Файл: Учебное пособие 2 по английскому языку Для студентов лечебного и педиатрического факультета (2 семестр) 2020 год.doc

Red blood cells (erythrocytes), also known as ‘RBCs’, are the most common type of blood cells. Erythrocytes are produced inside of red bone marrow from stem cells. The shape of erythrocytes is biconcave—disks with a concave curve on both sides of the disk so that the center of an erythrocyte is its thinnest part. It is this unique shape that gives this kind of cells a high surface area to volume ratio and allows them to fold in order to fit into thin capillaries. The life span of RBCs is about 120 days.

The primary functions of RBCs are carrying oxygen to all parts of the body, binding to red colored substance - hemoglobin (the main component of the RBC), and removing carbon dioxide. Hemoglobin comprises about a third of the total RBC volume. It contains iron and proteins joined to increase the oxygen carrying capacity of erythrocytes.

White blood cells (leukocytes) are also known as ‘WBCs’, make up a very small percentage of the total number of cells in the bloodstream, but have important functions in the body’s immune system. It is leukocytes that destroy and remove old or abnormal cells and cellular debris, as well as attack infectious agents (pathogens) and foreign substances. WBCs are made in the bone marrow but they also divide in the blood and lymphatic systems.

There are two major classes of white blood cells: granular leukocytes and agranular leukocytes.

Platelets (thrombocytes) also known as PLTs, small membrane-bound cell fragments are responsible for the clotting of blood (coagulation) and the formation of scabs. Platelets are formed in the red bone marrow. Platelets have no nucleus. Less than 1% of whole blood consists of platelets. The circulating life of a platelet is 8–10 days. It is the sticky surface of the platelets that allows them to accumulate at the site of broken blood vessels to form a clot. This process is called hemostasis.

Plasma, the non-cellular or liquid portion of the blood, is a mixture of water, proteins, and dissolved substances. Plasma is made up of 90% water, 7-8% soluble proteins, 1% carbon-dioxide, and 1% elements in transit.

Blood performs many important functions within the body, including:

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  Supply of oxygen to tissues and nutrients
  
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  Removal of waste (carbon dioxide, urea, and lactic acid)
  
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  Immunological functions
  
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  Coagulation
  
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  Messenger functions (the transport of hormones and the signaling of tissue damage)
  
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  Regulation of core body temperature
  
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  Hydraulic functions
  
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XI. Make the word combinations using words from the columns:

blood span

circulating wastes

blood leucocyte

biconcave marrow

carbon proteins

bone vessel

granular cell

life tissue

clotting dioxide

metabolic disk
XII. Make pairs of synonyms:

a) erythrocyte, leucocyte, thrombocyte, blood element, capacity, clotting, various, fluid, blood flow, infectious agent

b) diverse, pathogen, platelet, white blood cell, liquid, bloodstream, coagulation, volume, corpuscle, red blood cell
XIII. Read the following sentences and choose a correct word:

1. 
   Blood is a circulating tissue\fibrous tissue composed of fluid plasma and formed cellular elements.
   
2. 
   Blood is slightly denser and more viscous than air\water.
   
3. 
   Blood is circulated around the body through blood vessels by the pumping action of the spleen\the heart.
   
4. 
   Red blood cells contain the blood's hemoglobin and distribute oxygen\carbon dioxide.
   
5. 
   Erythrocytes\leucocytes are the most common type of blood cells.
   
6. 
   The formation of RBCs is called thrombopoiesis\erythropoiesis.
   
7. 
   Hemoglobin comprises about a half\a third of the total RBC volume.
   
8. 
   White blood cells\red blood cells are the part of the body's immune system.
   
9. 
   WBCs have\lack hemoglobin.
   
10. 
    There are two\three major classes of white blood cells.
    
11. 
    Platelets take part in blood clotting\oxygen distribution.
    
12. 
    The circulating life of a platelet is 5-6 hours\8–10 days.
    
13. 
    Plasma is the cellular\non-cellular portion of the blood.
    

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XIV. Fill in the blanks with the correct words and phrases from Word Bank

Word Bank: eosinophils, oxygen, mixture, red blood cells, granular leukocytes, white blood cells,red bone marrow, cell fragments, connective tissue

Blood is a circulating tissue composed of fluid plasma and formed cellular elements. It is considered a___________________, due to its origin in the bones and its functions. _____________ are the most common type of blood cells and make up about 45% of the blood volume. Erythrocytes are produced inside of ______________. The primary functions of RBCs are carrying __________to all parts of the body, binding to hemoglobin and removing carbon dioxide. _________________make up a very small percentage of the total number of cells but have important functions in the body’s immune system. There are two major classes of white blood cells: ___________________and agranular leukocytes. The three types of granular leukocytes are neutrophils, ___________, and basophils. The two major classes of agranular leukocytes are lymphocytes and monocytes. Platelets, small membrane-bound ________________-produced during thrombopoiesis, are responsible for the coagulation. Plasma, a liquid portion of the blood, is a _______ of water, proteins, and dissolved substances.
XV. Answer the questions. Put down your answers.



