ВУЗ: Не указан
Категория: Не указан
Дисциплина: Не указана
Добавлен: 23.11.2023
Просмотров: 602
Скачиваний: 4
ВНИМАНИЕ! Если данный файл нарушает Ваши авторские права, то обязательно сообщите нам.
§ 3. The analytical forms of the Subjunctive Mood consist of the mood auxiliaries should, would, may (might) or shall (which is seldom used) and the infinitive of the notional verb.
Mr. Barkis... proposed that my pocket-handkerchief should be spread upon
the horse’s back to dry. (Dickens)
Мистер Баркис предложил положить мой носовой платок на спину
лошади, чтобы он просох.
Yates wished Bing would stop thanking him, but Bing went on. (Heym)
Йейтсу хотелось, чтобы Бинг перестал благодарить его, но Бинг все
благодарил.
Whoever you may be, Sir, I am deeply grateful to you. (Dickens)
Кто бы вы ни были, сэр, я вам глубоко признателен.
She lowered the blind and closed the shutters that he might not see the sun
set. (Voynich)
Она спустила шторы и закрыла ставни, чтобы он не видел, как заходит
солнце.
I propose that you shall come along with me. (Dickens)
Я предлагаю вам пойти со мной.
Mood auxiliaries have developed from modal verbs, which have lost their modality and serve to form the analytical Subjunctive. Still there are cases when mood auxiliaries retain a shade of modality, for instance the verb might in adverbial clauses of purpose.
Lizzie stood upon the causeway that her father might see her. (Dickens)
Лиззи стояла на дамбе, чтобы отец увидел ее (мог увидеть ее).
§ 4. In modern English the same meaning as is expressed by the Subjunctive Mood may also be rendered by the forms of the Indicative Mood — the Past Indefinite, the Past Perfect and occasionally the Past Continuous and the Past Perfect Continuous.
In adverbial clauses of condition the Past Indefinite denotes an unreal condition referring to the present or future; the Past Perfect denotes an unreal condition referring to the past.
The room is so low that the head of the tallest of the visitors would touch the
blackened ceiling if he stood upright. (Dickens)
Комната такая низкая, что голова самого высокого из посетителей
коснулась бы закопченного потолка, если бы он выпрямился.
The noise about her was frightful, so deafening that if she had shouted aloud
she would not have heard her own voice. (Cronin)
Шум вокруг нее был ужасный, такой оглушительный, что если бы она
громко закричала, она не услышала бы своего собственного голоса.
In other types of subordinate clauses the Past Indefinite denotes an action simultaneous with the action expressed in the principal clause; the Past Perfect denotes an action prior to that of the principal clause.
He (Mr. Barkis) sat looking at the horse’s ears as if he saw something new
there. (Dickens)
Мистер Варкие сидел, глядя на уши лошади, как будто он видел там что-
то новое.
I felt as if the visit had diminished the separation between Ada and me.
(Dickens)
У меня было такое чувство, как будто этот визит сблизил нас с Адой.
The Past Continuous and the Past Perfect Continuous are less frequently used.
They looked as if they were fighting for their life. (Eliot)
Они выглядели так, как будто они боролись за свою жизнь.
The mother’s delicate eyelids were pink, as if she
had been crying half the
night. (Eliot)
Нежные веки матери покраснели, как будто бы она проплакала половину
ночи.
N o t e. — In some grammars these forms are considered to be the forms of
the Subjunctive Mood, homonymous with the forms of the Indicative Mood.
THE USE OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
I. SIMPLE SENTENCES
§ 5. In simple sentences the synthetic forms of the Subjunctive Mood are more trequent than the analytical forms.
In simple sentences the Subjunctive Mood is used:
(1) to express wish (пожелание):
Long live the Soviet Army!
Да здравствует Советская Армия!
Success attend you!
Да сопутствует вам успех!
То express wish the analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary may is also used.
May success attend you!
Да сопутствует вам успех!
May you live long and die happy!
Желаю вам долго жить и быть счастливым до конца своих дней.
(2) to express an unreal wish:
If only he were free! (Galsworthy)
Если бы только он был свободен!
(3) in oaths and imprecations:
Manners be hanged!
К черту всякие церемонии!
Confound these flies!
Будь они прокляты, эти мухи!
(4) in some expressions:
Suffice it to say that...
Be it so!
God forbid!
Far be it from me.
(See the translation of these examples, § 2.)
The Subjunctive Mood in simple sentences is characteristic of literary style, except in oaths and imprecations, which belong to low colloquial style.
II. COMPLEX SENTENCES
§ 6. The Subjunctive Mood is, used in conditional sentences to express an unreal condition (in the subordinate clause) and an unreal consequence (in the principal clause).
