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быть, и не трудно будет прокормить.
May denoting uncertainty is used with all the forms of the infinitive.
A Forsyte might perhaps still be living in that house, to guard it jealously.
(Galsworthy)
It was then that his voice grew tired and his speech impeded. The knowledge
that he had entirely lost touch with his audience may have been the cause.
(Greene)
Именно тогда в голосе его послышалось утомление и речь его стала
прерывистой. Быть может, мысль, что он совершенно потерял контакт с
аудиторией, была этому причиной.
How long the silence lasted the Gadfly could not tell; it might have beenan
instant, or an eternity. (Voynich)
For all I knew, she may have been waiting for hours.
When uncertainty is expressed the time of the action is indicated by the form of the infinitive and not by the form of the modal verb, as both may and might can refer to the present or to the past in accordance with the form of the infinitive. If the action refers to the past, the Perfect Infinitive is used.
3. Possibility due to circumstances.
May is used in this sense only in affirmative sentences. Can is also possible in this meaning.
In this museum you may see some interesting things.
You may see him every morning walking with his dog.
In this meaning it is generally used with the Indefinite Infinitive.
4. Reproach.
Only might is used in this meaning but not may.
You might lend me a razor. I was shaved this morning with a sort of bill-
hook. (Galsworthy)
When might is used with the Indefinite Infinitive it is rather a request made in the tone of a reproach, as the above example shows. When it is used with the Perfect Infinitive, it expresses reproach.
I realize now how you spent your days and why you were so forgetful. Tennis
lesson, my eye. You might have toldme, you know. (Du Maurier)
§ 4. Must.
The verb must has only one form. The expressions to have to and to be obliged to, which have the same meaning, can be used to supply the missing tense forms of the verb must.
And now I must go back to my social duties. (Voynich)
I felt that I had to have the air. (De la Roche)
Baring, because of the type of work in which he was engaged, had been
obliged to forego making friends. (Wilson)
Must expresses obligation, necessity, an urgent command or prohibition, and a supposition bordering on assurance.
1. Obligation, necessity.
(a) due to circumstances (in this meaning it is equivalent to have to and is used only with the Indefinite Infinitive in affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences):
He must write. He must earn money. (London)
This education is indispensable for whatever career you select, and it must
not be slipshod or sketchy. (London)
The absence of necessity is expressed by need not:
Must I go there to-morrow?
Yes, you must.
No, you needn’t.
(b) arising out of the nature of man and consequently inevitable:
All experience tended to show that man must die. (Galsworthy)
2. A command, an urgent (emphatic) request or a prohibition. In this meaning it is used only with the Indefinite Infinitive.
You must leave the room at once!
You must come to see me every vacation. (Voynich)
You must not speak to a prisoner in a foreign language, madam. (Voynich)
3. Probability or supposition.
Supposition bordering on assurance, almost a conviction. In this meaning must is used with all the forms of the Infinitive in affirmative sentences only. It corresponds to the Russian должнобыть. If the action refers to the present the Indefinite Infinitive is used; if the action refers to the past the Perfect Infinitive is used.
Surely, they don’t want me for myself. Then they
must want me for
something else. (London)
Безусловно, я не нужен им сам по себе. Тогда я, должно быть, нужен им
для чего-то другого.
Oh, Мае, think how he must be suffering!Poor man! (Webster)
О, Мэй, подумай только, как он, должно быть, страдает (как он должен
страдать)! Бедняга!
What a comfort you must have beento your blessed mother. (Dickens)
Каким утешением ты, должно быть, была для твоей дорогой матушки.
Is she still waiting? She must have been waitingfor an hour.
Она все ждет? Должно быть, она ждет уже целый час.
In negative sentences supposition is expressed by means of the modal word evidently.
Evidently, she did not know my address.
Supposition referring to the future cannot be expressed by must. The modal word probably or the modal expression to be likely are to be used instead.
She is not likely to come so late.
She will probably come to-morrow.
(For the use of must in subordinate clauses after the past tense of the verb in the principal clause see Chapter XIX, Indirect Speech, § 2, 8.)
§ 5. Should1and ought.
1 Should was originally the past tense of shall, but in the course of its development it has acquired new shades of meaning.
