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to see, to hear, to feel, to find, etc.
Then he looked out of the window and saw clouds gathering. (Dreiser)
Потом он выглянул из окна и увидел, что собираются тучи.
I heard my wife coming... (Conan Doyle)
She could feel her hands trembling exceedingly. (Hardy)
She found him waiting for her at her journey’s end... (Dickens)
I saw the pony harnessed myself. (Collins)
The dog heard his name pronounced through the open door. (Collins)
He felt himself clutched by the collar... (Hardy)
You will probably find your sister grown, Bella. (Dickens)
(b) after some verbs of mental activity, such as to consider, to understand.
I consider myself engaged to Herr Klesmer. (Eliot)
Я считаю себя помолвленной с господином Клесмером.
(c) after verbs denoting wish, such as to want, to wish, to desire. In this case only Participle II is used.
The governor wants it done quick. (Bennett)
Отец хочет, чтобы это было сделано быстро.
(d) after the verbs to have and to get; after these verbs only Participle II is used.
In this ease the Objective Participial Construction shows that the action expressed by the participle is performed at the request of the person denoted by the subject of the sentence. Thus I had the piano tuned means ‘I made someone tune the piano’.
I had my coat altered.
Я переделала пальто (т. е. поручила кому-то переделать его).
Не... had several bottles of wine brought... (Dreiser)
Ему... принесли несколько бутылок вина.
You can get your clothes made in Europe. (Dreiser)
Вы можете заказать себе платья в Европе.
In interrogative and negative sentences the auxiliary verb to do is used:
Why don’t you have your hair waved? (DuMaurier)
Почему вы не завьетесь (не сделаете завивку)?
Occasionally the meaning of the construction is different: it may show that the person denoted by the subject of the sentence experiences the action expressed by the participle.
The wounded man had his leg amputated.
Раненому ампутировали ногу.
§ 11. The Subjective Participial Construction.
The Subjective Participial Construction is a construction in which the participle (mostly Participle I) is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case, which is the subject of the sentence.
In rendering this construction in Russian a complex sentence is generally used; the principal clause is of the type which in Russian syntax is called ‘indefinite personal’ (неопределенно-личное предложение).
The peculiarity of this construction is that it does not serve as one part of the sentence: one of its component parts has the function of the subject, the other forms part of a compound verbal predicate.
They were heard talking together... (Collins)
This construction is chiefly used after verbs of sense perception.
The horse was seen descending the hill. (Hardy)
Видно было, как лошадь спускалась с холма.
Then Bathsheba’s footsteps were heard crossing the room. (Hardy)
Было слышно, как Батшеба прошла через комнату.
§ 12. The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction.
The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction is a construction in which the participle stands in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case; the noun or pronoun is not the subject of the sentence.
The door and window of the vacant room being open, we looked in.
(Dickens)
Так как дверь и окно пустой комнаты были открыты, мы заглянули в нее.
In the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction Participle I (in all its forms) or Participle II is used. This construction is generally rendered in Russian by means of an adverbial clause. It is used in the function of an adverbial modifier. It can be an. adverbial modifier:
(a) of time.
The lamp having, been lit, Mrs. Macallan produced her son’s letter. (Collins)
Когда зажгли лампу, миссис Макаллан достала письмо от сына.
This duty completed, he had three months’ leave. (Hardy)
Когда эта работа была закончена, он получил трехмесячный отпуск.
(b) of cause.
It being now pretty late, we took our candles and went upstairs. (Dickens)
Так как было довольно поздно, мы взяли свечи и пошли наверх.
A knock had come to the door, and there being nobody else to answer it,
Clare went out. (Hardy)
Послышался стук в дверь, и, так как больше некому было открыть, Клэр
вышел.
We were walking by ourselves for an hour, George having remained behind
in the hotel to write a letter to his aunt. (Jerome)
Мы гуляли одни в течение часа, так как Джордж остался в отеле, чтобы
написать письмо своей тетке.
(c) of attendant circumstances. In this function the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction is mostly placed at the end of the sentence. In rendering it in Russian a coordinate clause or деепричастный оборот is used.
He turned and went, we, as before, following him. (Jerome)
Он повернулся и вышел; как и прежде, мы последовали за ним.
One morning he stood in front of the tank, his nose almost pressed to the
glass. (Dreiser)
Однажды утром он стоял перед витриной, почти прижавшись носом к
стеклу.
(d) of condition. In this function the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction occurs but seldom and is almost exclusively used with the participles permitting and failing.
Weather (time, circumstances) permitting, we shall start tomorrow.
Если погода (время, обстоятельства) позволит, мы поедем завтра.
Conciliation failing, force remains; but force failing, no further hope of
conciliation is left.1
1 The example is borrowed from A Modern English Grammar by O. Jespersen.
Если не удается достигнуть примирения, приходится применить силу; но если сила не помогает, не остается никакой надежды на примирение.
The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction very often occurs in fiction and scientific literature; the use of this construction in colloquial English is rare.
§ 13. The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction.
