ВУЗ: Казахская Национальная Академия Искусств им. Т. Жургенова
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BASS
On some bass guitars, it is necessary to take out some
of the muddiness around 300Hz. However, if taken
out too much, the bass will sound too thin and wimpy.
It is also often necessary to boost the highs (much
more than you would think when in solo) around
2000Hz. Occasionally, it is fun to boost the low end of
the bass around 40Hz to add a solid bottom.
GUITAR
Most commonly, guitars only need to be brightened
up around 3000 to 6000Hz. Occasionally, it is neces-
sary to take out some of the muddiness around 300Hz.
VOCALS
Vocals vary tremendously depending on the sound of
the person's voice. It is quite common to not EQ
vocals while recording because it can be difficult to
find the exact same EQ in future vocal overdub ses-
sions. This is fine because vocals are normally EQ'd
so little anyway. Not only are we hypersensitive to
midrange frequencies (where vocals hang out), but
we are also extremely hypersensitive to the natural
sound of vocals. We know what a voice should sound
like better than any other sound in the world. There-
fore, it is critical to be sparing with any vocal EQ.
Vocals are often boosted just a couple of deci-
bels around 5000 to 6000Hz. Occasionally, it is neces-
sary to take out a bit of muddiness around 300Hz and
a bit of irritation around 3000 or 4000Hz. The irrita-
tion sometimes comes from the harmonic structure
inherent in the sound, but it can also come from a
cheap or bad microphone. It is often helpful to use a
highpass filter to roll off all low frequencies below
60Hz in order to get rid of any rumbly noises or bleed
from any bassy instruments.
INTERESTING EQ
Certainly there are those who don't use the traditions
or history of EQ to set their EQ. Some people are very
intuitive about their frequencies. I mean, how did the
first engineers know how to EQ sounds? One way was
to make it sound natural. But what is natural when it
comes to the sound of a piece of sheet metal? What is
a natural EQ for a lot of the unnatural sounds we find
in synthesizers?
The EQ of a sound is sometimes based on
sounding interesting rather than sounding natural.
Therefore, the question becomes what makes a sound
interesting?
Interesting comes in various flavors. One way is
to simply not make the EQ natural. Another is to EQ
it so that the maximum complexity of the sound
shows through. This means to use the EQ to even out
any excessive peaks in a sound. Check out this spec-
trum analysis of a sound.
Visual 169. Spectrum Analysis of Sound With Excessive
Frequency Peaks
Notice the peaks around 20Hz, 6000Hz, and
10,000Hz. If you were to listen to this sound, you
would primarily hear these three loudest frequencies.
With EQ you can turn down the peaks, to hear more
of the entire frequency spectrum. The sound appears
to be more complex, more interesting. When a sound
is more complex, it sustains repeated listening better,
because the closer you listen to it, the more you hear.
This is a common production value for many major
producers: to make a sound appear as complex as
possible by getting rid of the peaks.
On the other hand, there is always the counter-
culture (thank goodness). Instead of complexity,
some have now reverted back to using simple sounds.
For example, Phil Collins has recorded a song with an
808 snare, the tinniest and cheapest-sounding elec-
tronic snare in the world; it sounds like "doooh." This
proves that "interesting" is subjective.
But regardless of whether you EQ a sound to be
interesting or natural, it is important to make sure
that the EQ of the sound also works with the other
sounds in the mix. As previously described, the sound
should have appropriate highs, midranges, and lows
relative to all of the other sounds. As with "balancing
volume relationships," it is commonly most desirable
to have the EQ of all of the instruments as even as pos-
sible, so that they blend well. However, it is often desir-
able for certain instruments in a mix to be unusually
bright, dark, or midrangey. In fact, sounds can be
made to sound more similar to each other or more
dissimilar. A lead instrument might be made more
cutting and abrasive so as to really grab attention. An
instrument might be given extra bass to make the
song more danceable or just to excite the listener.
