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Obviously, delay to a train would have serious effects on other trains delaying them in turn. When trains began to cover relatively great distances, as in America, the delays could be intolerable.
3. The solution to this was to classify trains by importance. At least two classes were usually necessary, passenger trains and freight trains, since delays to passengers were much less tolerable than delays to freight. Freight trains had to clear the schedule time of passenger trains and wait until they had passed. Just this much was a great relief, particularly when there were only a couple of passenger trains each day and they usually ran close to time.
4. The next step was to make trains in one direction superior to trains of the same class in the opposite direction. Sometimes a wait of a specified length of time at the time table crossing point was required, but more usually the inferior train had to clear the time of the superior train if it could not reach the time table crossing point in time. This meant that first class trains in the favoured direction could move regardless of other trains, and those in the other direction had only to avoid these trains.
В+ would
B+ have
[7.5.8.]
ВВОД
При помощи суффикса образуйте от выделенного глагола существительное так, чтобы на русском языке оно имело значение «эксплуатация».
1. A single track is a kind of railway tracks where trains must be operated in both directions. Single track was rare in Britain, but elsewhere in the world it was frequently found. In America, single track was almost universal for many years. The simplest method to ensure safety is to allow only "one engine in steam," as it is known in Britain. In this case the train need not worry about any other. However, it is appropriate only for rather short lines, where it is very economical.
2. The fundamental tool for operating single track was the time table. On single track, it specified the stations at which trains would "meet" or "cross". Each train had to proceed to the crossing point, and wait indefinitely for the opposing train. Obviously, delay to a train would have serious effects that would cascade to other trains, delaying them in turn. When trains began to cover relatively great distances, as in America, the delays could be intolerable.
3. The solution to this was to classify trains by importance. At least two classes were usually necessary, passenger trains and freight trains, since delays to passengers were much less tolerable than delays to freight. Freight trains had to clear the schedule time of passenger trains and wait until they had passed. Just this much was a great relief, particularly when there were only a couple of passenger trains each day and they usually ran close to time.
4. The next step was to make trains in one direction superior to trains of the same class in the opposite direction. Sometimes a wait of a specified length of time at the time table crossing point was required, but more usually the inferior train had to clear the time of the superior train if it could not reach the time table crossing point in time. This meant that first class trains in the favoured direction could move regardless of other trains, and those in the other direction had only to avoid these trains.
B+ operation
[7.5.9.]
ВВОД
Впишите номер заголовка определяющего основную идею текста
1. Types of freight cars
2. Freight and passenger rail cars
3. History of freight cars construction
4. Types of transported freight
1. The very first freight cars were used in coal mines in England. They were open type wagons with wooden wheels drawn by horses along wooden rails. As time went the railways had to carry more and more freight, so bigger and better cars were invented for hauling different kinds of goods. Nowadays the railways have several classes of freight cars there being many varieties in each class. These kinds differ according to the loading capacity, body arrangement, the rail gauge and freight to be transported.
2. The box car is considered to be the most common type of covered wagon. It is a general purpose car intended for carriage all kinds of ordinary goods which must be protected from the weather. Another type of car is a tank car intended for liquid goods. It is a long metal cylinder mounted lengthwise on the car frames with two trucks. Coal, ore, gravel and other similar goods are known to be carried in open top cars, the principal types of which are gondola and hopper cars.
3. The simplest kind of a car is the flat car. It is used for transporting rails, beams, timber, heavy machines and if fitted with special devices it can also carry containers. Flatcars are used for cargo that is too large to load in enclosed cars such as boxcars. The container traffic has now come in wide use on all transport modes as it reduces the cost of loading goods and decreases the danger of breakage and pilferage.
4. A double-stack car is a type of rail car specially designed to carry containers used in intermodal freight transport. The top container is secured to the bottom container either by a bulkhead built into the car or through the use of inter-box connectors. In addition to the normal-type wagons there exist special freight cars for special kinds of goods. The example of a special-type car is a double-deck car used to carry automobiles. The transportation of automobiles by rail has turned out to be more economical than by road.
В + 1
[7.5.10.]
ВВОД
Напишите цифрами номер предложения содержащего верную информацию.
1. If goods must be protected from weather conditions they are transported in flat cars.
2. The class of freight defines types of wagons for transportation.
3. The most economical way to transport automobiles is road.
4. Gondola cars are intended for transportation of liquid goods.
1. The very first freight cars were used in coal mines in England. They were open type wagons with wooden wheels drawn by horses along wooden rails. As time went the railways had to carry more and more freight, so bigger and better cars were invented for hauling different kinds of goods. Nowadays the railways have several classes of freight cars there being many varieties in each class. These kinds differ according to the loading capacity, body arrangement, the rail gauge and freight to be transported.
