Файл: Учебное пособие 2 по английскому языку Для студентов лечебного и педиатрического факультета (2 семестр) 2020 год.doc

Учебное пособие № 2 по английскому языку
Для студентов лечебного и педиатрического факультета

(2 семестр)


2020 год
Physiology (Greek "natural philosophy") is the study of how organism performs its vital functions. This science covers a range of topics that include organs, anatomy, cells, biological compounds, and how they all interact to make life possible. Physiology is built upon a tripod of sciences: physics, chemistry, and anatomy.

This term was introduced by French physician Jean Fernery in 1552. As a medical discipline, it goes back at least as far as the time of Hippocrates, the famous "father of medicine" - around 420 BC. Hippocrates coined the theory of the four humors, stating that the body contains four distinct bodily fluids: black bile, phlegm, blood, and yellow bile. Any disturbance in their ratios, as the theory goes, causes ill health. Claudius Galenus (c.130-200 AD), also known as Galen, modified Hippocrates' theory and was the first to use experimentation to derive information about the systems of the body. Another leap forward in physiological knowledge came with the publication of William Harvey's book titled An Anatomical Dissertation Upon the Movement of the Heart and Blood in Animals in 1628. Harvey was the first to describe systemic circulation and blood's journey through the brain and body, propelled by the heart. In 1838, a shift in thought occurred when the cell theory of Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann arrived on the scene, theorizing that the body was made up of tiny individual cells. From here on in, the field of physiology opened up, and progress was made quickly.

Physiology is itself a branch of the larger discipline of biology that encompasses several sub-disciplines: human physiology, microscopic physiology, developmental biology, comparative physiology.


LESSON 13
Grammar: Indefinite PersonalSentences, Revision Functions of Infinitive
Physiology of cardiovascular System
I. Answer the questions

• 
  What is the cardiovascular system? Explain the functions of the cardiovascular system.
  
• 
  State the main components of the cardiovascular system. Describe the structure and functions of each components of the cardiovascular system.
  

Word building

Prefix, root	Meaning	Example
Cardio-	heart	echocardiogram
Haem-	blood	haematoma
Vas-	vessel\duct	cerebrovascular
Hyper-	excessive	hyperglycaemia
Hypo-	deficient\below	hypoglycaemia

II. Read and translate the words of Latin-Greek origin. Pay attention to the pronunciation of the words:

---

cardiovascular [,kRdIqu`vxskjulq], atrium [`eItrIqm] (atria [`eItrIq]), physical [`fIzIkl], venus [`vJnqs], relaxation [,rJlxk`seISn], condition [kqn`dISn], cardiac [`kRdIxk], cardiomyocyte [`kRdIq,maIqusAIt], pulse [pAls], atrioventricular [,eItrIqvFn`trIkjVlq], cycle [`saIkl], systole [`sIstqlI], diastole [daI`xstqlI], brachial [`breIkIql], universal [,jHnI`vE:sl], static [`stxtIk], rhythm [`rIDm], unique [jH’nJk]
Active vocabulary

to pump [pAmp] – качать, прокачивать, нагнетать

pump– насос, помпа

exhalation [,ekshq`leISn] - выдох

rate [reIt] - скорость, уровень, частота

distribution [,dIstrI`bju:Sn] - распределение

cardiac output [`kRdIxk `autput] – минутный сердечный выброс

amount [q`maunt] - объём

contraction [kqn`trxkSn] - сокращение

relaxation [,rJlxk`seISn] - расслабление

to spread [spred] (spread, spread) - распространяться

to respond (to) [rI`spOnd] – отвечать, реагировать (на)

to be responsible [rI`spOnsqbl] for - способствовать

cardiac cycle [`kRdIxk `saIkl]– сердечный цикл

to beat [bJt] (beat, bitten) - биться

beat - удар, биение

heart rate [hRt reIt] – частота сердечных сокращений

in response [rI`spOns] to - в ответ на

condition [kqn`dISn] – условие, состояние

blood pressure [`blAd,preSq] – кровяное давление

mercury [`mE:kjurI] – ртуть, ртутный столб

value [`vxlju:] – значение, величина, показатель

measure [`meZq] – единица измерения, показатель
Useful vocabulary

autorhythmicity [`LtqV,rIT`mIsItI] – авторитмичность

cardiac action potential [`kRdIxk `xkSn pq`tenSql]– потенциал сердечного действия