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Chapter Five
The particular EQ of a sound and its relation-
ship to the rest of the sounds in the mix creates
another musical and emotional dynamic for the engi-
neer to wield in his or her quest for the perfect mix—
even though perfection has no limits.
Level 2 Dynamics: Patterns of Equalization Placement
The combination of all EQ settings together in the
song creates a much stronger dynamic in a mix than
any single individual EQ setting. In fact, the overall
EQ is one of the most important dynamics because it
is critical for a mix to sound correct for all the styles
of music that we know so well. When anyone listens to
a mix, the first thing they hear is the overall EQ.
The engineer EQs each instrument so that the
overall EQ of the song will sound like a particular
type of music usually sounds. For example, country
has an overall natural EQ. Heavy metal has more of a
boost in the cutting midrange frequencies. Rap and
hip hop have the low end boost.
The type of song also can determine the general
EQ of the mix. For example, you just might make the
overall EQ a bit more edgy and cutting for a song
about chainsaw murders, whereas a song about sweet
and sensitive love might have an overall EQ that is
very pleasing and conducive to mush.
Aside from the style of music and the song,
often certain engineers have their own style that they
prefer. These engineers tend to create mixes with
overall EQs they happen to be partial to. Here are
some typical—in fact, stereotypical—overall EQs for
different styles of music. These EQ curves are some-
times very specific for certain styles of music.
Visual 170. General Overall EQ for Heavy Metal
Visual 171. General Overall EQ for Jazz
Visual 172. General Overall EQ for Country
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The Art of Mixing
Visual 173. General Overall EQ for Rap and Hip Hop
Level 3 Dynamics: Changing Equalization
Because we are so limited as to how creative we can be
with EQ, making EQ changes in a sound while it is
playing creates an extremely noticeable dynamic. If
not appropriate for the song, this could be quite dis-
tracting. If appropriate, it could be quite effective.
Making an EQ change at a break in the song is
the most natural way to create a dynamic. Jethro Tull
did it in the song "Aqualung" when the voice changes
to a telephone EQ. Pink Floyd also did it in the album
Wish You Were Here when the acoustic guitar sounds
like it is in a little box.
If you change EQ at the beginning or end of a
section in a song, it is not nearly as noticeable as
when you make a change in the middle of a part.
Probably the most bizarre effect is to actually sweep
the frequency knob of an EQ in the middle of an
important part, such as a lead solo. Doing this totally
takes the focus away from the music itself; however, if
done in a way that works with the music and song, it
can be extremely cool.
Currently, it is considered very unusual to actu-
ally change EQ settings during a mix. However, it just
might be the next creative frontier, especially for
those mixing hip hop and similar styles of music.
The musical and emotional dynamics that can
be created with EQ—EQ placement, overall EQ and
changing EQ—all depend on the style of music, the
song and all of its details, and the people involved.
SECTION C
Panning Dynamics
As with volume and equalization, there are three lev-
els of dynamics that can be created with the place-
ment of panpots on a mixer. First, a sound will be
perceived differently depending on where it is placed
in the mix, left to right. For some instruments, the
traditions for the specific placement of left to right
have become very strictly enforced. Panning is also
based on the relationship of a particular instrument
to the panning of the rest of the instruments in the
mix. But when you create patterns of panning, you
establish a much more powerful musical and emo-
tional dynamic. For example, a lopsided mix left to
right will come across quite differently than a mix
that is balanced from left to right. Finally, when you
move a panpot during a song, you are creating a
dynamic almost as strong as an earthquake. Now let's
explore the three levels of dynamics.
PANNING DYNAMICS
Level 1 Dynamics: Individual Panning Placement and
Relative Settings
If you follow the traditions, you create a dynamic that
is transparent and lets the music show through more.
Whereas, if you don't follow tradition, you are then
considered to be "creative." Unusual panning can
actually create tension; this can be cool if appropri-
ate. Lets go through typical panning placement for
some well-known instruments and sounds.
