ВУЗ: Казахская Национальная Академия Искусств им. Т. Жургенова
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Alternatively, some styles of music are mixed
with extreme variations between the softest and loud-
est sounds, like this:
Visual 165. Song With Uneven Volumes (see color
Visual 43C)
Lots of rock 'n' roll, dance music, and rap are mixed
this way. Big band music is a also a perfect example of
this type of mix. You might have extremely soft
sounds followed by huge horn blasts. Even some clas-
sical music is this dynamic. Pink Floyd is well known
for trying to shock you to death with alarm clocks and
explosions. It can be quite fun and exhilarating.
Whether the mix is even or uneven is mostly
based on the style of music. However, the type of song
also helps to determine the overall evenness of vol-
umes. For example, a ballad might be mixed with
volumes that are more equal to each other to pre-
serve the overall mellow feel. On the other hand, a
song about "shocking changes in life" might very well
have some shocking volume differences. It is helpful
to listen to the details of the song to help you deter-
mine whether levels should be even or uneven.
Visual 166. Uneven Volumes: Big Band Mix (see color
Visual 166C)
Visual 167. Even Volumes: Heavy Metal Mix (see color
Visual 167C)
Visual 168. Even Volumes: Alternative Rock Mix (see
color Visual 168CI
Level 3 Dynamics: Changing Volume Levels
Volume can range from soft to loud, and individual
sounds can also be raised or lowered within the song.
When faders are moved while a sound is playing, the
dynamic created tends to be intense. If the level of a
sound is changed at a good transition point, such as
the beginning of a chorus or lead break, the dynamic
created is not nearly as intense as when changed in
the middle of a section. Such a strong dynamic often
causes the listener to focus on the change you are
making. Therefore, it should be done as musically as
possible—that is, in time with the tempo or other
changes that are occurring in the song.
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The Art of Mixing
The volume of the entire mix can also be raised
or lowered. The master stereo fader volumes are not
commonly changed except at the beginning or end
of the song. Fading in the entire mix at the beginning
of a song creates a very nice and smooth dynamic;
The Beatles used this on "Eight Days a Week." I've
also heard songs where the entire mix is faded out,
faded back in, faded out again, and faded in one
more time. A very cool effect is to cut, boost, or grad-
ually fade the overall volume in the middle of a song.
Such dynamics can be quite effective. Fading out a
particular section of instruments (such as drums) and
then fading it back in can also serve to wake people
up.
In addition to moving a fader to create volume
dynamics, you will usually need to adjust levels to
keep the volumes even. Compressor/limiters can
only do so much before they make a sound unnat-
ural. Therefore, you can create another dynamic—to
actually even out volumes more—by riding the faders
throughout the mix.
If you bring a sound out front by turning the vol-
ume up at the beginning of the song, it will now be
clear in our brain for the rest of the song, even if it is
set back in volume in the mix. Because of this, you
can create a special psychoacoustic effect by bringing
up and highlighting a different sound in the mix,
then turning it down. If you keep doing this, you cre-
ate the illusion that all sounds in the mix are loud
and clear. However, if someone were to walk into the
room in the middle of the song, they probably would
not agree.
Although changing levels in a mix can create a
major dynamic, you can create much more subtle
(and often more effective) dynamics by making
minor volume changes in various sections of a song.
For example, you might boost the volume of the gui-
tars (ever so slightly) in the chorus, raise the snare
and snare reverb ever so slightly in the lead break,
then bring up the bass guitar and kick drum (again,
just a touch) in the vamp at the end of the song.
These subtle volume changes can add serious magic
to your mix.
These three levels of dynamics—volume placement,
volume patterns, and volume movement—make up
all that can be done with volume faders in a mix.
COMPRESSOR/LIMITERS
Just as volume faders can create a wide range of dy-
namics, compressor/limiters can also be used to cre-
ate musical dynamics to fit the music or song.
Compressor/limiters are often used for technical rea-
sons, such as to get a better signal-to-noise ratio (less
hiss). However, this section covers how they are used
to create a musical or emotional component like
another instrument in the mix.
Level 1 Dynamics: Individual Compressor/Limiter
Placement and Relative Settings
Sounds are compressed based on the dynamic range
of the sound itself. For example, a "screamer"-type
vocal (Aretha Franklin, Axl Rose, Janis Joplin,
Pavarotti) will normally be compressed more to
account for the huge difference in volume from soft
to loud. However, there are certain sounds that are
compressed more out of traditions that have devel-
oped over years of recording and mixing.
First, most acoustic instrument sounds are
compressed. Vocals and bass guitar are almost always
compressed. Many engineers will compress the kick
drum for presence, although there are some who do
not believe in compressing the kick. If the drummer
is good and has control of the volume of each kick
lick, then compression may not be necessary. How-
ever, compression does make the attack of the kick
drum sharper.
Many instruments are only compressed when
they are placed in a mix (as opposed to being solo).