The modal verbs should and ought are treated together here as there is hardly any difference between them. Very often they are interchangeable.
I ought to have married; yes, I should have married long ago. (Poittsma)
There is, however, a difference in construction. Whereas should is followed by the infinitive without the particle to, ought is always followed by the to-infinitive.
When reference is made to the present or future, the Indefinite Infinitive is used.
In wartime a man should not
partwith his rifle. (Heym)
It’s murder, and we ought to stopit. (London)
When reference is made to the past the Perfect Infinitive shows that the obligation was not carried out.
“You should have been here last night when they brought back the DP’s to
the mines,” said Yates. (Heym).
She ought to have known that the whole subject was too dangerous to discuss
at night. (Galsworthy)
I know that I was weak in yielding to my mother’s will. I should not have
done so. (London)
She had no nerves; he ought never to have married a woman eighteen years
younger than himself. (Galsworthy)
Should and ought are sometimes used with the Continuous Infinitive and the Perfect Continuous Infinitive.
You should be learning your lessons, Jack, and not talking with Mary.
You ought to be helpingyour mother with your salary and not squandering
your money.
He should have been trying to break through the isolation the hospital had set
around Thorpe, he should have been doing many things other than walking
along the Seine quay. (Heym)
Both should and ought express obligation, something which is advisable, proper or naturally expected.
1. Obligation, very often a moral obligation or. duty. In this meaning ought is more often used than should.
Martin’s hand instinctively closed on the piece of gold. In the same instant he
knew he oughtn’t to accept. (London).
Рука Мартина инстинктивно сжала золотую монету. В то же мгновение
он понял, что не должен принимать ее.
I promised her if ever the time came when she needed me, to be her friend.
Promises of that sort should never be broken. (Meade)
Я обещал ей, если когда-либо наступит момент, когда я буду нужен,
быть ее другом. Такие обещания никогда не должны нарушаться.
2. Advisability.
In this meaning should is more common than ought, as it always shows some personal interest whereas ought is more matter-of-fact.
You should be more careful. (London)
Вам следует быть осторожнее.
You ought to have Warmson to sleep in the house. (Galsworthy)
Нужно было бы, чтобы Уормсон спал у вас в доме.
-
Something which can be naturally expected.
It’s the last of the Madeira I had from Mr. Jolyon... it ought to be in prime-
condition still. (Galsworthy)
Это последняя бутылка мадеры, которую я получил от мистера
Джолиона... она должна быть еще в отличном состоянии.
If it’s a story by Wodehouse it should be amusing.
Если это рассказ Вудхауса, он должен быть забавным.
§ 6. То be + Infinitive.
То be + Infinitive is a modal expression. Some of its meanings are close to those of modal verbs and expressions denoting obligation (must, shall, should, ought, to have + Infinitive).
This modal expression can be used in two tenses — the Present Indefinite and the Past Indefinite (was, were).
Dear Jim, I am to be shot at sunrise tomorrow. (Voynich)
They were to go to Spain for the honeymoon.
(Galsworthy)
To be + Infinitive expresses a weakened order, an arrangement, possibility, something thought of as unavoidable. The ways of rendering this expression in Russian differ in accordance with its meaning.
1. An order which is generally the result of an arrangement made by one person for another, an arrangement which is not to be discussed.
In this case only the Indefinite Infinitive is used.
You are to gostraight to your room. You are tosay nothing of this to anyone.
(DelaRoche)
Ты должна идти прямо в свою комнату. Ты никому не должна ничего
говорить об этом.
Schlaghammer frowned. It was not up to him to judge Pettinger... but it was in
his province to interpret orders. He was to blast the entrances of the mine.
(Heym).
Шлагхаммер нахмурился. Не ему судить Петтингера, но толковать
приказы — это его право. Он должен взорвать все входы в шахту.
2. An arrangement, or agreement, part of a plan.
In this meaning both the Indefinite and the Perfect Infinitive can be used; the Perfect Infinitive shows that the action was not carried out.
I’m sorry, Major, we had an agreement — I was to dothe questioning here.
(Heym)
Простите, майор, мы условились, что допрос буду вести я.