to trigger [`trIgq] – запускать, инициировать

pacemaker [`peIs,meIkq] - кардиостимулятор, водитель ритма

conducting system of the heart [kqn`dAktIN] – проводящая система сердца

contractile cells [kqn`trxktaIl ,selz] – сократительные (сжимающиеся) клетки

transmission [trxnz`mISn] - передача, прохождение

sinoatrial node [,sAInqV`eItrIql ,nqud]– синусно-предсердный узел, синусный узел

atrioventricular node [,eItrIqvFn`trIkjVlq] – предсердно-желудочковый узел

---

atrioventricular bundle of His [,eItrIqvFn`trIkjVlq `bAndl] – пучок Гиса, предсердно-желудочковый пучок

bundle branches [`bAndl `brRnCqs] - ветви пучка

Purkinje fibers [pqr`kInGi: `faIbqz] – волокна Пуркинье

circadian rhythm [sW`keIdIqn `rID(q)m] – суточный ритм, циркадный ритм

III. Read and translate the following word combinations paying attention to the word formation:

to pump – the pump - pumped - pumping , to circulate - circulation – circulatory, oxygen – oxygenated -deoxygenated, to transport – transportation, to branch – a branch, to contract - contraction - contracting - contracted - contractibility, to respond – in response - responsibility, to conduct – conducting -conductive, to beat - heart beat
IV. Read and translate the following word combinations

heart functions as a pump, to return de-oxygenated blood and carbon dioxide to the pulmonary circuit, to flow through the heart in one direction, through the pulmonary artery into the pulmonary circulation, the rate and distribution of blood flow, relaxation of the cardiac muscle, the unique ability to initiate a cardiac action potential at a fixed rate, similar in many respects, impulses arising from two specialized groups of cells within the heart muscle, one complete beat of the heart, to stop the blood from flowing back into the ventricles, the cardiac cycle, to increase the heart rate in response to a wide variety of conditions, the pressure on the walls of the blood vessels, millimeters of mercury.
Grammar

V. Read and translate the Indefinite Personal sentences.

1. It is known that the heart beat is caused by impulses arising from two specialized groups of cells within the heart muscle. 2. It is estimated that the adult heart beats around 70 to 80 times a minute at rest. 3. One thinks that murmurs may indicate a problem with the heart valves. 4. It was proved that the pacemaker cells generate an electrical impulse which spreads over the atria, making them contract. 5. One knows that our heart rate slows down because the time between heartbeats increases as we age. 6. One found out that the ventricles are stronger and thicker than the atria.
VI. Make the Indefinite Personalsentences with the subject it, one, they using a verb in brackets:

1. (consider) that the Purkinje fibers are additional myocardial conductive fibers. 2. (say) that exercises, fitness levels, and age can affect the heart rate. 3. (believe) that typically, cardiomyocytes have a single, central nucleus, but can also have two or more 4. (find out) that cardiomyocytes, are considerably shorter and have smaller diameters than skeletal myocytes. 5. (estimate) that oxygen from the lungs attaches to haemoglobin. 6. (prove) that fluids move from regions of high pressure to regions of lower pressure. 7. (know) that a continuous circulation of blood throughout the body includes the systemic circulation and the pulmonary circulation. 8. (determine) that the pulmonary circulation collects oxygen from the lungs and excretes carbon dioxide 9. (suppose) that the body can increase the heart rate in response to a wide variety of conditions in order to increase the cardiac output
VII. Translate the sentences into English:

1. Установлено, что во время физических занятий частота пульса может быть 150 ударов в минуту. 2. Известно, что диастолическое артериальное давление постоянно снижется во время желудочковой диастолы. 3. Считают, что диастола – это период времени, когда сердце расслабляется после фазы сокращения. 4. Обнаружено, что сеть нервных волокон координирует фазы сокращения и расслабления сердечной мышцы. 5. Известно, что предсердно-желудочковый

---

узел это ткань, расположенная между предсердиями и желудочками сердца. 6. Установлено, что миокард - это специализированная форма мышцы, состоящая из отдельных клеток, которые объединены электрическими связями. 7. Полагают, что большой объём крови остаётся в печени и селезёнке, как запасной.
VIII. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the Functions of Infinitive.

1. The heart acts as a double pump to provide a continuous circulation of blood throughout the body. 2. One of the diagnostic techniques to assess the state of a patient’s heart is auscultation using a stethoscope. 3. The pulmonary artery branches into the left and right pulmonary arteries to supply each lung. 4. Semilunar valves are open during this phase to allow the blood to flow into the aorta and pulmonary trunk. 5. Murmurs are graded on a scale of 1 to 6, with 1 being the most common, the most difficult sound to detect, and the least serious. 6. The semilunar valves close to stop the blood from flowing back into the ventricles from the aorta and pulmonary trunk. 7. The term murmur is used to describe an unusual sound coming from the heart that is caused by the turbulent flow of blood. 8. It is common practice for the clinician to ask the patient to breathe deeply.
Reading
IX. Decide if a statement is True or False:

1. 
   The heart acts as a double pump in the cardiovascular system.
   
2. 
   Blood flows through the heart in two directions, from the atria to the ventricles and vice versa.
   
3. 
   Cardiac muscle tissue has autorhythmicity, the unique ability to initiate a cardiac action potential at a fixed rate.
   
