ВУЗ: Казахская Национальная Академия Искусств им. Т. Жургенова
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front at this level. This is often the case in jazz, espe-
cially if the bass guitar is a fretless. Primus and Stan-
ley Clarke are good examples of the bass played at
this level.
Visual 149. Apparent Volume Level 2 Bass
Apparent Volume Level 3
This is the most common level for the bass guitar for
most styles of music: not so loud that it takes up too
much space, but loud enough to still be heard well.
Visual 150. Apparent Volume Level 3 Bass (see color
Visual 150C)
Apparent Volume Level 4
The bass guitar in a good amount of rock 'n' roll is
down at this level, so it doesn't get in the way. In big
band music, you often find the bass here. In fact,
when you have a standup or acoustic bass, it often
ends up here.
Visual 151. Apparent Volume Level 4 Bass
Commonly, the fewer instruments in a mix, the
louder the bass because you need something to fill
out the space between the speakers. Also, if you have
a lot of instruments, there just isn't enough room for
the bass guitar, and it will mask the other sounds if
too loud.
TOM TOMS
Toms span the entire volume scale from 1 to 6.
Although somewhat dependent on the style of music,
the details of the song and the preferences of the
engineer and band seem to be the most common
determinants of tom levels. The brightness of the
toms in the mix makes a huge difference as to how
much they are masked by the rest of the mix.
Apparent Volume Level 2
Toms are sometimes placed this loud because their
duration is so short and they are played so sparsely.
When sounds don't last very long, they can be turned
up louder: They're gone before you know it. Also,
because toms are not so edgy, they are often boosted
more than you would think. Generally, the more they
are played in the song, the lower toms tend to be
placed in the mix.
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Chapter Five
Visual 152. Apparent Volume Level 2 Toms (see color
Visual 152C)
Apparent Volume Level 3
This is the most common level for toms in most styles
of music: present, but not so loud that they break up
the beat or rhythm of the song too much.
Visual 153. Apparent Volume Level 3 Toms
Apparent Volume Level 4
Toms are normally not very loud in most types of
music, somewhere around level 4. This might have to
do with the problem of cymbals bleeding into the
tom mics. When this happens, the sound of the cym-
bals in the torn mics is irritating because the sound is
reflecting off the tom heads. I think engineers won't
usually turn the toms up very loud because it makes
the cymbals sound so horrendous, especially if the
toms need to be brightened a lot with EQ, and so they
don't interrupt the flow of the song rhythm too much.
Visual 154. Apparent Volume Level 4 Toms (see color
Visual 154C)
Apparent Volume Levels 5 and 6
I wouldn't doubt that engineers who mix toms at lev-
els 5 or 6 either don't like the torn parts, don't like
toms in the first place, or forgot about them.
HI-HAT
The level of the hi-hat depends mostly on the style of
music, although the details of the song often make a
big difference, too. They normally fluctuate between
levels 2 and 5.
Apparent Volume Level 2
Hi-hats are normally the loudest in heavy metal and
R&B music. Hip hop and jazz often place it at this
level as well.
Visual 155. Apparent Volume Level 2 Hi-Hat (see color
Visual 155C)
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The Art of Mixing
Apparent Volume Level 3 and 4
Hi-hats commonly fluctuate between these two levels
for most styles of music, especially rock 'n' roll.
Visual 156. Apparent Volume Level 4 Hi-Hat
Apparent Volume Level 5
Although the hi-hat doesn't take up much space in a
mix, it does cut through well. Not only is it an edgy
type of sound, but it also resides in a frequency range
with very few other instruments. Therefore, even when
placed low in the mix, it can still be heard just fine.
Visual 157. Apparent Volume Level 5 Hi-Hat (see color
Visual 157C)
CYMBALS
Cymbals range the entire gamut, from 1-6. The style
of music makes a difference, but even more impor-
tantly, the particular sound of the cymbals and the
parts being played in the song tend to affect the level
the most. However, it is the preferences of the engi-
neer and the band that often determine final levels.
Apparent Volume Level 2
It isn't too often that cymbals are at this level, al-
though Led Zeppelin and Creedence Clearwater
Revival placed them this loud occasionally.
Visual 158. Apparent Volume Level 2 Cymbals (see
color Visual 158C)
Apparent Volume Level 3 and 4
Most cymbals are set at these levels, so that they are
evident but still blend in with the rest of the instru-
ments in the song.