The Absolute Participial Construction may be introduced by the preposition with and is then called the Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction. It is in most cases used in the function of an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances.
This construction is rendered in Russian by a coordinate clause or деепричастный оборот.
They were walking on again, with Hugh calmly drawing at his pipe.
(Lindsay)
Они снова шли вперед; Хыо спокойно покуривал свою трубку.
The daughter sat quite silent and still, with her eyes fixed on the ground.
(Dickens)
Дочь сидела молча и неподвижно, опустив глаза в землю.
§ 14. Absolute constructions without a participle.
There are two types of absolute constructions in which we find no participle. The second element of the construction is an adjective, a prepositional phrase, or an adverb.
1. The Nominative Absolute Construction. It is used in the function of an adverbial modifier of time or attendant circumstances. In the function of an adverbial modifier of time this construction is rendered in Russian by an adverbial clause.
Breakfast over, he went to his counting house. (Ch. Bronte)
Когда кончили завтракать, он пошел в свою контору.
In the function of an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances the Nominative Absolute Construction is rendered either by a coordinate clause, деепричастный оборот, or a noun (pronoun) with the proposition с.
Manston went homeward alone, his heart full of strange emotion. (Hardy)
Мэнстон отправился домой один; душа его была переполнена странными
чувствами.
There he stood, his face to the south-east... his cap in his hand. (Hardy)
Он стоял, повернувшись к юго-востоку... с шапкой в руке.
Mind the difference between the meaning of the following constructions: The lesson (concert, lecture) over... and The lesson (concert, lecture) being over... The lesson over has a temporal meaning, whereas the lesson being over has as a rule a causal meaning.
2. The Prepositional Absolute Construction. It is mostly used in the function of an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances. In rendering this construction in Russian a coordinate clause or деепричастный оборот is used.
I found him ready, and waiting for me, with his stick in his hand. (Collins)
Он был готов и ждал меня; в руке у него была палка.
Sikes, with Oliver’s hand still in his, softly approached the low porch, and
raised the latch. (Dickens)
Сайкс, все еще не выпуская руку Оливера из своей, подошел потихоньку
к невысокому крыльцу и поднял щеколду.
§ 15. The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction and the Nominative Absolute Construction are separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma or a semicolon.
Grandcourt... rose and strolled out on the lawn, all the dogs following him.
(Eliot)
Mr. Tulkinghorn comes and goes pretty often; there being estate business to
do. (Dickens)
Then he started out, bag and overcoat in hand, to get his cup of coffee.
(Maltz)
Prepositional Absolute Constructions are usually separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma.
It was a balmy, radiant day, with the trees and grass shining exceedingly
green after the rain of the night before. (Dreiser)
He was there, writing busily at a distant table, with his back towards the
door. (Eliot)
THE GERUND
§ 16. The gerund developed from the verbal noun, which in course of time became verbalized preserving at the same time its nominal character.
The gerund is formed by adding the suffix ‑ing to the stem of the verb, and coincides in form with Participle I.
§ 17. The double nature of the gerund.
As a natural result of its origin and development the gerund has nominal and verbal properties. The nominal characteristics of the gerund are as follows:
1. The gerund can perform the function of subject, object and predicative.
They say smoking leads to meditation. (Collins) (SUBJECT)
I like making people happy. (Shaw) (OBJECT)
The duty of all progressive mankind is fighting for peace. (PREDICATIVE)
2. The gerund can be preceded by a preposition.
I am very, very tired of rowing. (Hemingway)
3. Like a noun the gerund can be modified by a noun in the possessive case or by a possessive pronoun.
“I wonder at Jolyon’s allowing this engagement,” he said to Aunt Ann.
(Galsworthy)
«Меня удивляет, что Джолион допустил эту помолвку», — сказал он
тетушке Энн.
Is there any objection to my seeing her? (Galsworthy)
Кто-нибудь возражает против того, чтобы я повидался с ней?
The verbal characteristics of the gerund are the same as those of the participle:
1. The gerund of transitive verbs can take a direct object.
I had now made a good progress in understanding and speaking their
language. (Swift)
2. The gerund can be modified by an adverb.
She burst out crying bitterly. (Hardy)
3. The gerund has tense distinctions; the gerund of transitive verbs has also voice distinctions. The forms of the gerund in Modern English are as follows:
There is no gerund in the Russian language and the English gerund is rendered in Russian in different ways:
(a) by a noun.
Dancing had not begun yet... (Mansfield)
Танцы еще не начались.
(b) by an infinitive.
She had tea with Cipriano before leaving. (Lawrence)
Перед тем как уйти, она выпила чаю с Чиприано.
It is no good hiding our heads under our wings. (Galsworthy)
Бесполезно прятать голову под крыло.
(c) by деепричастие.
And without waiting for her answer he turned and left us. (DuMaurier)
И, не дожидаясь ее ответа, он повернулся и вышел.
On seeing Bella he stopped, beckoned her to him, and drew her arm through
his. (Dickens)
Увидев Беллу, он остановился, подозвал ее к себе и взял под руку.