2. The box car is considered to be the most common type of covered wagon. It is a general purpose car intended for carriage all kinds of ordinary goods which must be protected from the weather. Another type of car is a tank car intended for liquid goods. It is a long metal cylinder mounted lengthwise on the car frames with two trucks. Coal, ore, gravel and other similar goods are known to be carried in open top cars, the principal types of which are gondola and hopper cars.
3. The simplest kind of a car is the flat car. It is used for transporting rails, beams, timber, heavy machines and if fitted with special devices it can also carry containers. Flatcars are used for cargo that is too large to load in enclosed cars such as boxcars. The container traffic has now come in wide use on all transport modes as it reduces the cost of loading goods and decreases the danger of breakage and pilferage.
4. A double-stack car is a type of rail car specially designed to carry containers used in intermodal freight transport. The top container is secured to the bottom container either by a bulkhead built into the car or through the use of inter-box connectors. In addition to the normal-type wagons there exist special freight cars for special kinds of goods. The example of a special-type car is a double-deck car used to carry automobiles. The transportation of automobiles by rail has turned out to be more economical than by road.
В + 2
[7.5.11.]
ВВОД
Напишите цифрами номер абзаца которому соответствует следующая информация «Thanks to the containers the cost of cargo transportation has been decreased».
1. The very first freight cars were used in coal mines in England. They were open type wagons with wooden wheels drawn by horses along wooden rails. As time went the railways had to carry more and more freight, so bigger and better cars were invented for hauling different kinds of goods. Nowadays the railways have several classes of freight cars there being many varieties in each class. These kinds differ according to the loading capacity, body arrangement, the rail gauge and freight to be transported.
2. The box car is considered to be the most common type of covered wagon. It is a general purpose car intended for carriage all kinds of ordinary goods which must be protected from the weather. Another type of car is a tank car intended for liquid goods. It is a long metal cylinder mounted lengthwise on the car frames with two trucks. Coal, ore, gravel and other similar goods are known to be carried in open top cars, the principal types of which are gondola and hopper cars.
3. The simplest kind of a car is the flat car. It is used for transporting rails, beams, timber, heavy machines and if fitted with special devices it can also carry containers. Flatcars are used for cargo that is too large to load in enclosed cars such as boxcars. The container traffic has now come in wide use on all transport modes as it reduces the cost of loading goods and decreases the danger of breakage and pilferage.
4. A double-stack car is a type of rail car specially designed to carry containers used in intermodal freight transport. The top container is secured to the bottom container either by a bulkhead built into the car or through the use of inter-box connectors. In addition to the normal-type wagons there exist special freight cars for special kinds of goods. The example of a special-type car is a double-deck car used to carry automobiles. The transportation of automobiles by rail has turned out to be more economical than by road.
В + 3
[7.5.12.]
ВВОД
Сформулируйте одним словом и напишите ответ на вопрос согласно тексту «What kind of goods is transported in tank cars?»
1. The very first freight cars were used in coal mines in England. They were open type wagons with wooden wheels drawn by horses along wooden rails. As time went the railways had to carry more and more freight, so bigger and better cars were invented for hauling different kinds of goods. Nowadays the railways have several classes of freight cars there being many varieties in each class. These kinds differ according to the loading capacity, body arrangement, the rail gauge and freight to be transported.
2. The box car is considered to be the most common type of covered wagon. It is a general purpose car intended for carriage all kinds of ordinary goods which must be protected from the weather. Another type of car is a tank car intended for liquid goods. It is a long metal cylinder mounted lengthwise on the car frames with two trucks. Coal, ore, gravel and other similar goods are known to be carried in open top cars, the principal types of which are gondola and hopper cars.
3. The simplest kind of a car is the flat car. It is used for transporting rails, beams, timber, heavy machines and if fitted with special devices it can also carry containers. Flatcars are used for cargo that is too large to load in enclosed cars such as boxcars. The container traffic has now come in wide use on all transport modes as it reduces the cost of loading goods and decreases the danger of breakage and pilferage.
4. A double-stack car is a type of rail car specially designed to carry containers used in intermodal freight transport. The top container is secured to the bottom container either by a bulkhead built into the car or through the use of inter-box connectors. In addition to the normal-type wagons there exist special freight cars for special kinds of goods. The example of a special-type car is a double-deck car used to carry automobiles. The transportation of automobiles by rail has turned out to be more economical than by road.