For example, it is rare for anyone to compress a solo
piano; however, pianos are commonly compressed
when placed in a mix, especially a busy one. Acoustic
guitars are also commonly compressed in a mix. In
fact, as mentioned before, the busier the mix, the
more the individual sounds are compressed. This is
done in order to minimize the huge amount of move-
ment by the natural fluctuations in volume of each
sound. We can only handle so much stimuli before we
start to flip out.
It is also common to compress the loudest and
softest sounds in a mix more than other sounds. This
is because there are certain limits as to how loud a
sound can be in a mix before it sounds "wrong." Like-
wise, if a sound is too low in a mix, it simply will not
be heard. Lead guitars are often compressed more,
simply because some people like the intensity and
power of an electric guitar right in their face.
Remember, one of the primary functions of a com-
pressor/limiter is to make a sound more present.
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Chapter Five
Level 2 Dynamics: Patterns of Compressor/Limiter
Placement
The overall amount of compression on a mix is obvi-
ously more noticeable than any individual setting.
There are two ways that it can be applied. The first is
based on the combined overall amount of compres-
sion added to each sound individually because some
sounds may have no compression at all. The second is
based on the amount of compression added to the
overall mix once it has been mixed. This process,
commonly done in mastering for CD pressing, only
compresses the loudest sounds in the entire mix.
When sounds are compressed individually during the
recording and mixing of the song, all volumes could
be compressed, not just the loudest ones.
Regardless of the way overall compression is
applied, or calculated, certain styles of music have
developed quite strong traditions as to how much
they are compressed. For example, most pop music
has more overall compression than most country
music or punk. This can be perceived as "polish,"
which some people complain is part of being over-
produced. You can see the amount of overall com-
pression on cassette deck VU meters. The meters
barely move on highly compressed material.
Rhythm and blues and middle-of-the-road music
are often compressed more than other styles.
Acoustic music, such as bluegrass and acoustic jazz,
are commonly not compressed as much. Again, these
rules are made to be broken. Much of the electronic
type of music (anything that uses a lot of synthesizers
and drum machines) will often sound more com-
pressed because many synthesized sounds have been
compressed previous to being placed in the synth.
Therefore, much of the hip hop and techno music
mixes sound highly compressed.
The trick is to now pay attention to the overall
amount of compression that seems to be going on in
each song you hear, and develop your own values for
how much compression you like.
Level 3 Dynamics: Changing Compressor/Limiter
Settings (Levels and Parameters)
Changing the amount of compression, ratio setting,
attack, or release time is rare in the midst of a mix. It
is commonly done when mixing voices in a movie,
video, or commercial. Narration is often compressed
more than dialogue, for example. Because compres-
sion has the effect of making something sound more
present, it can actually be used to create a dynamic
that seems to move from more distant to more pre-
sent or vice versa. One of the most dynamic effects is
to change from no compression to limiting. This
makes the sound seem to jump right out at you.
Normally, changes in settings are done at musi-
cal transitions in the song—such as at the beginning
of a verse, chorus, bridge, or lead break—so that the
change is not so abrupt or shocking. However, it just
might be an interesting effect (if appropriate) to
change the settings of compression while in the mid-
dle of a vocal or lead solo. When doing this, you are
creating a dynamic effect so strong that it will show
through the mix—therefore, it should be musically
performed so that it fits the song.
NOISE GATES
Level 1 Dynamics: Individual Noise Gate Placement
and Relative Settings
The use of noise gates is primarily based on technical
considerations: That is, getting rid of low volume
noises and bleed from other instruments in the
room. The only consideration for using a noise gate
that might have developed any sort of tradition would
be using a noise gate to shorten the duration of a
sound by chopping off the attack or release. Other-
wise, they are not used very often to shorten the dura-
tion. This is not to say that it isn't a cool effect and
should not be utilized; it just isn't very common.
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The Art of Mixing
Level 2 Dynamics: Patterns of Noise Gate Placement
SECTION B
Equalization Dynamics
Extensive use of noise gates in a mix primarily results
in more precise imaging between the speakers
because of the way that noise gates help to isolate a
sound and get rid of phase cancelation. It seems that
most pop music is mixed using gates. Styles of music
that are more focused on clarity, such as Steely Dan,
will often use more noise gates overall.
On the other hand, some engineers prefer not
to use noise gates much, especially on the drums.
Using less noise gates will help make the mix sound
more "live" in some engineer's eyes (or ears).
Level 3 Dynamics: Changing Noise Gate Settings
(Levels and Parameters)
Settings on noise gates are rarely changed during a
mix. However, to do so may give the illusion of a mix
that is becoming more and more clean, with more
precise imaging. You could also use noise gates to
shorten the duration of a sound bit by bit, which
might be totally appropriate for a song about losing
weight or a shrinking reality.
If you have been doing much recording, you know
that the limits of creativity are tight with EQ. There is
very little room for creativity. With volume, you have
more freedom. With EQ, if you can just get things to
sound "right," you are lucky (or good).
What we consider to be natural EQ for each
instrument within each style of music has become
entrenched in our audio consciousness. The bright-
ness, midrange, and fullness of each instrument are
now strictly defined. In fact, if we don't EQ the instru-
ments based on these traditions, it is either consid-
ered to be wrong or exceedingly creative.
