ВУЗ: Казахская Национальная Академия Искусств им. Т. Жургенова
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Visual 56. Volume as Front to Back
COMPRESSOR/LIMITERS
Compressor/limiters were originally introduced into
the studio to stop the loud peaks from distorting or
saturating. Compression and limiting are volume
functions; their main purpose is to turn the volume
down. They turn down the volume when it gets too
loud—that is, when it goes above a certain volume
threshold. When the volume is below the threshold,
the compressor/limiter does nothing (unless broken
or cheap). The difference between compressors and
limiters is explained later.
Compressor/Limiter Functions
Compressor/limiters have two main functions (and
three other minor ones). The first function is to get a
better signal-to-noise ratio, which means less tape
hiss. The second function is to stabilize the image of
the sound between the speakers, which means more
presence.
Better Signal-to-Noise Ratio: Less Hiss
Recording extremely dynamic sounds, with a wide
variation from soft to loud, requires turning the vol-
ume down so that the loud sounds don't overload
and cause distortion. Distortion is against the law. Get
distortion, go to jail. But when you turn the volume
down, the soft portions of the sound barely move the
needles on the tape player. And if the needles are
hardly moving on the multitrack, you hear as much
tape hiss as you do signal. This condition is known as
a bad signal-to-noise ratio and sounds very similar to
an ocean: "shhhhhhhhhhhh."
By using a compressor to turn down the volume
when the signal gets too loud, you can then raise the
overall volume above the tape noise. By turning down
the peaks, you can record the signal hotter on tape.
Then, the softer portions are loud enough so that you
don't hear the tape noise.
Stabilizing the Image of Sounds: More Presence
After years of using compression to get rid of hiss,
people realized that sounds often appeared more
present when compressed. By evening out the volume
peaks on a sound, a compressor/limiter stabilizes the
image of the sound between the speakers. A sound
naturally bounces up and down in volume, as shown
by the bouncing pointer on a VU meter. When several
sounds fluctuate naturally, their bouncing up and
down can become extremely chaotic. A compressor/
limiter stabilizes, or smoothes out, the movements of
sounds that result from these moment-to-moment
fluctuations in volume. Once compressed, the sound
no longer bounces around much, so the mind can
focus on it better. Therefore, the sound seems clearer
and more present in a mix.
The busier the mix (the more instruments and
the more notes per instrument), the more the sounds
in the mix are normally compressed. This is because
the more sounds and notes, the more chaos. It is dif-
ficult to keep track of a large number of instruments
in a busy mix in the first place. By stabilizing the
sounds, the entire mix becomes clearer.
Once a sound has been stabilized, you can then
turn up the overall volume and put the whole sound
right in your face. This is commonly done in radio
and TV commercials to make them sound louder, so
that they jump out and grab your attention. This
might be annoying in radio and TV commercials, but
it's great for a lead guitar or any other instrument you
want extremely present in the mix.
This also works when putting sounds in the back-
ground. The problem with low volume sounds is that
they can easily be lost (masked by the other sounds)
in the mix, especially if the volume of the sound fluc-
tuates much. Therefore, it is common to seriously sta-
bilize sounds that are going to be placed low in the
mix with compression. They can then be placed
extremely low in a mix without fear of losing them.
NOTE: A better signal-to-noise ratio is obtained by
compressing the signal on its way to the multitrack.
However, many engineers will also compress the sig-
nal on its way back from the multitrack during mix-
down to stabilize the sound even more.
Sharper or Slower Attack
Besides less hiss and more presence, a compressor/
limiter also makes the attack of a sound sharper.
Once you turn down the louder part of a signal, a
sound reaches its maximum volume much quicker.
With a shorter and sharper attack, sounds are
much tighter, punchier, more distinct, and more pre-
cise, which makes them easier to dance to. On the
other hand, a higher quality, fast compressor will
31
Chapter Four
actually help to remove sharp "spikes" on the attack
of a sound—softening the sound. A good compressor
can mellow out the sound of a sharp guitar.
More Sustain
A compressor/limiter is also used to create more "sus-
tain." This is commonly used on a guitar sound. Just
as a compressor is used to turn down the volume
peaks to raise a sound above the tape noise, it can
also be used to turn down the louder parts of a guitar
sound, so the guitar can be raised above the rest of
the mix. Sustain is also especially helpful for obtain-
ing feedback (when the guitar is held directly in front
of a guitar amp).
Compressors are sometimes used in the same
way to create more sustain on torn and cymbal
sounds. The sounds seem to last longer before they
lade out or are absorbed into the mix. However, the
trade-off is that compressing toms and cymbals will
bring their level down, so that you actually hear the
bleed more. However, depending on your musical
values and the project you're working on, you may
want to give this a try.
