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Заполните пропуски в предложениях в соответствии с правилами использования лексических единиц и форм глагола в действительном и страдательном залоге
The great achievement of Russian … thought was the … of Saint Petersburg – Moscow railway in 1851. This … railway line of 650 km length was … during 8 years simultaneously from both sides.
П1 engineering
П2 construction
П3 double track
П4 being built
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Заполните пропуски в предложениях в соответствии с правилами использования лексических единиц и форм глагола в действительном и страдательном залоге
The St. Petersburg – Moscow mainline is considered … the oldest and … outstanding railway in Russia. In the thirties of the 19th century much was … about the necessity of its construction and various projects … proposed.
П1 to be
П2 the most
П3 spoken
П4 were
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Заполните пропуски в предложениях в соответствии с правилами использования лексических единиц и форм глагола в действительном и страдательном залоге
Nowadays the Trans-Siberian line … fully electrified. All freight and passenger trains are operated by … electric and diesel locomotives. The Trans-Siberian railway plays a very important part in the economic … of our country because it carries a large … of traffic.
П1 is
П2 powerful
П3 development
П4 volume
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Заполните пропуски в предложениях в соответствии с правилами использования лексических единиц и форм глагола в действительном и страдательном залоге
The world’s longest Moscow-Lake Baikal … railway was … into service in 1961. Nowadays Russian railways … about a quarter of the whole electrified … in the world.
П1 electric
П2 put
П3 have
П4 network
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Заполните пропуски в предложениях в соответствии с правилами использования лексических единиц и форм глагола в действительном и страдательном залоге
All the component parts of the track, … and viaducts for St. Petersburg – Moscow mainline … produced at Russian plants by using only … materials, including … for sleepers and iron for rails.
П1 bridges
П2 were
П3 domestic
П4 timber
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Заполните пропуски в предложениях в соответствии с правилами использования лексических единиц и форм глагола в действительном и страдательном залоге
The growth of road … in Britain during the 1920s and 1930s greatly … income for the rail companies. They, in turn, accused the … of favoring road haulage through the … construction of roads. The world’s longest Moscow-Lake Baikal … railway was … into service in 1961. Nowadays Russian railways … about a quarter of the whole electrified … in the world.
П1 transport
П2 reduced
П3 government
П4 subsidized
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Заполните пропуски в предложениях в соответствии с правилами использования лексических единиц и форм глагола в действительном и страдательном залоге
After steam railways were … in Europe, their use in Russia was initially … as they were considered unsuitable for a country with long distances and harsh winters. However, in 1836 an Austrian … convinced Tsar Nicholas I to authorize a demonstration … between the capital and his summer palace at Tsarskoe Selo.
П1 built
П2 resisted
П3 engineer
П4 line
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To establish a Russian … industry, an American company re-equipped the Alexandrovsk State Factory, near St Petersburg. This produced the 162 25-tonne engines, 2,500 … wagons and 70 passenger coaches … for the line. The company also trained Russian craftsmen and engine … .
П1 locomotive
П2 freight
П3 needed
П4 drivers
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By the start of the Crimean War in 1854, Russia … a relatively small rail network of 650 km. Afterwards, Russia’s defeat highlighted the … for more railways. This was … by the success of Russia’s only railway close to the battle, one that … built by the British.
П1 had
П2 need
П3 evident
П4 was
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Заполните пропуски в предложениях в соответствии с правилами использования лексических единиц и видовременных форм глагола
In the 1880s, … were proposals for a line through Siberia to the Pacific for … against foreign powers and to … the area. Before the railway, there was some emigration to Siberia but around 20 per cent of those making this difficult overland … perished.
П1 there
П2 protection
П3 develop
П4 journey
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Заполните пропуски в предложениях в соответствии с правилами использования лексических единиц и видовременных форм глагола
In 1837, Russia’s first railway station, Tsarskoselsky Station … constructed. The station was initially … to lie on the grand Fontanka River, but after the railway exceeded its … budget the one-storey … station was instead built on Zagorodny Prospekt in the suburbs.
П1 was
П2 supposed
П3 planned
П4 wooden
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The history of rail transport … in Russia dates back to the middle of the XVI century. The first analogs of modern railways … on the territory of stone and sand pits, … excavations and coal mines. Then the road … a drawbridge made of wooden bars.
