................................................

4. What time do you start work or college? …………………………………………………………………………….

5. Where do you usually have lunch? .............................................................................................

6. What do you have for lunch? .............................................................................................

7. What time do you have dinner? .............................................................................................

8. Who do you have dinner with? .............................................................................................

9. What do you do in the evening? .............................................................................................

10. What time do you go to bed? ............................................................................................

Physical activity

Exercise 1. Learn the words.