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Chapter Five
KICK DRUM
It is rare that the kick drum is ever placed anywhere
except in the middle, exactly between the speakers.
Visual 174, Kick Drum Panned to Center
It isn't necessarily wrong to place it somewhere
else, but it has become commonly accepted there. It
is interesting to speculate why the kick has been rele-
gated to the center. First, the kick often takes up a
large amount of space in the world of imaging. There
is simply more room in the middle. Also, the kick
drum has so much energy it commands our attention.
We are often compelled to turn and face the music,
especially loud and powerful sounds. Therefore, if
you are facing the kick in the middle, your peripheral
vision (or hearing) can see the other sounds better. If
you were facing a kick on one side, then you would be
off balance.
Aside from the imaging, there is another rea-
son, based on physical reality, for the kick to be
placed center: When a sound is in the middle, you
have two speakers carrying the sound instead of one.
The speakers don't have to work as hard, especially
with big sounds like kick drums and bass guitars.
Therefore, technically it sounds better when in the
middle. Also, the kick drum is normally in the center
of most drum kits.
Regardless of the reasons for placing the kick
drum in the center, it has become a pretty strict tra-
dition. If you place it anywhere else, watch out. . . you
could be admonished for being too creative.
Two kick drums, or a double kick, presents an
interesting dilemma when it comes to panning. The
main deciding factor depends on how often the sec-
ond kick drum is played. Some people will pan them
slightly left and right, others will place the main kick
in the center and only pan the second kick slightly. To
pan the two kick drums completely left and right is
highly unusual, or creative, but has been done. I've
even panned the two kicks left and right only at the
moment of a double kick roll.
SNARE DRUM
The snare drum is also most commonly placed in the
middle.
Visual 175. Snare Drum Panned to Center
Although some engineers do place it a bit off to
the side—especially in jazz—because the snare drum is
off to one side in a real drum set. If the snare drum
sound is huge (bigger sound and/or more reverb), it is
more commonly placed in the center. This is probably
because it is taking up so much more space (similar to
the kick drum). It is interesting that the snare has
come to be so commonly placed in the center when it
is actually so far to one side on most drum sets.
HI-HAT
The hi-hat is often placed about halfway between one
side and the middle (we'll discuss which side later).
Visual 176. Hi-Hat Panned Halfway Between Left Side
and Middle (see color Visual 176C)
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The Art of Mixing
This is also interesting because the hi-hat is nor-
mally as far left on a real drum kit as any sound. How-
ever, often when the mix is busier, the hi-hat is
panned all the way to one side. This is also the case
when the mix being created is meant to be "spatial."
Meanwhile, in house music and hip hop, not only can
the hi-hat be panned anywhere, it is commonly
moved during the mix and is sometimes panned far
left with a delay panned to the far right.
TOM TOMS
In order to provide maximum fun, torn toms are com-
monly spread completely left to right or right to left.
Visual 177. Toms Panned Completely Left to Right (see
color Visual 177C)
However, for natural panning, the toms are
sometimes placed between the speakers exactly as
they are on the actual drum set.
Visual 178. Toms Panned Same As on Drum Kit (see
color Visual 178C)
A floor torn is normally placed on the far side.
However, occasionally the floor torn will be placed in
the center for the same reason we normally put a kick
drum and a bass guitar in the middle—because it is so
powerful, commands so much attention, and will
sound better when both speakers are carrying the
sound.
The discussion of torn placement brings up an
interesting question: Should the toms be panned from
left to right, as if from the drummer's perspective . . .
Visual 179. Toms Panned Left to Right
. . . or from right to left, as if from the audience's per-
spective?
Visual 180. Toms Panned Right to Left (see color Visual
180C)
Those who do live sound wouldn't be caught
dead with the toms panned left to right because they
always see it this way in a live show, but it seems that
just as many engineers pan from left to right (just like
we read). If the band is being recorded live, or if the
band is being recorded as if they were live, then the
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