П1 development
П2 arose
П3 mine
П4 was
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Заполните пропуски в предложениях в соответствии с правилами использования лексических единиц и видовременных форм глагола
The … after British nationalization in 1948 … wholesale change to the national railway …, as governments committed to the elimination of steam … in favour of diesel and electric power.
П1 decades
П2 brought
П3 network
П4 traction
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Заполните пропуски в предложениях в соответствии с правилами использования лексических единиц и видовременных форм глагола
In the mid-1950s plans were … in hand for extensive modernization of the railways, but by the early 1960s it was clear that many … railways had … their usefulness and would have to go. The result led to … closures over the next few years.
П1 put
П2 rural
П3 outlived
П4 widespread
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Заполните пропуски в предложениях в соответствии с правилами использования лексических единиц и видовременных форм глагола
In the early days, locomotives and … were supplied by private companies such as that … founded by Robert Stephenson. However, most of the major railway companies in Great Britain soon … their own locomotive, carriage and wagon works. The private … survived by supplying to industrial lines and overseas railway companies.
П1 stock
П2 was
П3 had
П4 companies
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Hайдите соответствие между частями предложений, учитывая правила использования лексических единиц и видовременных форм глагола
| С1 What were the rails | О1 and sleepers made of? |
| С2 What equipment was used | О2 for the construction? |
| С3 What was done to facilitate | О3 the workers' labor? |
| С4 When was the railway officially | О4 opened for public traffic? |
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| С1 Railways have been always busy in search of the ways to increase | О1 their economic efficiency and the speeds of passenger and goods trains. |
| С2 In spite of having a relatively short history electric | О2 traction has made a remarkable progress. |
| С3 The system of British railways was originally built as a patchwork of | О3 local rail links operated by small private railway companies. |
| С4 The idea of the railway and the idea of steam | О4 engine developed separately. |
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| С1 The early railroads were | О1 not public roads. |
| С2 Americans learnt to build railroads by | О2 coping English methods of construction. |
| С3 Trains can haul freight cheaply because a single | О3 locomotive can pull as many as 200 cars. |
| С4 The Trans-Asian Railway Network Agreement was signed on 10th November 2006, by seventeen Asian nations as part of | О4 the United Nations Economic and Social Commission. |
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| С1 The Southern Corridor will go from Europe to | О1 Southeast Asia, connecting Turkey, Iran, Pakistan and India. |
| С2 Russia is crossed by multiple transport corridors, carrying hundreds of | О2 millions tons of freight every year. |
| С3 Railroads haul about half of | О3 the freight transported in the world. |
| С4 In the USA the first railroads were built in | О4 mines for carrying stone or coal. |
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Hайдите соответствие между частями предложений, учитывая правила использования лексических единиц и видовременных форм глагола
| С1 How many passengers were | О1 there in the first train |
| С2 After Russia lost its war against Japan in 1904, it was decided to | О2 build the Amur Railway from Chita. |
| С3 The obvious advantages of railways as а means of conveying heavy loads and passengers | О3 brought about а proliferation of railway construction projects. |
| С4 Lighting on the first coaches was by means of oil lamps at first; then gas lights were used, and each coach | О4 carried а cylinder оf gas, which was dangerous in the event of accident or derailment. |
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| С1 As part of the preparations for privatization, the British Rail works were | О1 formed into a new company, British Rail Engineering Limited, later simply Brel Limited. |
| С2 When he was twenty–seven, Stephenson found | О2 employment as an engineman at Killingworth Colliery. |
| С3 In 1863 work was started on the first transcontinental railroad | О3 west from Omaha, Nebraska, and east from the Sacramento, California. |
| С4 In Britain the railways were financed | О4 entirely by private investment. |
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| С1 Stephenson continued to try and improve his locomotive and in 1815 he | О1 changed the design so that the connecting rods drove the wheels directly. |
| С2 The dramatic nature of the development of the railway was | О2 fully appreciated by Europeans of the nineteenth century. |
| С3 Railways were spreading elsewhere in the world, and especially in America, but in 1870 Europe | О3 possessed one-half of all the lines in the world. |
| С4 For the steamships, the railways and engineering generally, iron was | О4 increasingly in demand. |