Visual 159. Apparent Volume Level 4 Cymbals (see
color Visual 159C)
Cymbals at levels 5 or 6 are often there because of
their sound or masking from other sounds in the mix.
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Chapter Five
EFFECTS
The volume of different effects varies widely over the
level spectrum. Reverb, for example, has progressed
up the scale over the years.
Apparent Volume Level 1
Effects are rarely this loud in a mix, usually only if
they are extremely short in duration. They can be
shocking enough to have a lasting effect on the lis-
tener, longer than the duration of the sound itself.
Visual 160. Apparent Volume Level 1 Effects (see color
Visual 160C)
Apparent Volume Level 2
Reverb is occasionally this loud on a snare drum, de-
pending on the song and style of music. Delays are
often the same level as the sound it's on. For example,
a lead guitar or vocal might easily have a delay this loud.
Flange-type effects are also sometimes at this level.
Visual 161. Apparent Volume Level 2 Effects (see color
Visual 161C)
Apparent Volume Levels 3 and 4
Most effects are placed at this level: loud enough to
hear the detail within the effect, but not so loud that
it overwhelms other sounds in the mix.
Visual 162. Apparent Volume Level 4 Effects (see color
Visual 162C)
Apparent Volume Level 5
Reverb is often at this level and is quite unnoticeable
to most listeners.
Visual 163. Apparent Volume Level 5 Effects (see color
Visual 163CI
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The Art of Mixing
OTHER INSTRUMENTS
We have covered only the most common instruments
found in recordings. There are, of course, a huge
number of other instruments. You should note the
level of each and every instrument in the music you
listen to.
SUMMARY
As you can see, there is an incredible variety of musi-
cal dynamics based on the level that you set each
sound in the mix. This is important because so many
bands want their mixes to sound like they tradition-
ally do for their style of music.
When bands complain that the mix doesn't
sound quite right, but they don't know why, it is often
as simple as an instrument being placed at the wrong
volume. It seems that most engineers will start chang-
ing EQs and effects to try to please the band, but it
might actually be that the rhythm guitar is too loud
compared to the vocals, or the kick drum is the wrong
volume compared to the bass guitar.
I have only provided examples of common styles
of music and songs. The details of each instrument
level for each style of music and song are as detailed
as people themselves. And after you throw in the val-
ues of the band, the engineer, and everyone else
involved, every project has further variations. It is this
level of uniqueness that makes being a recording
engineer such a joy. You are never bored.
Now that you know this scale (1-6), start check-
ing out the relative level of every sound in every song.
Most importantly, for each sound, ask yourself these
three questions: Why might the engineer have put it
at the level it's at? Do I like it there? Would I have put
it there?
As you now know, there are a number of reasons
for the placement of volume levels based on the type
of music, the song, and the people involved. See if
you can guess why the engineer might have placed it
where he or she did. At first, you may not have any
preferences. But if you simply pay attention to the
level of each sound, after awhile you will develop your
own values and you will know exactly where you like
the levels of different instrument sounds for various
styles of music and songs. Then, when you go into the
studio, you'll no longer be unsure about exact levels;
you'll know exactly where you want the volume of
each sound.
The next step is to begin differentiating be-
tween finer and finer levels of volume, so that you can
see more than just six levels: Twelve levels is cool, but
twenty-four is incredible.
Level 2 Dynamics: Patterns in Volume Placement
Compared to the individual volume levels of an instru-
ment, combined levels created by the overall relation-
ships of the volume levels are more emotionally and
musically dynamic. I call these volume patterns.
Certain styles of music have developed their
own traditional levels of how even or uneven the over-
all volumes are set. And again, certain styles of music
have stricter rules than others. It is important to get
to know these traditional levels, so you can push the
limits of creativity and change the world.
In some styles of mixes, the volumes are set
evenly so that there is very little variation between the
loudest and softest sounds. New age music, alterna-
tive rock (Tears for Fears, REM, Smashing Pumpkins,
Nine Inch Nails, etc.), middle-of-the-road music,
country music, and easy rock are often mixed with
very little variation in volumes. You could say that
Muzak is the extreme example. Even volumes might
also be appropriate for a love song.
Visual 164. Song With Even Volumes (see color
Visual 42C)
Sometimes, it is necessary to compress sounds a
bit more to help make the volumes more even. How-
ever, you can only compress things so much before
they sound squashed. Often it becomes necessary to
"ride" (move) the faders up and down in volume to
keep things even. However, because this actually
means moving the faders, I will deal with this more
in the next section on "Changing Volumes."
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Chapter Five