ВУЗ: Казахская Национальная Академия Искусств им. Т. Жургенова
Категория: Книга
Дисциплина: Не указана
Добавлен: 03.02.2019
Просмотров: 7988
Скачиваний: 204
It is, therefore, important to figure out the val-
ues and desires of the client. Engineers often ask the
client about their values and then listen closely for
any clues as to what kind of mix they might like. One
of the trickiest predicaments occurs when you are
working with someone who is extremely inexperienced
or unclear about the recording and mixing process.
The problem is that someone who knows nothing
about recording can, out of the blue, come up with a
completely ingenious idea. Often, bizarre requests,
seemingly devoid of any reason, can be pure genius.
In fact, I imagine that whoever first worked with
David Byrne must have wondered about him at first.
On the other hand, you can't count on someone
who is extremely experienced but has an incredible
ear to always come up with ingenious ideas. You never
know when the next thing that comes out of their
mouth will be nonsense. To quote a few lines, "Don't
judge a book by its cover," and "Out of the mouths of
babes can come true wisdom." In other words, never
judge someone based on preconceived ideas of who
they are. Meet them on a creative level. Genius can
easily be masked by nervousness. In fact, take it as a
challenge. Remain on your toes at all times—ready to
weed out the genius from the B.S. with one fell swoop
of logic and aesthetic values. Actually, it is often more
like a slow tug of war than a fell swoop.
The truth of the matter is that if you simply
gather all of the ideas from everyone involved in the
project, you will end up with a plethora of cool ideas.
In fact, as the engineer, you should be gathering
these ideas from the second the band walks in the
door. Whenever anybody (including yourself) comes
up with a good idea, store it in your creative bank.
Write them down, so you don't forget any of them.
You should be on the lookout for any good ideas
that pop up throughout the session no matter how
small or off the cuff. You might overhear someone
talking to someone else saying that they would like to
put an echo at the end of one of the vocal lines. Snag
it out of the air and put it in your creative bank. What
commonly happens is that during mixdown, both you
and the band will forget the idea. Then, a couple of
weeks after you've mixed the song, the band member
who had the idea will be listening to the project and
say, "Dang it, the engineer forgot to put that effect on
the vocal. I'm going to another studio next time." No
matter how off the cuff, don't forget any idea. Of
course, you don't have to use every one, but it's nice
to have a bunch of them to choose from.
Most importantly, don't forget to gather your
own ideas as well. Put them in your creative bank, so
you can cash them in on the mix.
Values of the Mass Audience
Often a band comes into the studio, and they just
want their music to sound like a hit. Some people see
this as blasphemy, selling out, and the death of pure
heart and feeling in music. This may be true for song-
writing, but in mixing, this is not necessarily the case.
Often the most creative types of mixes appeal to the
largest audience. Some of us would be very happy to
be able to create mixes similar to what is currently on
the radio.
As an engineer, it is helpful to listen and stay on
top of current music industry trends. The way that
each style of music has been mixed throughout the
history of recording often plays an important role in
how a particular project should be treated. There-
fore, it is important to check out how each specific
style of music has been commonly mixed.
Whenever you hear a song, note everything that
is going on in the mix (if you have the time and are
actively listening). Note the volume, panning, EQ,
and effects of every instrument in the song.
Ask yourself, "Why did the engineers do what
they did? Why is the volume the level it is? Why was it
panned where it is? Why that silly EQ? What caused
them to use those effects in that way?" And even,
"What were they thinking, anyway?" Then, most
importantly, ask yourself, "Do I like where the engi-
neer placed each sound? Would I have put it there?"
The first time you hear a sound, you may not
have an opinion. But the next time you hear it, note
how it is different. Once you hear the sound a third
time, if you are listening closely, you will probably be
able to tell which of the three sounds seems to be the
best to you. After you have done this for a few years,
you will gain an incredible perspective on what others
are doing and you will know what your own values
are! Then you can do whatever you want. When you
go to do a mix, you will set each instrument exactly
where you want it. And if anyone disagrees, you have
the experience and confidence to tell them that you
really think it should be this way. It could be argued
that it is better for the engineer to use personal expe-
rience and intuition to set new trends instead of fol-
lowing them. And if you can feel it, go for it. But until
then, it's a good idea to check out what others are
doing, so that you can develop your own perspective.
NOTE: The equipment that the music will eventually
play on is another minor but important factor that
will influence the way it is mixed. If the project is
going to play on a cheap car radio, it is important that
there is enough bass in the low mids. It will do no
good to boost the low bass; it won't be heard. Also,
when mixing for movies, you might add more sub-
bass at certain critical moments. When mixing techno
26
The Art of Mixing
music for a rave (or party), you might bump up the
bass. You are locked to the container that the project
will play on, so take it into consideration.
It is obvious that the mix should fit the style of
music—in fact, it almost goes without saying. But in
addition to the style of music, the more the people
involved pay attention to the song as the primary
guide in determining the mix, the more cohesive the
mix will be. The mix is normally much better when
everyone involved is basing their opinions on the
song instead of their own personal desires. It's really
great when everyone in the room is listening to what
the song is telling them to do in the mix. Yet, you
never know when a person might have some inspira-
tion from another world—whether it comes from
God, angels, or space aliens—that is pure genius.
Such ideas might be more appropriate than basing
the mix on the song itself. However, it is usually best
to use the song with all of its details to determine
what you do in the mix.