В + liquid
[7.5.13.]
ВВОД
Напишите перевод выделенного слова.
1. The very first freight cars were used in coal mines in England. They were open type wagons with wooden wheels drawn by horses along wooden rails. As time went the railways had to carry more and more freight, so bigger and better cars were invented for hauling different kinds of goods. Nowadays the railways have several classes of freight cars there being many varieties in each class. These kinds differ according to the loading capacity, body arrangement, the rail gauge and freight to be transported.
2. The box car is considered to be the most common type of covered wagon. It is a general purpose car intended for carriage all kinds of ordinary goods which must be protected from the weather. Another type of car is a tank car intended for liquid goods. It is a long metal cylinder mounted lengthwise on the car frames with two trucks. Coal,
ore, gravel and other similar goods are known to be carried in open top cars, the principal types of which are gondola and hopper cars.
3. The simplest kind of a car is the flat car. It is used for transporting rails, beams, timber, heavy machines and if fitted with special devices it can also carry containers. Flatcars are used for cargo that is too large to load in enclosed cars such as boxcars. The container traffic has now come in wide use on all transport modes as it reduces the cost of loading goods and decreases the danger of breakage and pilferage.
4. A double-stack car is a type of rail car specially designed to carry containers used in intermodal freight transport. The top container is secured to the bottom container either by a bulkhead built into the car or through the use of inter-box connectors. In addition to the normal-type wagons there exist special freight cars for special kinds of goods. The example of a special-type car is a double-deck car used to carry automobiles. The transportation of automobiles by rail has turned out to be more economical than by road.
B+ руда
[7.5.14.]
ВВОД
Напишите глагол, от которого образовано выделенное слово.
1. The very first freight cars were used in coal mines in England. They were open type wagons with wooden wheels drawn by horses along wooden rails. As time went the railways had to carry more and more freight, so bigger and better cars were invented for hauling different kinds of goods. Nowadays the railways have several classes of freight cars there being many varieties in each class. These kinds differ according to the loading capacity, body arrangement, the rail gauge and freight to be transported.
2. The box car is considered to be the most common type of covered wagon. It is a general purpose car intended for carriage all kinds of ordinary goods which must be protected from the weather. Another type of car is a tank car intended for liquid goods. It is a long metal cylinder mounted lengthwise on the car frames with two trucks. Coal, ore, gravel and other similar goods are known to be carried in open top cars, the principal types of which are gondola and hopper cars.
3. The simplest kind of a car is the flat car. It is used for transporting rails, beams, timber, heavy machines and if fitted with special devices it can also carry containers. Flatcars are used for cargo that is too large to load in enclosed cars such as boxcars. The container traffic has now come in wide use on all transport modes as it reduces the cost of loading goods and decreases the danger of breakage and pilferage.
4. A double-stack car is a type of rail car specially designed to carry containers used in intermodal freight transport. The top container is secured to the bottom container either by a bulkhead built into the car or through the use of inter-box connectors. In addition to the normal-type wagons there exist special freight cars for special kinds of goods. The example of a special-type car is a double-deck car used to carry automobiles. The transportation of automobiles by rail has turned out to be more economical than by road.
B+ carry
[7.5.15.]
ВВОД
Найдите и выпишите сказуемое из выделенного предложения.
1. The very first freight cars were used in coal mines in England. They were open type wagons with wooden wheels drawn by horses along wooden rails. As time went the railways had to carry more and more freight, so bigger and better cars were invented for hauling different kinds of goods. Nowadays the railways have several classes of freight cars there being many varieties in each class. These kinds differ according to the loading capacity, body arrangement, the rail gauge and freight to be transported.
2. The box car is considered to be the most common type of covered wagon. It is a general purpose car intended to carry all kinds of ordinary goods which must be protected from the weather. Another type of car is a tank car intended for liquid goods. It is a long metal cylinder mounted lengthwise on the car frames with two trucks. Coal, ore, gravel and other similar goods are known to be carried in open top cars, the principal types of which are gondola and hopper cars.
3. The simplest kind of a car is the flat car. It is used for transporting rails, beams, timber, heavy machines and if fitted with special devices it can also carry containers. Flatcars are used for cargo that is too large to load in enclosed cars such as boxcars. The container traffic has now come in wide use on all transport modes as it reduces the cost of loading goods and decreases the danger of breakage and pilferage.