We were to meet at the entrance of the theatre at a quarter to eight. (mutual
arrangement)
Мы должны были встретиться у входа в театр без четверти восемь.
“Have you seen him?” Martini asked. “No, he was to have met me here the
next morning.” (Voynich)
«Вы его видели?» — спросил Мартини. «Нет, он должен был встретить меня здесь на следующее утро».
3. Possibility.
In this meaning the passive form of the Infinitive is used unless it is a question beginning with the interrogative adverb how. Here the meaning of the modal expression comes very close to that of the verb can.
For a long time neither was to be seen about their old haunts. (Dreiser)
В течение долгого времени их не видели в местах, где они обычно
бывали.
How are they to know that you are well connected if you do not show it by
your costume? (Shaw)
Как могут они знать, что у вас большие связи, если вы не показываете
этого своей манерой одеваться?
And he knew that higher intellects than those of the Morse circle were to be
found in the world. (London)
И он знал, что можно найти людей с более высоким интеллектом, чем у
тех, которые принадлежали к кругу Морзов.
4. Something thought of as unavoidable.
Sally wished Morris could be on the same terms of easy friendliness with her
as he was with everybody else. But evidently, it was not tobe. (Prichard)
Салли хотела, чтобы Моррис поддерживал с ней такие же простые
дружеские отношения, как и со всеми остальными. Но, очевидно, этому
не суждено было быть.
I went about brooding over my lot, wondering almost hourly what was to
become of me. (Dreiser)
Я все время размышлял о своей судьбе, беспрестанно задавая себе
вопрос, что со мной станет.
N o t e 1. — Sometimes when it is used after the conjunction
if it has the same
meaning as the verb to want.
If we are to remain friends you must tell me the truth.
N o t e 2.— It should be borne in mind that the Russian questions ‘Как мне
быть?’, ‘Что мне делать?’ are rendered in English by the modal expression
What am I to do?
§ 7. To have + Infinitive.
The modal expression to have + Infinitive is used in three tense forms: the Present Indefinite, the Past Indefinite and the Future Indefinite.
I have to get up at six every day.
When water was rushing through the tents and everybody had to sleep in wet
blankets, it was treated as a joke. (Prichard)
I shall have to take the pupils into the hills, as usual, and see them settled
there. (Voynich)
The negative and interrogative forms of this modal expression are formed with the help of the auxiliary do.
Did you have to walk all the way home?
I did not have to walk,I took a tram.
Only the Indefinite Infinitive Active and Passive can be used in this modal expression.
I had imagined we should have to hold a large house-party for the occasion.
(Du Maurier)
I wouldn’t look through the letters — disappointment had tobe postponed,
hope kept alive as long as possible. (Greene)
To have + Infinitive expresses an obligation or necessity arising out of circumstances. Its meaning is close to that of to be obliged. It is often rendered in Russian by приходится, должен, вынужден.
Bing knew that if Willoughby demanded it, he had to give the report. (Heym)
Бинг знал, что, если Уиллоуби этого требует, он должен дать отчет.
And if my father was fighting drunk sometimes he wouldn’t let us into the
house so that we had to stay out all night. (Walsh)
И если мой отец в пьяном виде дрался, он иногда не впускал нас в дом,
так что нам приходилось ночевать на улице.
Though both the modal expressions to be + Infinitive and to have + Infinitive express a shade of obligation or necessity, there is, a great difference in their meaning.
C o m p a r e:
As I was to be there at 5 sharp (part of an arrangement), I had to take a taxi
(necessity arising out of this arrangement).
Так как я должен был быть там ровно в пять, мне пришлось взять такси.
In colloquial English and especially in American English have, got + Infinitive is often used in the same meaning as have + Infinitive.
This modal expression is used in the Present Indefinite tense only.
Okay, we’ll beat ‘em to it. Dick, we’ve got to keep awake,we’ve got to
watch things and be ready. (Lindsay)
The negative and interrogative forms are formed without any auxiliary.
Have you got to do all this work yourself?
No, I have not got to work so much.
There is a tendency in Modern English to use got + Infinitive in the same meaning.
You can smile away till you split your cheeks, but you still got to doa day’s
work to earn a day’s wages, and apples don’t grow on monkey-trees.