In sentences of unreal condition referring to the present or future the Past Subjunctive of the verb to be is used in the subordinate clause; with other verbs the same meaning is expressed by the Past Indefinite of the Indicative Mood. In the principal clause we find the analytical subjunctive consisting of the mood auxiliary should or would and the Indefinite Infinitive. Should is used with the first person singular and plural, would is used with the second and third persons singular and plural.
The world would be healthier if every chemist’s shop in England were
demolished. (Shaw)
Человечество было бы здоровее, если бы все аптеки в Англии были
уничтожены.
I should kill myself today if I didn’t believe that tyranny and injustice must
end. (Galsworthy)
Я бы сегодня же покончила с собой, если бы не верила, что тирании и
несправедливости придет конец.
An unreal condition referring to the future can also be expressed by the Past Subjunctive of the verb to be + Infinitive of the notional verb or the analytical Subjunctive with the mood auxiliary should for all the persons. Such sentences are often translated by means of ‘Если бы случилось так...’, ‘Случись так...’.
If I were to offer my home... my station... my affections... to any one among
the young women engaged in my calling, they would probably be accepted.
Even readily accepted. (Dickens)
Если бы случилось так, что я предложил бы свой дом, свое положение в
обществе, свою любовь любой молодой женщине моей профессии, все
это, вероятно, было бы принято. Даже охотно принято.
Well, Major, if you should send me to a difficult spot — with this man alone,
I’d feel secure. (Heym)
Знаете, майор, если бы случилось так, что вы послали бы меня в опасное
место только с одним этим человеком, я бы чувствовал себя в
безопасности.
If in the subordinate clause the mood auxiliary should is used, we often find the Indicative or Imperative Mood in the principal clause.
If any of your family should come to my house, I shall be delightedto
welcome them... (Trollope)
Если кому-нибудь из членов вашей семьи случится прийти в мой дом, я
буду рад принять его.
If he should come, askhim to wait.
В случае, если он придет, попросите его подождать.
In sentences of unreal condition referring to the past the Past Perfect of the Indicative Mood is used in the subordinate clause; in the principal clause we find the analytical subjunctive consisting of the mood auxiliary should (with the first person) or would (with the second and third persons) and the Perfect Infinitive.
If I had consulted my own interests, I should never have come here.
(Galsworthy)
Если бы я думал только о себе, я бы никогда сюда не пришел.
There are two mixed types of sentences of unreal condition. In the first of these the condition refers to the past and the consequence refers to the present or future.
If you had taken your medicine yesterday, you would be well now.
Если бы вы вчера приняли лекарство, теперь вы были бы здоровы.
No, by my word and truth, I never despised you; if I had I should not love
you now! (Hardy)
Нет, клянусь вам, я вас никогда не презирал; если бы я вас когда-нибудь
презирал, я не любил бы вас теперь.
In the second type the condition refers to no particular time and the consequence to the past.
If he were not so absent-minded, he would not have mistaken you for your
sister.
Если бы он не был такой рассеянный, он не принял бы вас за вашу
сестру.
Still Beatrice had taken the trouble to go up to London and to buy the books
for me. She would not have done that if she disliked me. (DuMarnier)
Все-таки Беатриса взяла на себя труд съездить в Лондон и купить мне
эти книги. Она бы этого не сделала, если бы не любила меня.
N o t e. — Unreal conditions may also be expressed in the following ways:
(a) But for the rain, we should go down to the country.
Если бы не дождь, мы бы поехали за город.
His fleshless face would have looked like the face of a mummy, but for the
restless brightness of his little black eyes. (Collins)
Его изможденное лицо было бы похоже на лицо мумии, если бы не
беспокойный блеск маленьких черных глаз.
(b) If it were not for your help, I should not be able to finish my work in
time.
Если бы не ваша помощь, я не смог бы вовремя закончить работу.
If it hadn’t been for me, his own brother would have shut him up for life. If
it hadn’t been for me, his own brother would have shut him up for life.
(Dickens)
Если бы не я, его собственный брат засадил бы его (в сумасшедший дом)
на всю жизнь.
In sentences of unreal condition the modal verbs might and could are often used; they fully retain their modal meaning and therefore they do not form the analytical subjunctive.
Here we have the group ‘modal verb +Infinitive’ which forms a compound verbal modal predicate, whereas the analytical subjunctive forms a simple predicate.
If she were still waiting, she might be restless, feverish, but surely she would
not look like this. (Galsworthy)
Если бы она все еще ждала, она, возможно, нервничала бы, но,
безусловно, она не выглядела бы так.
I could have done very well if I had been without the Murdstones. (Dickens)
Я мог бы очень хорошо учиться, если бы не Мердстоны.
Would, when used in the subordinate clause of a sentence of unreal condition, is also a modal verb forming with the infinitive a compound verbal modal predicate.
If you would come and see us... mother would be as proud of your company
as I should be. (Dickens)
Если бы вы пожелали навестить нас... моя матушка была бы так же
польщена этим, как и я.