4. A double-stack car is a type of rail car specially designed to carry containers used in intermodal freight transport.
3. The solution to this was to classify trains by importance. At least two classes were usually necessary, passenger trains and freight trains, since delays to passengers were much less tolerable than delays to freight. Freight trains had to clear the schedule time of passenger trains and wait until they had passed. Just this much was a great relief, particularly when there were only a couple of passenger trains each day and they usually ran close to time.
4. The next step was to make trains in one direction superior to trains of the same class in the opposite direction. Sometimes a wait of a specified length of time at the time table crossing point was required, but more usually the inferior train had to clear the time of the superior train if it could not reach the time table crossing point in time. This meant that first class trains in the favoured direction could move regardless of other trains, and those in the other direction had only to avoid these trains.
В+ would
B+ have
[7.5.8.]
ВВОД
При помощи суффикса образуйте от выделенного глагола существительное так, чтобы на русском языке оно имело значение «эксплуатация».
1. A single track is a kind of railway tracks where trains must be operated in both directions. Single track was rare in Britain, but elsewhere in the world it was frequently found. In America, single track was almost universal for many years. The simplest method to ensure safety is to allow only "one engine in steam," as it is known in Britain. In this case the train need not worry about any other. However, it is appropriate only for rather short lines, where it is very economical.
2. The fundamental tool for operating single track was the time table. On single track, it specified the stations at which trains would "meet" or "cross". Each train had to proceed to the crossing point, and wait indefinitely for the opposing train. Obviously, delay to a train would have serious effects that would cascade to other trains, delaying them in turn. When trains began to cover relatively great distances, as in America, the delays could be intolerable.
3. The solution to this was to classify trains by importance. At least two classes were usually necessary, passenger trains and freight trains, since delays to passengers were much less tolerable than delays to freight. Freight trains had to clear the schedule time of passenger trains and wait until they had passed. Just this much was a great relief, particularly when there were only a couple of passenger trains each day and they usually ran close to time.
4. The next step was to make trains in one direction superior to trains of the same class in the opposite direction. Sometimes a wait of a specified length of time at the time table crossing point was required, but more usually the inferior train had to clear the time of the superior train if it could not reach the time table crossing point in time. This meant that first class trains in the favoured direction could move regardless of other trains, and those in the other direction had only to avoid these trains.
B+ operation
[7.5.9.]
ВВОД
Впишите номер заголовка определяющего основную идею текста
1. Types of freight cars
2. Freight and passenger rail cars
3. History of freight cars construction
4. Types of transported freight
1. The very first freight cars were used in coal mines in England. They were open type wagons with wooden wheels drawn by horses along wooden rails. As time went the railways had to carry more and more freight, so bigger and better cars were invented for hauling different kinds of goods. Nowadays the railways have several classes of freight cars there being many varieties in each class. These kinds differ according to the loading capacity, body arrangement, the rail gauge and freight to be transported.
2. The box car is considered to be the most common type of covered wagon. It is a general purpose car intended for carriage all kinds of ordinary goods which must be protected from the weather. Another type of car is a tank car intended for liquid goods. It is a long metal cylinder mounted lengthwise on the car frames with two trucks. Coal, ore, gravel and other similar goods are known to be carried in open top cars, the principal types of which are gondola and hopper cars.
3. The simplest kind of a car is the flat car. It is used for transporting rails, beams, timber, heavy machines and if fitted with special devices it can also carry containers. Flatcars are used for cargo that is too large to load in enclosed cars such as boxcars. The container traffic has now come in wide use on all transport modes as it reduces the cost of loading goods and decreases the danger of breakage and pilferage.
4. A double-stack car is a type of rail car specially designed to carry containers used in intermodal freight transport. The top container is secured to the bottom container either by a bulkhead built into the car or through the use of inter-box connectors. In addition to the normal-type wagons there exist special freight cars for special kinds of goods. The example of a special-type car is a double-deck car used to carry automobiles. The transportation of automobiles by rail has turned out to be more economical than by road.
В + 1
[7.5.10.]
ВВОД
Напишите цифрами номер предложения содержащего верную информацию.
1. If goods must be protected from weather conditions they are transported in flat cars.
2. The class of freight defines types of wagons for transportation.
3. The most economical way to transport automobiles is road.
4. Gondola cars are intended for transportation of liquid goods.
1. The very first freight cars were used in coal mines in England. They were open type wagons with wooden wheels drawn by horses along wooden rails. As time went the railways had to carry more and more freight, so bigger and better cars were invented for hauling different kinds of goods. Nowadays the railways have several classes of freight cars there being many varieties in each class. These kinds differ according to the loading capacity, body arrangement, the rail gauge and freight to be transported.
