ВУЗ: Казахская Национальная Академия Искусств им. Т. Жургенова
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C H A P T E R 3
Guides to a Great Mix
(Reasons for Creating One
Style of Mix or Another)
So what makes a great mix? As a professional engi-
neer, it is important to be able to answer this ques-
tion. Many engineers—even great ones—simply fly by
the seat of their pants. They know how to create great
mixes, but they might not know how to explain them.
Knowing what makes a great mix has its advantages
—some obvious, some not. First, when learning about
recording, it is good to know where you are going. If
you can define what you are trying to attain, it is eas-
ier to get there.
Second, it is helpful to be able to explain to a
band what makes a good mix, especially when they
are booking a session. This can be tricky. There is
always the possibility that no matter what you come
up with, the band might have opposite preferences.
There is very little that everyone agrees on when
it comes to mixing. Everybody has their own ideas,
and ideas seem to change daily. Even if you know
what you like, you still need to please the people that
you are working with. This is no small task. Often the
people you are working with don't really know what
they want. Even if they do know what they want, they
often can't explain it because they don't know the ter-
minology or what the equipment does. The whole
world of music and recording is so incredibly complex
and diverse that it is difficult to find any common
ground. There are almost as many different styles of
mixes as there are people in this world. However,
there is one thing that just about everyone does agree
on: The mix should be appropriate for the style of music, the
song and all of its details, and the people involved.
It is difficult for the band to disagree if you tell
them, "The mix should be appropriate for your style
of music, especially the particular song and all of its
details, but we will also take into consideration (ha,
ha) what you want and all of your ideas."
These three aspects are valuable guides in
choosing the type of emotional and musical dynamics
that you create with the tools in the studio. Let's take
a look at each of these guides in more detail.
SECTION A
The Style of Music
Most bands that come into the studio want the mix of
their music to sound like the style of music they do.
For some bands and some styles of music, the rules
are very strict and tight. For example, if you turn up
the kick drum too much or put flanging on a big
band mix, you could go to jail. There are some bands
who don't want their music to sound like any other.
These are the ones who commonly end up having the
most specific ideas of how they want the mix to be—
even though at first, they say they don't care.
Additionally, within each type of music, there
are often numerous styles. Country music is a good
example. In country music, there are at least twenty
different typical styles of mixes, ranging from Hank
Williams Sr. to Hank Williams Jr. to Garth Brooks.
Furthermore, people who are into country music
have often been listening to country all their life, so
they know when it doesn't sound exactly like what
they are used to. Rock is the same way. There are
probably a hundred different rock styles, and anyone
into rock usually knows in their heart and soul exactly
what it should sound like. But they can't necessarily
tell you how to get the sound they want with the stu-
dio equipment.
Most bands do subscribe to having their music
sound like a specific genre of music; however, there
21
Chapter Three
are aliens out there. Your next session just might be a
big band that wants the Pink Floyd mix (with lots of
effects and mixing tricks). It is critical to know just
how strictly the band subscribes to having their mix
sound like their style of music. You then know how
much you can play.
might be a good idea to make it stereo with some type
of fattening (short delay time) or reverb. On the
other hand, if the melody is extremely busy, it might
be better to use fewer effects and turn it up more, so
you can hear the detail. Occasionally, engineers will
change panning or effects based on what happens in
the melody line.
SECTION B
The Song and
All of Its Details
Sometimes it is obvious to make a mix fit the style of
music. But more commonly, engineers (and the
band) forget to make sure that the mix fits the song
and all of its details. The details include the concept,
melody, rhythm, harmony, lyrics, arrangement,
instrumentation, song structure, performance, and
even the quality of the equipment. Each one of these
aspects could provide the reason for structuring the
mix in some particular manner or creating a certain
type of mix. Each aspect might prompt you to use one
of the four tools (volume, panning, equalization, or
effects) in a certain way. The mix might be used to
enhance each and every detail found in the song, or
equipment can be used to create tension between the
mix and the song. Regardless of how the mix inter-
faces with all of the components of the song, you
should at least be aware of the relationship. It should
be appropriate. Let's go through each aspect and see
how it could affect the way a song is mixed.
Concept
The concept is a combination of the relationships of
each of the other aspects, so it is one of the most
important clues to the overall mix style. The multi-
tude of various song concepts can create a wide range
of different mix styles. For example, a song about
chainsaw murders might be mixed with edgy EQ
some unusual cutting effects, and shocking dynamic
volume and panning changes. Whereas, a song about
stable love might be mixed with more natural EQ,
balanced panning, even volumes, and nice, mushy
effects.
Melody
The nature of the melody line can easily affect what
the engineer does in the mix—overall and at any spe-
cific point in the song. For example, if the melody is
a major component of the song, you might consider
making it bigger and more appealing with various
time-based effects, such as delay, flanging, or reverb.