N o t e. — In conditional sentences of real condition naturally the Indicative
and not the Subjunctive Mood is used.
Such sentences can refer to the present, future or past.
But I can bear anything gladly if you are happy. (Eliot)
If you make this disgusting match, you will never see Hector again. (Shaw)
The whole thing was on his conscience — for if Jon had anything, he had a
conscience. (Galsworthy)
The conjunctions introducing adverbial clauses of condition are: if, in case, provided, suppose, unless and some others. If is the most common conjunction used in sentences of real and unreal condition.
In case and provided are chiefly used in sentences of real condition.
In case I don’t find her at home, I shall leave her a note.
В случае, если я не застану ее дома, я оставлю ей записку.
I shall go there provided you consent to accompany me. (Ch. Bronte)
Я пойду туда при условии, что вы согласитесь пойти со мной.
Suppose is more common in sentences of unreal condition.
Suppose he wrote to you, would you answer?
Предположим, он написал бы вам, вы бы ответили?
Unless is used in sentences of real and unreal condition.
I shall come in time unless I am detained at the Institute.
Я приду вовремя, если меня не задержат в институте. .
Isabel would not have engaged herself to Mr. Hardyman unless she had
been fond of him. (Collins)
Изабелла не согласилась бы выйти за мистера Хардимена, если бы не
любила его.
N o t e. — Unless has a negative meaning; it corresponds to the Russian если
не. There are cases, however, when the Russian еслинеcannot be rendered in
English by unless; only if not is possible.
Осторожно переходите улицу, если не хотите попасть под машину.
Cross the street carefully if you don’t want to be run over.
In this sentence unless would sound ironically (разве что тебе захочется попасть под машину).
Adverbial clauses of condition containing the verbs had, were, could and should are often introduced without any conjunction. In these cases we find inversion.
Had the wanderer remained awake for another half-hour, a strange sight
would have met his eyes. (ConanDoyle)
Если бы путешественник продолжал бодрствовать еще в течение
получаса, его глазам представилось бы странное зрелище.
I should be myself
were I once again among the heather in those hills.
(E. Bronte)
Я стала бы такой, как прежде, если бы вновь очутилась на этих холмах,
поросших вереском.
Mary would indeed have been grateful, to Miss Dunstable, could she have
known all that lady did for her. (Trollope)
Мэри и в самом деле была бы очень благодарна мисс Данстэбл, если бы
она могла знать все, что эта дама для нее сделала.
Should he come this way, I will speak to him. (Ch. Bronte)
Если ему случится быть здесь, я поговорю с ним.
The Subjunctive Mood is used in sentences expressing what may be understood as an unreal consequence, the condition of which is not expressed as such.
I suppose you are a stranger in these parts, or you would have heard what
happened last autumn. (Ch. Bronte)
Наверно, вы приезжая, иначе вы бы знали о том, что случилось здесь
осенью.
There was no piano... because it would have taken up much room.
(Galsworthy)
Рояля не было... так как он занял бы много места.
§ 7. The Subjunctive Mood is used in adverbial clauses of purpose. When a clause of purpose is introduced by the conjunctions that, so that, in order that, we find the analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary may (might) if the principal clause refers to the present or future; if the principal clause refers to the past, only the form might is used.
As has already been, stated (see § 3), the mood auxiliary may (might) retains in this case a shade of modality.
She opens (will open) the window that she may (might) geta breath of fresh
air.
She opened the window that she might get a breath of fresh air.
Order a conveyance to be at the door to-morrow evening, rather earlier than is
absolutely necessary, in order that we may be in good time. (Dickens)
Прикажите подать экипаж завтра вечером пораньше, чтобы мы приехали
заблаговременно (чтобы мы могли приехать заблаговременно).
Mr. Micawber impressed the names of streets upon me that I might find my
way back easily. (Dickens)
Мистер Микобер заставил меня запомнить названия улиц, чтобы я легко
нашел дорогу обратно (чтобы я мог легко найти дорогу обратно).
Не got up, cautiously, so that he might not wake the sleeping boy. (Cronin)
Он тихо поднялся, чтобы не разбудить спящего мальчика.
Occasionally the mood auxiliary should is used.
I made shorthand notes of all that she said, however, so that there should be
no possibility of a mistake. (ConanDoyle)
Я сделал стенографическую запись всего, что она говорила, чтобы
исключить возможность ошибки.
If a clause of purpose is introduced by lest the mood auxiliary should (for all persons) is generally used.
Lest has a negative meaning (чтобы не).
She opens (opened, will open) the window lest it should be stuffy in the
room.
She... looked steadily at her coffee lest she also should begin to cry, as Anna
was doing already. (Eliot)
Она не поднимала глаз от чашки кофе, чтобы незаплакать, как уже
плакала Анна.
§ 8. The Subjunctive Mood is used in adverbial clauses of concession