XVI. Complete the table to show the different features of the main 4 components of the blood:



XVII. Match the words (1-6)and definitions:
1. Platelet 2. Blood clotting 3. Fibrin 4. Plasma 5. Blood clot 6. Rupture of blood vessel
a) an insoluble protein formed from fibrinogen during the clotting of blood

b) coagulation

c) a small colorless disk-shaped cell fragment without a nucleus which takes part in clotting process

d) a severe injury of blood vessel in which the internal part is torn

e) a thick coagulated mass of blood cells and components stuck together, a thrombus

f) a colorless fluid part of blood in which corpuscles are suspended

XVIII. Read the text and point out the main idea of the text.

ABO blood group

Surface Antigens The two most important blood group systems were discovered during early experiments with blood transfusion, the ABO group in 1901 and the Rhesus group in 1937 . These two blood groups are reflected in the common nomenclature A positive, O negative, etc. with letters referring to the ABO group and positive/negative to the presence/absence of the RhD antigen of the Rhesus group. Development of the Coombs test in 1945 and the advent of transfusion medicine led to discovery of more blood groups.

Blood group AB individuals have both A and B antigens on the surface of their RBCs, and their blood serum does not contain any antibodies against either A or B antigen. Therefore, an individual with type AB blood can receive blood from any group (with AB being preferable), but can only donate blood to another group AB individual. AB blood is also known as "universal receiver".

Blood group A. A group A individual can only receive blood from individuals of groups A or O (with A being preferable), and can donate blood to individuals of groups A or AB.

Blood group B. A group B individual can only receive blood from individuals of groups B or O (with B being preferable), and can donate blood to individuals of groups B or AB.

Blood group O individuals do not have either A or B antigens on the surface of their RBCs, but their blood serum contains IgM antibodies against both A and B antigens. Therefore, a group O individual can only receive blood from a group O individual, but they can donate blood to individuals of any ABO blood group (i.e. A, B, O or AB). O blood is also known as "universal donor".

Rh Factor Many people have the Rh Factor on the red blood cell. Rh carriers do not have the antibodies for the Rh Factor, but can make them if exposed to Rh. Most commonly Rh is seen when anti-Rh antibodies cross from the mothers placenta into the child before birth. The Rh Factor enters the child destroying the child's red blood cells. This is called Hemolytic Disease.

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Since the main discoveries of blood groups have been made the blood transfusion, the treatment of some diseases, RH-pregnancies can be managed much more successfully nowadays.
1. Which of the blood types is the universal donor?

2. Which of the blood types is the universal recipient?

Listening

XIX. Watch the video about the blood clotting.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9Hdl9w-K0M

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XX. Watch the video ‘Blood| Learn About Blood Composition And Its Functions’ and answer the questions:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=noMsCGRkwSE

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  What is the blood?
  
• 
  What influences the color of the blood?
  
• 
  What is the most function of blood?
  
• 
  What does the blood consist of?
  
• 
  What is the plasma? What does plasma consist if?
  
• 
  What are formed blood elements?
  
• 
  What is a red blood cell? What form does it have? What is the main function of erythrocytes?
  
• 
  What is the hemoglobin?
  
• 
  What is a leucocytes?
  
• 
  What is the main function of leucocytes?
  
• 
  How do the leucocytes protect our body from infections?
  
• 
  What is a platelet? What is the main function of the platelets?
  
• 
  What is a blood transfusion?
  
• 
  What blood type is the universal donor?
  
• 
  What blood type is the universal recipient?
  
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  What is Rh factor? Why is it important for blood transfusion?
  

LESSON 15
Grammar: One (ones), that of (those of), Revision Past Participle, Passive Voice
Physiology of Respiratory System

I. Answer the questions

1. What is respiration? Why is it important for a human body?

2. If a person has some difficulties with breathing, what problems can this condition cause?

3. What does a person experience breathing underwater or at high attitudes?

Word building

Prefixes un-, in- , im-, il-, ir-give the negative meaning to the words
II. Read and translate the following words:

untreated, unexpected, unknown, indirect, impossible, illegal, irregular, irreversible