2. The box car is considered to be the most common type of covered wagon. It is a general purpose car intended for carriage all kinds of ordinary goods which must be protected from the weather. Another type of car is a tank car intended for liquid goods. It is a long metal cylinder mounted lengthwise on the car frames with two trucks. Coal, ore, gravel and other similar goods are known to be carried in open top cars, the principal types of which are gondola and hopper cars.
3. The simplest kind of a car is the flat car. It is used for transporting rails, beams, timber, heavy machines and if fitted with special devices it can also carry containers. Flatcars are used for cargo that is too large to load in enclosed cars such as boxcars. The container traffic has now come in wide use on all transport modes as it reduces the cost of loading goods and decreases the danger of breakage and pilferage.
4. A double-stack car is a type of rail car specially designed to carry containers used in intermodal freight transport. The top container is secured to the bottom container either by a bulkhead built into the car or through the use of inter-box connectors. In addition to the normal-type wagons there exist special freight cars for special kinds of goods. The example of a special-type car is a double-deck car used to carry automobiles. The transportation of automobiles by rail has turned out to be more economical than by road.
В + 2
[7.5.11.]
ВВОД
Напишите цифрами номер абзаца которому соответствует следующая информация «Thanks to the containers the cost of cargo transportation has been decreased».
1. The very first freight cars were used in coal mines in England. They were open type wagons with wooden wheels drawn by horses along wooden rails. As time went the railways had to carry more and more freight, so bigger and better cars were invented for hauling different kinds of goods. Nowadays the railways have several classes of freight cars there being many varieties in each class. These kinds differ according to the loading capacity, body arrangement, the rail gauge and freight to be transported.
2. The box car is considered to be the most common type of covered wagon. It is a general purpose car intended for carriage all kinds of ordinary goods which must be protected from the weather. Another type of car is a tank car intended for liquid goods. It is a long metal cylinder mounted lengthwise on the car frames with two trucks. Coal, ore, gravel and other similar goods are known to be carried in open top cars, the principal types of which are gondola and hopper cars.
3. The simplest kind of a car is the flat car. It is used for transporting rails, beams, timber, heavy machines and if fitted with special devices it can also carry containers. Flatcars are used for cargo that is too large to load in enclosed cars such as boxcars. The container traffic has now come in wide use on all transport modes as it reduces the cost of loading goods and decreases the danger of breakage and pilferage.
4. A double-stack car is a type of rail car specially designed to carry containers used in intermodal freight transport. The top container is secured to the bottom container either by a bulkhead built into the car or through the use of inter-box connectors. In addition to the normal-type wagons there exist special freight cars for special kinds of goods. The example of a special-type car is a double-deck car used to carry automobiles. The transportation of automobiles by rail has turned out to be more economical than by road.
В + 3
[7.5.12.]
ВВОД
Сформулируйте одним словом и напишите ответ на вопрос согласно тексту «What kind of goods is transported in tank cars?»
1. The very first freight cars were used in coal mines in England. They were open type wagons with wooden wheels drawn by horses along wooden rails. As time went the railways had to carry more and more freight, so bigger and better cars were invented for hauling different kinds of goods. Nowadays the railways have several classes of freight cars there being many varieties in each class. These kinds differ according to the loading capacity, body arrangement, the rail gauge and freight to be transported.
2. The box car is considered to be the most common type of covered wagon. It is a general purpose car intended for carriage all kinds of ordinary goods which must be protected from the weather. Another type of car is a tank car intended for liquid goods. It is a long metal cylinder mounted lengthwise on the car frames with two trucks. Coal, ore, gravel and other similar goods are known to be carried in open top cars, the principal types of which are gondola and hopper cars.
3. The simplest kind of a car is the flat car. It is used for transporting rails, beams, timber, heavy machines and if fitted with special devices it can also carry containers. Flatcars are used for cargo that is too large to load in enclosed cars such as boxcars. The container traffic has now come in wide use on all transport modes as it reduces the cost of loading goods and decreases the danger of breakage and pilferage.
4. A double-stack car is a type of rail car specially designed to carry containers used in intermodal freight transport. The top container is secured to the bottom container either by a bulkhead built into the car or through the use of inter-box connectors. In addition to the normal-type wagons there exist special freight cars for special kinds of goods. The example of a special-type car is a double-deck car used to carry automobiles. The transportation of automobiles by rail has turned out to be more economical than by road.