If the melody is simple (or boring, for that matter), it
Rhythm
The nature of the rhythm has a direct effect on the
mix. The busier the rhythm, the cleaner and clearer
you make the mix, so you can hear more of the detail.
You don't want to cloud the precision of an intricate
rhythm.
Each of the tools in the control room can be
used to make a cleaner and clearer mix when you
have a busy rhythm. You would probably use fewer
time-based effects because there is not enough room
for the additional delays. Instruments are normally
equalized a bit brighter so that the detail of the
rhythm is more distinct. The volume of a complex
rhythm part might be boosted just a bit in order to
make the details clearer.
Of course, not all busy rhythms are mixed to be
more present. A rhythm might be too busy to be
mixed clearly and out front. It may be equalized a bit
dull and placed in the background because it is too
overwhelming for the song. (This might be a good
time to ask if the musical part is appropriate in the
first place.)
On the other hand, if a rhythm is more basic—
slow and simple—there might be more room for
effects and playing around with EQ, panning, and
volume.
Harmony
The nature of the harmony parts and how they fit
into the overall song also contributes to a different
handling of the mix. Differences in the number of
harmony parts and their chord structure can provide
important clues as to what might be done in the mix.
For example, the more harmony parts, the wider the
sounds might be panned. Whereas, a single harmony
part is rarely panned all the way to one side. The type
of musical chords that are created with the harmony
parts could affect their placement. A dissonant type
of chord might be placed back in the mix; a sweet,
angelic chord might be mixed with spacey delays and
reverb. When the harmonies are not harmonies but
simply the melody sung in unison, they might be
spread wider in stereo to make them sound fuller and
bigger. And the volume might be lowered because
they might not be interesting enough to be put right
out front. One way people decide how to mix the har-
monies is based on how good the harmonies are.
22
The Art of Mixing
Many people will turn them up if they are really cool.
None of these ideas are rules; they are simply reasons
for creating one type of mix or another.
Lyrics
Lyrical content is a major guide to how a recording
engineer mixes a song. The nature of the lyrics often
affects the overall mix because they help set the tone
of the song. Particular lyrics can often trigger the
engineer to create and place various effects in the
mix. A line such as "Living on the Edge" is just beg-
ging to be placed far left or right in a mix. A line
about psychotic behavior might make you boost some
irritating frequencies in an instrument. A line like "In
the Halls of Love" might call for some sort of reverb
effect. Effects might also be removed based on the
lyrics. For example, it is common to take off effects
(especially reverb) when the lyrics are more impor-
tant and personal to make them sound more up front
and close to your heart.
Arrangement
The density of the arrangement is often a valuable
clue as to how to mix the song. If an arrangement is
extremely full, then there are two different plans of
attack: weed it out or fill it out even more.
The first plan would be to not make a full
arrangement muddier by adding additional effects.
The idea is to try and make the mix sound cleaner
and clearer so that you can hear the busyness of the
arrangement. Besides using fewer effects, sounds are
commonly EQ'd brighter overall. When there are a
large number of sounds and notes in the mix, the
higher frequencies are masked more. As low fre-
quencies take up more space between the speakers,
brighter EQs will make the sounds appear to take up
less space, so there is more room for each sound to be
heard.
On the other hand, for some songs and styles of
music, it might be appropriate to use the mix to help
fill out the arrangement, making the massive "wall of
sound" effect even more pronounced. Adding time-
based effects (like delay, flanging, or reverb) actually
adds more sounds to the mix. You might also pan
things wider with a busy arrangement. With so much
going on in this limited space between the speakers,
it often becomes necessary to utilize the entire stereo
field.
If an arrangement is very sparse, there are also
two approaches. You could help keep the arrange-
ment sparse by not adding effects or you could try
and fill out the mix by adding various types of time-
based effects. When there are fewer sounds, you have
more room to play around with various effects.
Instrumentation
If the instrument sound is good, you might turn it up
and you might make it into stereo with a time-based
effect. If it sounds nice, interesting, unique, or com-
plex, show it off. On the other hand, unique and
interesting sounds can be quite intriguing when low
in the mix so they just seep through. One cool effect
is to make a sound stereo and then place it in the
background.
If the sound is not happening, don't highlight it
by turning it up too much. Instead you might put
some sort of effect on it. If you can't polish it, bury it.
Song Structure
The structure of the song often affects what an engi-
neer does in each section of the mix. Some bands will
actually create a structure where each section of the
song is completely different from the previous sec-
tion. Frank Zappa, Pink Floyd, Mr. Bungle, and even
The Beatles had songs where the mix was drastically
different from one section to the next. It is a good
idea to be on the lookout for bands who have created
songs in which you could create different mixes to
accent each section of the song—just because these
types of mixes are so much fun to do.