27
Chapter Three
C H A P T E R 4
Functions of Studio Equipment
and Visual Representations of
All Parameters
There are three components to sound: volume (or
amplitude), frequency, and time. That's it. To sim-
plify the operations of a huge variety of studio equip-
ment, I have broken down the equipment into
categories based on the function of each piece in the
recording studio:
1. Sound Creators: all instruments, acoustic to elec-
tric, voice to synths
2. Sound Routers: mixing boards, patchbays, splitters
3. Sound Storers: recorders, tape players, sequencers,
samplers
4. Sound Transducers: mics, pickups, headphones,
speakers
5. Sound Manipulators: processing, effects
As every sound manipulator used in the studio
controls either volume, frequency, or time, each can
be categorized based on the main component(s) that
they control:
28
The Art of Mixing
Chart 1. All Sound Manipulators
Sound creators range from acoustic to electric
instruments, from voice to synthesizers.
Visual 51. Sound Creators
Sound routers route sound from one place to
another. Mixing boards route the signal to four
places: the multitrack, the monitor speakers, cue
headphones (for the band out in the studio), and the
effects (so we can have a good time). Patchbays are
just the back of everything in the studio—the back of
the mic panels, the back of the multitrack (inputs/
outputs), the back of the console (ins/outs), and the
back of the effects (ins/outs)—located next to each
other so we can use short cable to connect them.
Visual 52. Sound Routers
Sound storers store sound and play it back. Tape
players store digital or analog sound; sequencers
store MIDI information. Some sound storers can be
used to edit the sound while it is stored.
Visual 53. Sound Storers
Sound transducers take one form of energy and
change it into another. Microphones take mechanical
energy, or sound waves, and change it into electrical
energy. Speakers take electrical energy and change it
into mechanical energy, or sound waves.
Visual 54. Sound Transducers
Most of this chapter will be spent on sound
manipulators. This includes processing that is used to
change a sound (or effect) by adding an additional
sound (or effect) to an existing sound.
29
Chapter Four
Visual 55. Effects
Rack
SECTION A
Volume Controls
FADERS
Volume faders control the volume of each sound in
the mix, including effects. The set level of each sound
is based on its relationship to the rest of the tracks in
the mix. When volume is mapped out as a function of
front to back, we can place any sound or effect up
front, in the background, or anywhere in between by
using the faders.
However, the level that we set a sound in the mix
is not based solely on the fader. If the level of the
faders was the only thing that affected the volume of
a sound in a mix, we could mix without even listen-
ing. We could simply look at where the faders are set
on the console. There is more to it than that.
When we set volume relationships in a mix, we
use apparent volumes to decide on the relative balance
—not just the voltage of the signal going through the
fader. The apparent volume of a sound in a mix is
based on two main things, fader level and waveform,
and another minor one, the "Fletcher/Munson Curve"
(see description next column). First, the level of the
fader does affect the volume of the sound. Change
the level of the fader and the sound gets louder or
softer.
Fader Level
When you raise a fader on a mixing board, you are
raising the voltage of the signal being sent to the
amp, which sends more power to the speakers, which
increases the "sound pressure level" (SPL) in the air
that your ears hear. Therefore, when you turn up a
fader, the sound does get louder. So, obviously, if you
want something louder in a mix, turn it up.
We use the decibel (dB) to measure the ampli-
tude of the signal at each stage of this circuit. In fact,
there are very specific relationships between voltage,
wattage, and sound pressure level. Decibels are the
main variable that we use to control the apparent vol-
ume of a sound. However, there is another important
factor: the waveform of the sound.
Waveform (or Harmonic Structure)
The waveform, or harmonic structure, of a sound can
make a big difference as to how loud we perceive the
sound to be. For example, a chainsaw will sound
louder than a flute, even if they are at exactly the same
level on the VU meters. This is because the chainsaw
has harmonics in the sound that are irritating—or
exciting, depending on your perspective. These odd
harmonics scream at our psyche, which make them
seem louder to us. Therefore, a screaming electric
guitar will sound louder than a clean guitar sound,
even if they are at the exact same volume in the mix.
A minor factor contributing to the apparent volume
of a sound is the Fletcher/Munson Curve.
The Fletcher/Munson Curve
The biggest problem with the human hearing process
is that we don't hear all frequencies at the same
volume—especially those at low volumes. (Fletcher
and Munson did a study that shows just how screwed
up our ears are.) This is why there are loudness but-
tons on stereos. However, most people like extra lows
and highs, so they leave the switch on all the time.
The main point here is that you should check your
mixes at all volume levels. Especially beware of mix-
ing at very low volumes all of the time because you
won't be hearing bass and treble as much as you
should. Also, whenever you do a fade at the end of a
song, the bass and treble will drop out first.
"Apparent volume" is, therefore, a combination
of decibel level, waveform, and the Fletcher/Munson
Curve. But relax. Our brain has it all figured out.
Most people have no trouble telling whether one
sound is louder than another. Our brain quickly cal-
culates all of the parameters and comes up with the
apparent volume. All we have to do is listen to the
overall apparent energy coming from each sound in
the mix. You use apparent volume to set volume rela-
tionships in the mix. You don't look at the faders; you
listen for the relative volumes. As previously dis-
cussed, apparent volume is most naturally mapped as
a function of front to back.
30
The Art of Mixing