4. 
   Heart has a conductive system.
   
5. 
   Heart rate describes the frequency of the cardiac cycle.
   
6. 
   The pulse is the most common way of measuring the heart rate.
   
7. 
   Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the heart.
   

X. Read the text and check your predictions:
Cardiovascular Physiology

Blood flow. The heart functions as a pump and acts as a double pump in the cardiovascular system to provide a continuous circulation of blood throughout the body including two circulations, the systemic circuit and the pulmonary one. Both circuits transport blood but one can also consider them in terms of the gases they carry. The pulmonary circulation collects oxygen from the lungs and delivers carbon dioxide for exhalation. The systemic circuit transports oxygen to the body and returns relatively de-oxygenated blood and carbon dioxide to the pulmonary circuit. It is known that blood flows through the heart in one direction, from the atria to the ventricles, and out through the pulmonary artery into the pulmonary circulation, and the aorta into the systemic circulation.

C ardiac muscle. The heart is primarily made up of muscle tissue. A network of nerve fibers coordinates the contraction and relaxation of this tissue. Cardiac muscle tissue has autorhythmicity, the unique ability to initiate a cardiac action potential at a fixed rate – spreading the impulse rapidly from cell to cell to trigger the contraction of the entire heart. It is known that this autorhythmicity is modulated by the endocrine and nervous systems

---

.

Cardiac Cycle. The cardiac cycle is the sequence of events that occurs in one complete beat of the heart. The pumping phase of the cycle, also known as systole, occurs when heart muscle contracts and normally lasts for about 250 ms. The filling phase, which is known as diastole, occurs when heart muscle relaxes. It was estimated that the time given for diastole depends on the heart rate. At the beginning of the cardiac cycle, both atria and ventricles are in diastole. During this time, all the chambers of the heart are relaxed and receive blood. The atrioventricular valves are open. Atrial systole follows this phase. During atrial systole, the left and right atria contract at the same time and push blood into the left and right ventricles, respectively. The next phase is ventricular systole. During ventricular systole, the left and right ventricles contract at the same time and pump blood into the aorta and pulmonary trunk, respectively. In ventricular systole, the atria are relaxed and receive blood. The atrioventricular valves close immediately after ventricular systole begins to stop blood going back into the atria. However, the semilunar valves are open during this phase to allow the blood to flow into the aorta and pulmonary trunk. Following this phase the ventricles relax i.e. ventricular diastole occurs. The semilunar valves close to stop the blood from flowing back into the ventricles from the aorta and pulmonary trunk.

Heart rate. One uses a term ‘heart rate’ to describe the frequency of the cardiac cycle. Usually it is calculated as the number of contractions (heart beats) of the heart in one minute and expressed as "beats per minute" (bpm). When resting, the adult human heart beats at about 70 bpm (males) and 75 bpm (females). However, the reference range is nominally between 60 bpm (if less termed bradycardia) and 100 bpm (if greater, termed tachycardia). It is considered that the body can increase the heart rate in response to a wide variety of conditions. The pulse is the most straightforward way of measuring the heart rate.

Blood Pressure. Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels. Blood pressure refers to systemic arterial blood pressure, i.e. the pressure in the large arteries delivering blood to body parts other than the lungs. Blood pressure values are universally stated in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). The systolic pressure is defined as the peak pressure in the arteries during the cardiac cycle; the diastolic pressure is the lowest pressure (at the resting phase of the cardiac cycle). It was estimated that typical values for a resting, healthy adult are approximately 120 mmHg systolic and 80mm Hg diastolic (written as 120/80 mmHg), with individual variations. They also change in response to stress, nutritional factors, drugs, or disease.
XI. Make a word combination, match the words:

double rhythm

cardiovascular valves

pulmonary rate

de-oxygenated cells

cardiac pressure

heart circulation

contractile system

atrioventricular pump

blood blood

circadian output
XII. Match the verbs (1-7) with the correct meaning (a-g):

1. to pump

2. to transport

3. to initiate

4. to contract

5. to respond to

6. to measure

7. to exert

1. 
   to react quickly or positively to a stimulus or treatment
   
2. 
   to make a physical or mental effort
   
3. 
   to force (liquid gas) to move by or as if by means of a pump
   
4. 
   to become shorter or tighter in order to effect movement of part of the body
   
5. 
   to take or carry from one place to another
   
6. 
   to ascertain the size, amount or degree by using an instrument or a device marked in standard units
   
7. 
   to cause to begin
   

---