Even when different sections of a song are not
that different, you might accent each section a bit dif-
ferently. For example, commonly a chorus will have a
bit more reverb on the vocals. A lead break is often
spiffed up by boosting the volume of the kick, snare,
or bass and sometimes by adding more reverb to the
snare. The same is commonly done in the vamp at the
end of the song when the band is rocking out (or
doing whatever they are doing). A bridge section
might have a different type of reverb or a different
type of panning on the instruments in order to create
some variety.
Performance
The performance is often one of the most important
aspects affecting the mix. For example, a particular
type of guitar lick just might induce you to pan it
from left to right in time to the lick. You might also
consider adding an effect like reverb to correspond
to the riff.
Most importantly, the quality of a performance
will often affect how the song is mixed. If it is an
incredible performance, you just might turn it up in
the mix and bring it out front to show off the talent.
On the other hand, if it isn't incredible, don't put it
out front, especially without any effects on it. You
don't want to highlight something that isn't incredi-
ble. At least turn it down a little in the mix or put a
bit of reverb or some other time-based effect on it to
smooth out (or hide) the rough edges. However,
23
Chapter Three
don't bury a bad performance too much. Don't put
too much reverb on it and don't turn it down too
much. Bury it, but not too deep. You would then not
only have a bad performance, but also a bad mix.
Quality of the Recording Equipment
and the Recording
If you have cheap equipment, you shouldn't make the
mix too bright and crispy because it will show off any
noise and distortion. With better equipment, you can
often make your mixes cleaner and clearer. Also, if
you are careful with miking and levels to tape, you
won't have to fix it in the mix later.
Commonly, it is the lyrics and the performance that
play the biggest parts in determining what is done in
a mix. However, this can vary drastically from song to
song. Often, one aspect or another will dictate the
mix more than the others. Perhaps the best type of
mix is where all of these values play an equal part
(more or less).
So, where do your own values lie? Which one of
these ten aspects of the song would you think is the
most important in determining the eleventh aspect:
the mix?
SECTION C
The People Involved
The tricky part is to balance your own values with the
rest of the people involved. Engineering is balancing
the desires of the client with your own values in the
music. The job of the engineer is to take the values,
suggestions, and ideas of everyone involved and
decide which ones are best for the project. The pro-
fessional engineer listens to all ideas and compares
them with his own values and the values of the mass
audience. He or she then discusses those feelings
about the idea, often does a test run on the idea, and
then works with the client to make a final decision.
This balancing act is one of the most difficult jobs of
the recording engineer.
The problem arises when the band asks you to
do something that will decimate the mix. They will
often ask very nicely, "Could you please make the mix
suck?" They might want their instrument louder or
too low. They might want someone who is in the band
(but who has bad pitch) to be louder: "They're in the
band; they've got to be in the mix." Regardless of how
obviously wrong they are, the problem is that they are
paying for the session. When first starting out, it is
much safer to go with whatever the band wants. Then
the band can't blame you for a bad mix if it is their
fault. The problem is that you end up with bad mixes,
and you can't exactly put a disclaimer on the album!
Therefore, it is worth your while to go out on a
limb and make suggestions to fix things for the good
of the project, for the good of the band, and for your
own good. The worst case is when the band tells you
to do something that is obviously wrong, and then a
couple of weeks later they come back to you and are
unhappy, displeased, or even angry, having forgotten
it was their request in the first place.
When you know you are right, you should try to
make a case for it; but be sure you are right. The
absolute worst thing that could happen is to convince
the band that you are right when you aren't. The
band is going to listen to the project hundreds of
times after they leave the studio—in a wide range of
places, with all different kinds of ears. Later, they will
know for sure if something is not right. Therefore, if
you are going to try and convince someone that you
are right, you had better be right.
Once you have gained the experience to know
you are right, you need to become skilled (and diplo-
matic) at explaining logically why one idea is better
than another. This means knowing real reasons why
something should be one way or another. Saying
things like, "Trust me," or even worse, "I've been
doing this for years," does just the opposite when try-
ing to convince people that you are right.
The professional engineer develops a repertoire
of realistic, logical reasons for the specific ways that
sounds are placed in a mix. And if a situation hap-
pens when you can't think of the right thing to say to
the band to make them understand . . . don't go to
sleep that night until you figure out the thing that
you could have said. Then, don't ever forget this rea-
soning because there is nothing worse than having
the same situation happen again and still not be able
to explain to the band why they might be wrong.
The ideal engineer is one who not only knows what is
best for the project, but also knows how to explain
why to the clients.