В + liquid
[7.5.13.]
ВВОД
Напишите перевод выделенного слова.
1. The very first freight cars were used in coal mines in England. They were open type wagons with wooden wheels drawn by horses along wooden rails. As time went the railways had to carry more and more freight, so bigger and better cars were invented for hauling different kinds of goods. Nowadays the railways have several classes of freight cars there being many varieties in each class. These kinds differ according to the loading capacity, body arrangement, the rail gauge and freight to be transported.
2. The box car is considered to be the most common type of covered wagon. It is a general purpose car intended for carriage all kinds of ordinary goods which must be protected from the weather. Another type of car is a tank car intended for liquid goods. It is a long metal cylinder mounted lengthwise on the car frames with two trucks. Coal,
ore, gravel and other similar goods are known to be carried in open top cars, the principal types of which are gondola and hopper cars.
3. The simplest kind of a car is the flat car. It is used for transporting rails, beams, timber, heavy machines and if fitted with special devices it can also carry containers. Flatcars are used for cargo that is too large to load in enclosed cars such as boxcars. The container traffic has now come in wide use on all transport modes as it reduces the cost of loading goods and decreases the danger of breakage and pilferage.
4. A double-stack car is a type of rail car specially designed to carry containers used in intermodal freight transport. The top container is secured to the bottom container either by a bulkhead built into the car or through the use of inter-box connectors. In addition to the normal-type wagons there exist special freight cars for special kinds of goods. The example of a special-type car is a double-deck car used to carry automobiles. The transportation of automobiles by rail has turned out to be more economical than by road.
B+ руда
[7.5.14.]
ВВОД
Напишите глагол, от которого образовано выделенное слово.
1. The very first freight cars were used in coal mines in England. They were open type wagons with wooden wheels drawn by horses along wooden rails. As time went the railways had to carry more and more freight, so bigger and better cars were invented for hauling different kinds of goods. Nowadays the railways have several classes of freight cars there being many varieties in each class. These kinds differ according to the loading capacity, body arrangement, the rail gauge and freight to be transported.
2. The box car is considered to be the most common type of covered wagon. It is a general purpose car intended for carriage all kinds of ordinary goods which must be protected from the weather. Another type of car is a tank car intended for liquid goods. It is a long metal cylinder mounted lengthwise on the car frames with two trucks. Coal, ore, gravel and other similar goods are known to be carried in open top cars, the principal types of which are gondola and hopper cars.
3. The simplest kind of a car is the flat car. It is used for transporting rails, beams, timber, heavy machines and if fitted with special devices it can also carry containers. Flatcars are used for cargo that is too large to load in enclosed cars such as boxcars. The container traffic has now come in wide use on all transport modes as it reduces the cost of loading goods and decreases the danger of breakage and pilferage.
4. A double-stack car is a type of rail car specially designed to carry containers used in intermodal freight transport. The top container is secured to the bottom container either by a bulkhead built into the car or through the use of inter-box connectors. In addition to the normal-type wagons there exist special freight cars for special kinds of goods. The example of a special-type car is a double-deck car used to carry automobiles. The transportation of automobiles by rail has turned out to be more economical than by road.
B+ carry
[7.5.15.]
ВВОД
Найдите и выпишите сказуемое из выделенного предложения.
1. The very first freight cars were used in coal mines in England. They were open type wagons with wooden wheels drawn by horses along wooden rails. As time went the railways had to carry more and more freight, so bigger and better cars were invented for hauling different kinds of goods. Nowadays the railways have several classes of freight cars there being many varieties in each class. These kinds differ according to the loading capacity, body arrangement, the rail gauge and freight to be transported.
2. The box car is considered to be the most common type of covered wagon. It is a general purpose car intended to carry all kinds of ordinary goods which must be protected from the weather. Another type of car is a tank car intended for liquid goods. It is a long metal cylinder mounted lengthwise on the car frames with two trucks. Coal, ore, gravel and other similar goods are known to be carried in open top cars, the principal types of which are gondola and hopper cars.
3. The simplest kind of a car is the flat car. It is used for transporting rails, beams, timber, heavy machines and if fitted with special devices it can also carry containers. Flatcars are used for cargo that is too large to load in enclosed cars such as boxcars. The container traffic has now come in wide use on all transport modes as it reduces the cost of loading goods and decreases the danger of breakage and pilferage.
4. A double-stack car is a type of rail car specially designed to carry containers used in intermodal freight transport.