III. Read and translate the words of Latin-Greek origin.

respiration [,respq`reISn], atmosphere [`xtmqsfIq], alveolus [,xlvIx`qulqs] (pl. alveoli [,xlvI`qulaI]), diffusion [dI`fjHZn], inhalation [,Inhq`leISn], inspiration [,Inspq`reISn], exhalation [,ekshq`leISn], expiration [,ekspI`reISn], cycle [`saIkl], ventilation [,ventI`leISn], reserve [rI`zE:v]
Active vocabulary

respiration [,respq`reISn] = breathing [`brJDIN]) – дыхание

external [Ik`stWnql] - внешний, наружный

internal [In`tWnql] - внутренний

inhalation [,Inhq`leISn] = inspiration [,Inspq`reISn] = breathing in - вдох

exhalation [,ekshq`leISn] = expiration [,ekspI`reISn] = breathing out - выдох

respiratory rate [rI`spIrqtqrI] - интенсивность дыхания (частота дыхания)

to breathe [brJD] - дышать

breath [breT] – дыхание, дыхательное движение

medium [`mJdIqm] (pl. media [`mJdIq]) - среда

respiratory cycle [rI`spIrqtqrI, rI`spAI- `saIkl] – дыхательный цикл

pressure [`preSq] - давление

pressure gradient [`greIdIqnt] – градиент давления

pleural fluid [`pluqrql ,flHId] – плевральный выпот

respiratory volume[`vOljHm] – дыхательный объём лёгких

respiratory capacity [kq`pxsqtI] – дыхательная ёмкость лёгких

amount [q`maunt]– объём, количество, сумма, степень

residual volume [rI`zIdjuql ,vOljHm] - остаточный объём

vital capacity [`vaItl - жизненная ёмкость

inspiratory capacity [In`spAIrqtqrI] - ёмкость вдоха

functional residual capacity [`fANkS(q)n(q)l rI`zIdjuql kq`pxsqtI] - остаточная функциональная ёмкость

coughing [‘kOfiN] - кашель

sneezing [`snJziN] - чихание
Useful vocabulary

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to involve [In`vOlv] – вовлекать, втягивать, окутывать

transfer [`trxnsfW] – перенос, перемещение

to facilitate [fq`sIlIteIt] – способствовать, содействовать

adolescence [,xdq`lesqns] – подростковый возраст

phrenic nerve [`frenIk ,nWv] - диафрагмальный нерв, груднобрюшной нерв

to locate [lqu`keIt] - располагать, помещать

to adjust [q`GAst] - регулировать, адаптировать

primary respiratory drive [`praIm(q)rI rI`spIrqt(q)rI, rI`spAI- ,draIv] – первичные дыхательные стимулы

adhesive force [qd`hJsIv ,fLs] – адгезионная сила, сила сцепления

to stretch [streC] - растягиваться, простираться

amount [q`maunt]– объём, количество, сумма, степень

tidal volume [`taId(q)l ,vOljHm] - экскурсирующий объём

collapsing [kq`lxpsIN] - сокращение, стягивание, сплющивание

total lung capacity [`tqut(q)l lAN kq`pxsqtI] - общая ёмкость лёгких

vital capacity [`vaIt(q)l kq`pxsqtI] - жизненная ёмкость

inspiratory capacity [In`spAIrqt(q)rI kq`pxsqtI] - ёмкость вдоха

functional residual capacity [`fANkS(q)n(q)l rI`zIdjuql kq`pxsqtI] - остаточная функциональная ёмкость

IV. Read and translate the following word combinations paying attention to the word formation:

respiration - respiratory, the transfer – to transfer, the exchange - to exchange, the increase – to increase - increased, to inhale - inhalation, to ventilate – ventilated – ventilation, to breath – breath – breathing, atmosphere - atmospheric, alveoli - alveolar, pleura - pleural - intra-pleural, to expire – expiration, to expand – expanded - expansion, force - forced – forcefully, to prevent –prevention - preventing, function - to function - functional

V. Read and translate the following word combinations

the interchange of gases between an organism and the medium, to classify by external and internal processes, the transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide, obtaining O2 from the atmosphere and removing CO2 from the blood, the movement of a substance in a solution (liquid or air), dissolved in the plasma, the process of inhalation and exhalation, the normal respiratory rate is similar to that of adults, the exchange of air between the external environment and the alveoli, due to a difference in pressure, to move inferiorly toward the abdominal cavity, the term used for various volumes of air, moved by or associated with the lungs, at a given point in the respiratory cycle, the combination of two or more selected volumes, the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled
Grammar
VI. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the words one (ones), that (those) as noun substitutes

a). 1. I don’t like this book, give me another one. 2.The bones of the extremities are longer than those of the spine. 3. The bones of the skull are those which compose the head and the face. 4. This lecture is more interesting than the one I attended last week. 5. The weight of the heart is less than that of the heart. 6. The right atrium is larger than the left one but the walls of the left atrium are thicker than those of the right

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