Here are some examples of explanations or rea-
soning that make sense. Say the band is asking you to
turn up the kick drum too much. There is a wide
range of levels that the kick could be at and still be
within the realm of preference. The problem comes
when it is obviously outside the realm of preference.
You might say something like, 'You know, for this
style of music and this type of song, it is rare that a
kick drum is ever this loud in the mix. Do you really
want it to be that loud?"
Or let's say the singer wants you to turn up the
vocals volume. Again, you might point out that for
24
The Art of Mixing
this style of music, it is almost abnormal to have the
vocals that loud. You might also point out that when
the vocals are turned up that loud, it dwarfs the rest
of the band, making it sound wimpy. Ask them if
that's what they really want.
When doing rap or hip hop, the band often
wants the 808 rap boom sound to be so loud that it
rumbles the windows. This is usually because they are
used to listening with the bass EQ cranked all the way
up (either in their car, at home, or at clubs). There-
fore in the studio, the rap boom might not seem big
enough to them without this bass boost. Just pointing
out how it is going to be boosted more with EQ in the
real world can make them realize that they shouldn't
boost it too much in the studio—otherwise it could
seriously blow up speakers later.
Another example involves the reverb level place-
ment in a mix. The problem occurs when you listen
to reverb in solo. Once you have heard it alone, your
mind recognizes it better when it's in the mix. There-
fore, it seems bigger in the mix than it did previously.
Because of this psychoacoustic effect, the band often
wants the reverb lower than what you commonly hear
on the radio. Explaining this phenomenon to them
can help you get reverb up to a more appropriate
level and help them understand the reason why.
Here's one final example. Perhaps the band
wants to put an effect like reverb or delay on a sound
like a bass guitar or kick. You might explain that bass
instruments already take up a lot of space in a mix.
Because reverb is made up of hundreds of delays, it
really takes up a lot of space. When reverb is extra
bassy, it takes up even more space, thereby masking
other sounds tremendously. Explaining this to the
band will help them realize how much these sounds
are masking the other sounds in the mix.
As you can see, it becomes critical to truly
understand the dynamics that go on in a mix, so you
can logically explain to a band why one move makes
more sense than another. Of course, there are times
when you just might be wrong. After all, it takes all
types for the world to go 'round. Therefore, it is
important to not be too attached to your ideas. If
someone is still adamant about their ideas after you
have discussed everything, then give it up. It's good to
be confident about your opinions and present them
strongly, but don't get too attached. It is important to
remember that the band may not be able to explain
why they want what they want, but their ideas are still
cool. Often if they hear it, they will realize it doesn't
work. Also, just as often, when you hear it, you might
realize it is actually cool, or it might help you think of
another idea that makes more sense. If they still want
it after they have heard it, keep it. You can always
make two mixes, one with your ideas and one with
theirs, but do this only as a last resort. Not only does
it take more time, but you are also putting yourself at
odds with the client. It is good to be certain that it is
necessary before you take the time to make two
mixes.
Values of the Engineer
The experienced engineer must attain a highly devel-
oped set of values to justify making certain decisions.
Once you have gained the experience to really know
what is (probably) right, you can then command that
respect.
Some engineers are more intense than others
and are less prone to listen to someone else's ideas.
The extreme case is the engineer who won't allow the
band in the room during the mix. These engineers
may be talented, but they don't understand their art
enough to explain it to someone else. On the other
hand, some engineers have paid their dues and are so
experienced they have earned the right to be intense.
The problem occurs when a recording engineer's ego
or intensity is not backed up by experience.
Values of the Clients
The experienced engineer knows the importance of
paying special attention to other people's ideas, even
if they are out of the ordinary (or completely nutty).
It is important for the client to realize that you care
about their ideas. The trick is to get very quick and
sharp at weeding out bad ideas (or less than great
ideas) from good ones without hurting their feelings.
Usually, the client is not as experienced as the
engineer. The client normally does not know all the
capabilities of the studio equipment. This is not to say
that they don't know what they like; they just don't
know how to achieve it.
However, the band and the songwriter do have a
major advantage over you as the engineer. First, they
have already spent a lot more time with the song and
know it much more intimately. Fresh ears on a song
are nice, but intimacy helps. Second, the songwriter
might have ideas that no one else could possibly
come up with because he or she is so intimately
involved with the creation of the song. If we think of
a song as an extension of a person's personality—of
his or her feelings and emotions—then it makes
sense that the person who wrote the song would have
more cohesive or holistic ideas for the mix.
It is the job of the engineer to pick up on the heart
and soul of the song, the feel, in order to create a mix
that is most appropriate for the song—whether that
means sweetening it or creating tension. Paying close
attention to the band and the songwriter's ideas can
help you access this heart and soul.
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Chapter Three