Less Resonance
A final function of a compressor/limiter is that it
evens out resonances in a sound. Resonances occur
in two places in instruments: hollow spaces and mate-
rials. When a hollow space (like the body of an
acoustic guitar) has two parallel walls, it will boost the
volume of particular resonant frequencies. Materials
(like the neck of a bass guitar) will also resonate at
certain frequencies, boosting the volume of those
frequencies.
Visual 57. Actual EQ Curve of Resonance (Silicon
Graphics "AMESH" Spectrum Analysis)
Therefore, certain notes on the instrument will actu-
ally sound louder than others. A compressor/limiter
evens out the volume of these resonances by turning
down the loudest part of a sound, which just happens
to be the resonances.
Visual 58. Resonance Flattened Out
This is why compressor/limiters are so com-
monly used on resonant instruments like bass guitar,
acoustic guitar, and voice.
Compressor/Limiters: How to Set Them
Most compressor/limiters have two main controls,
commonly known as the threshold knob and the ratio
knob. On some units the threshold is called "trigger
gain," "input," or "compression."
Ratio Settings
The ratio settings control how much (by percentage)
the sound volume will be turned down when it goes
above the threshold. For example, if a sound is l0dB
above the threshold and the ratio is set to 2:1, it will
be turned down 5dB. If a sound is 30dB above the
threshold, it will be turned down 15dB. Ratio settings
normally range from 2:1 to °°:1 (infinity to one).
Visuals are especially effective in explaining the
functions of the threshold and ratio knobs on com-
pressor/limiters. If volume is shown as a function of
front to back, the sphere will bounce back and forth
based on the VU meter. It will then come out front
and slam into the threshold.
Visual 59. Sound Smashing Into Threshold on
Compressor/Limiter (see color Visual 59CI
32
The Art of Mixing
The difference between a limiter and a com-
pressor is that a limiter stops the volume from getting
any louder than the threshold. The problem is that
when a sound is steadily rising in volume then sud-
denly stops cold at the threshold, it doesn't sound
natural to our ear. It sounds squashed. A compressor
on the other hand, allows the volume to get a bit
louder than the threshold based on a ratio, or per-
centage. If we set the ratio to 2:1, it will go this far:
Visual 60. 2:1 Ratio on Compressor/Limiter
A good starting point is the ratio of 4:1; this will
still turn the volume down, but won't squash it. You
can set the ratio wherever you like, but most people
just starting out can't hear the difference between
ratio settings very well. Until you can, 4:1 is a good
place to start.
Threshold Settings
As the threshold is lowered on a compressor/limiter,
the volume, or gain, of the sound is reduced. The
compressor/limiter meters or LEDs labeled "gain
reduction" will then bounce backward, showing the
exact amount of volume reduction at each moment.
When adjusting the threshold, don't look at the
threshold knob; rather, watch the gain reduction
meters, because the threshold directly affects the
amount of gain reduction. Turn the threshold knob
until you get a maximum of 6dB gain reduction. If
you set the threshold lower so you get more gain
reduction, it will sound like it is squashed.
However, for some instruments, like lead guitar,
percussion, or extremely dynamic screamer type
vocals, the threshold is commonly set to provide a
maximum of l0dB of gain reduction. Background
vocals are also commonly compressed at l0dB max.
Again, once you can hear the nuances of various
compression settings, you can set ratio and threshold
the way you want for the style of music, the song, and
the sound itself. Until then, try setting the ratio at 4:1
and the threshold for 6dB of gain reduction.
How Much Compression?
There are two main things (and several other minor
ones) that determine how much you compress. The
first thing is that the more instruments and the more
notes you have in a mix, the more you generally com-
press because otherwise the mix gets too chaotic and
busy. The second determining factor is the style of
music; certain types of music, such as pop, are com-
monly compressed more.
You can also use a compressor/limiter on some
sounds as a special effect. Heavy compression or lim-
iting tends to make a sound seem unusually up
front—almost as if it is inside your ear.
NOISE GATES
Operating similarly to a compressor/limiter, a noise
gate turns the volume down (therefore, compressor/
limiters and noise gates are often packaged together
in one box). The difference is that a compressor/lim-
iter turns the volume down above the threshold,
while a noise gate drops the volume when the volume
falls below the threshold.
Visual 61. Sound Fading Out Past Threshold on Noise
Gate (see color Visual 61C)
Noise gates have three main functions: to get rid
of noise, to get rid of bleed, and to shorten the dura-
tion of a sound.
Noise Eradication
The first function of a noise gate is to get rid of noise,
hiss, or anything annoying that is low in volume.
However, noise gates only get rid of background
noises when a sound is not playing. Noise gates don't
get rid of noises while the main signal is present; how-
ever, you normally can't hear the noise when the
sound is playing.