Because creativity is so limited, it is important to
look closer—refine your focus, so to speak. It's like
looking at the frequencies with a magnifying glass.
Once you "zoom in" on the exact limitations of good
and bad EQ you can push the limits. You can be cre-
ative without going off the deep end. Often this means
minuscule changes—it doesn't take much to screw up
EQ. Of course, you might only be creative with EQ
when it is appropriate for the style of music, the song,
and if the band will let you.
As with volume, there are three levels of dynam-
ics that can be created with equalization. First, the
relative brightness, midrange, and bassiness of each
instrument (relative to the rest) create small but def-
inite differences. In fact, each instrument has devel-
oped its own traditions for what we consider to be
normal EQ. If we set the EQ different from these tra-
ditions, we are creating a unique dynamic that affects
the overall perception of the music or song. There is
a much stronger dynamic created by the combination
of all of the EQ settings together in the song. But the
most powerful dynamic you can create with an equal-
izer is to change the EQ during the song. This tends
to be even more intense than changing volume levels
during a song.
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Chapter Five
EQUALIZATION DYNAMICS
Level 1 Dynamics: Individual Equalization Placement
and Relative Settings
As with volume faders, there is a large and complex
world of EQ relationships between instruments in the
mix. There are two primary ways in which the indi-
vidual EQ of a sound can create musical and emo-
tional dynamics. First, the individual EQ of a sound
can either be made to be "natural" or "interesting."
Second, the way a sound is EQ'd relative to the rest of
the sounds in the mix also creates a dynamic that can
be utilized for the song.
NATURAL EQ
In the beginning, the basic goal of using EQ was to
make the sound natural—-just like it sounded in the
room where the instrument was. You can't get any
more natural than that, right? The only problem is
that natural ain't natural any more. These days nat-
ural is defined by what is currently on CDs and the
radio. We have become addicted to crisper, brighter,
and cleaner, as well as fatter, fuller, and bigger. There-
fore, to make a sound natural can be boring and
unnaturally dull by today's standards. What we hear
on the radio and on CDs these days is much brighter
and crisper than the real thing. If it isn't bright
enough, it won't be considered right.
A common mistake is to use the EQ to make a
sound clearer or more separate from the other sounds
in the mix, while losing track of whether the sound is
still natural. This problem often happens when the
engineer tries to use EQ to fix an arrangement prob-
lem when too many instruments are located in the
same frequency range. For example, you might turn
up the midrange to make the sound a little more pre-
sent and discernible. You can now hear the details of
the sound in the mix. The problem is that when you
listen to the mix the next day, it sounds midrangey
and honky. Therefore, whenever you EQ a sound to
work well, it is always a good idea to doublecheck that
the sound is still natural when in solo. You might find
that you should compromise if the sound is unnatural.
This will help you end up with an overall EQ that
sounds natural and has some separation.
The following is a list of a few of the most com-
mon instruments and their typical EQs, to give you an
idea of what we have come to expect based on the
style of music and song. Of course, these EQ settings
depend entirely on the particular instrument utilized
and the type of microphones used. Ideally, with the
right mics, you should only have to do minimal
EQ'ing, if any.
KICK
There are three general types of drum sounds that
engineers seem to go for: (1) the dead thud you get
with one head on the drum and some type of weight
(sandbag, mic stand bottom, or brick) on top of the
pillows or padding in the drum, (2) the resonant ring
you get with two heads on the drum and a small hole
in the front head of the drum, and (3) the dull boom
you get with both heads on the drum and no hole
(commonly used for rap, hip hop, or techno).
The first and second type of sounds normally
have a huge amount of the muddy range taken out, as
much as l0dB, in the EQ range around 300Hz. They
also sometimes have a high-frequency boost of a few
dB around 5000 to 6000Hz.
The third type of rap or hip hop type kick often
has a bit of a boost in the muddy range around 300Hz
and a boost around 40 to l00Hz for the low end. The
high end, around 6000Hz, might actually be rolled
off to get rid of the attack of the sound.
There are many other types of EQ for kick
drums, but these are some of the most common set-
tings.
SNARE
The snare drum is commonly only boosted in the
highs around 5000 to 6000Hz. Sometimes a bit of low
end is added around 60 to l00Hz to make a thin
drum sound fatter. And occasionally, it is necessary to
take out some of the muddiness around 300Hz. Some
snare drum sounds have a midrange "flap" or edgi-
ness around 800 to l000Hz that needs to be taken out
to smooth out the sound.
HI-HAT
It is often necessary to take out just about all of the
low end to get rid of the bleed from the kick drum. If
you have a highpass filter, you can roll off the entire
low end up to around 300 to 700Hz. It is also quite
common to roll off the muddiness in the bleed from
the rest of the drum kit. Occasionally, it is nice to add
a bit of super high frequencies around 10,000Hz for
a nice, bright sizzle up top. Also, every so often, it is
necessary to take out any irritating frequencies in the
midrange between 1000 to 4000Hz. However, if taken
out too much, the hi-hat will sound too dull—a thin
bandwidth is helpful in this situation.
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The Art of Mixing