33
Chapter Four
For example, one function of a noise gate is to
get rid of amp noise when a guitar is not playing. Say
you have a guitar amp set on "11" with lots of distor-
tion. When not playing, the amp makes this huge
"cushhhhhh" sound (when the guitar is playing, you
don't hear the amp noise because the guitar is so
incredibly loud). You set the noise gate by having the
guitar player hit a note and sustain that note until it
fades. Then the noise of the amp takes over. The
threshold of the noise gate is set so as soon as the vol-
ume fades enough to hear the amp noise, it's cut off.
This way, the amp noise is cut off whenever the guitar
player is not playing.
Visual 62. Noise Gate on Guitar Sound
It is important not to chop off any of the guitar
sound. All it takes is for the musician to play a soft
note, and the noise gate will chop the sound right off.
Noise gates can also be used to get rid of noise from
tape hiss, cheap effects units, dogs, crickets, and kids.
Bleed Eradication
Another common use of a noise gate is to remove the
bleed from other instruments in the room. When a
mic is on an instrument, the sound of that instrument
will be loudest in the microphone. Therefore, it is
easy to set the threshold of a noise gate between the
sound and the bleed, so that the bleed gets turned off.
Visual 63. Noise Gate: Threshold Set Between Sound
and Bleed
The obvious advantage of isolating a sound like
this is that you have more individual control over vol-
ume, equalization, panning, and effects. Once a
sound is isolated with a noise gate, any changes you
make with a sound manipulator will only change the
one sound you are working on. Gates can be espe-
cially effective on drums to isolate each drum. This is
especially important on a snare when you have a lot
of reverb. Without the gate, you end up with reverb
on the hi-hat as well. Another advantage of isolation
is that it helps to eliminate phase cancelation (we'll
discuss this more later).
But most importantly, by removing the bleed,
you will then hear the sound in only one micro-
phone. This has the effect of putting the instrument
in one precise spot between the speakers, instead of
being spread in stereo. For example, consider the
miking of a hi-hat cymbal. Besides being picked up by
the hi-hat mic, the hi-hat is also being picked up by
the snare drum mic. If the hi-hat mic is panned to
one side and the snare mic (with the hi-hat bleed) is
panned to the center, the hi-hat then appears to be
spread in stereo between the speakers. It is no longer
clear and distinct at a single spot in the mix. A noise
gate can be used on the snare mic to get rid of the
hi-hat bleed. The isolated image of the hi-hat will
now appear to be crystal clear and precisely defined
wherever the hi-hat mic is placed in the mix.
It is true that sometimes a stereo effect is desir-
able on a sound. However, normally you would not
use the bleed from a second microphone on another
instrument; instead you would put two mics on the
same sound. Even so, it is rare that individual drum
sounds are spread in stereo. Staccato sounds are just
too bulky when recorded or mixed in stereo.
34
The Art of Mixing
Shortening the Duration
You can also use a noise gate to shorten the duration
of a sound. The noise gate will cut off both the attack
and release of a sound because these are commonly
the softest parts of the sound. This can be quite an
unusual effect.
Visual 64. Noise Gate Cutting Off Attack and Release of
Sound
A noise gate can also be put on reverb to chop
off the release, resulting in the well-known effect
referred to as "gated reverb."
Visual 65. Envelope (Change in Volume Over Time) of
Gated Reverb
Visually, when volume is shown as front to back
and the volume is less than the threshold setting, the
sound will disappear. If the low volume sound is
noise, bleed, or the attack and release of a sound, it
gets cut off.
SECTION B
Equalizers
EQ is a change in the volume of a particular fre-
quency of a sound, similar to the bass and treble tone
controls on a stereo. It is one of the least understood
aspects of recording and mixing probably because
there is such a large number of frequencies—from 20
to 20,000Hz. The real difficulty comes from the fact
that boosting or cutting the volume of any one of
these frequencies depends on the structure of the
sound itself: Each one is different. But even more
complex is the fact that different sounds are equal-
ized differently depending on the type of music, the
song, and even the people you are working with.
First you must learn all the frequencies or pitches
by name. Then, you will see how boosting or cutting
a certain frequency affects different instruments in
different ways.
Types of Equalizers
There are three main types of equalizers found in the
recording studio: graphics, parametrics, and roll-offs
(highpass and lowpass filters).
Graphics
Each frequency can be turned up or down by using
the volume sliders on a graphic equalizer. There are
different kinds of graphic equalizers that can divide
frequencies from five bands up to thirty-one bands.
Five-band graphic equalizers are commonly found in
car stereos (I have a 7-band in my car—at least, the
last time I checked). Thirty-one band graphics (which
will change the volume at thirty-one different frequen-
cies) are common in recording studios and live sound
reinforcement.
Visual 66. 31-Band Graphic EQ
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Chapter Four