(d) by a subordinate clause.
Не regretted now having come. (Galsworthy)
Теперь он сожалел, что пришел.
It should be observed that though the active forms of the gerund may be rendered in different ways, the passive forms are nearly always rendered by a clause.
As she contemplated the wide windows and imposing signs, she became
conscious of being gazed upon. (Dreiser)
Когда она рассматривала широкие витрины и внушительные вывески,
она почувствовала, что на нее смотрят.
After having been informed of the conference in my lady’s room... he
immediately decided on waiting to hear the news from Frizinghall. (Collins)
После того, как ему сообщили о совещании в комнате миледи... он
сразу решил подождать, чтобы узнать новости из Фризингхолла.
§ 18. The tense distinctions of the gerund.
The tense distinctions of the gerund, like those of the participle, are not absolute but relative.
1. The Indefinite Gerund Active and Passive denotes an action simultaneous with the acting expressed by the finite verb; depending on the tense form of the finite verb it may refer to the present, past, or future.
He can swim for any number of hours without tiring. (Hichens)
Он может плыть много часов подряд, не уставая.
She walked on without turning her head. (Hardy)
Она шла не поворачивая головы.
Gwendolen will not rest without having the world at her feet. (Eliot)
Гвендолен не успокоится, пока весь мир не будет у ее ног.
No one could pass in or out without being seen. (Dickens)
Никто не мог ни войти, ни выйти так, чтобы его не видели.
2. The Perfect Gerund denotes an action prior to that of the finite verb.
She denies having spoken with him.
Она отрицает, что говорила с ним.
Не was ashamed of having shown even the slightest irritation. (Bennett)
Ему было стыдно, что он проявил раздражение, хотя и очень слабое.
She really had been crying... cut of anger at having been driven so hard.
(Heym)
Она действительно плакала... возмущенная тем, что с ней так жестоко
поступили.
However, a prior action is not always expressed by a Perfect Gerund; in some cases we find an Indefinite Gerund. This occurs after the verbs to remember, to excuse, to forgive, to thank and after the prepositions on, (upon), after and without.
I don’t remember hearing the legend before. (Hardy)
Я не помню, чтобы я когда-нибудь слышала эту легенду.
You must excuse my not answering you before. (Collins)
Вы должны извинить меня за то, что я не ответил вам раньше.
I thank you for restraining me just how. (Ch. Bronte)
Я благодарен вам за то, что вы сейчас помогли мне сдержаться.
On leaving the house we directed our steps to the nearest shade. (Collins)
Выйдя из дома, мы направились в тень.
After walking about ten yards, he found the hat among the leaves. (Hardy)
Пройдя ярдов десять, он нашел свою шляпу в кустах.
She passes through and disappears in the pantry without noticing the young
lady. (Shaw)
Она проходит и исчезает в буфетной, не заметив молодую девушку.
The Perfect Gerund may also be, used after the above mentioned verbs and prepositions.
He did not remember having been in that room. (Galsworthy)
Он не помнил, чтобы когда-нибудь был в этой комнате.
After having denied herself to everybody, Miss Rachel, to our astonishment,
walked into the midst of us of her own accord. (Collins)
После того как мисс Рэчел отказалась видеть кого бы то ни было, она, к
нашему удивлению, вышла к нам по своему собственному желанию.
They parted at Cohen’s door without having spoken to each other again.
(Eliot)
Они расстались у двери дома Коэна, не сказав друг другу ни слова.
§ 19. The voice distinctions of the gerund.
The gerund of transitive verbs has special forms for the active and the passive voice.
He liked neither reading aloud nor being read aloud to.(Maugham)
Он не любил ни читать вслух, ни слушать чтение.
It is to be observed that after the verbs to want, to need, to deserve, to require and the adjective worth the gerund is used in the active form, though it is passive in meaning.
“The slums want attending
Then he looked out of the window and saw clouds gathering. (Dreiser)
Потом он выглянул из окна и увидел, что собираются тучи.
I heard my wife coming... (Conan Doyle)
She could feel her hands trembling exceedingly. (Hardy)
She found him waiting for her at her journey’s end... (Dickens)
I saw the pony harnessed myself. (Collins)
The dog heard his name pronounced through the open door. (Collins)
He felt himself clutched by the collar... (Hardy)
You will probably find your sister grown, Bella. (Dickens)
(b) after some verbs of mental activity, such as to consider, to understand.
I consider myself engaged to Herr Klesmer. (Eliot)
Я считаю себя помолвленной с господином Клесмером.
(c) after verbs denoting wish, such as to want, to wish, to desire. In this case only Participle II is used.
The governor wants it done quick. (Bennett)
Отец хочет, чтобы это было сделано быстро.
(d) after the verbs to have and to get; after these verbs only Participle II is used.
In this ease the Objective Participial Construction shows that the action expressed by the participle is performed at the request of the person denoted by the subject of the sentence. Thus I had the piano tuned means ‘I made someone tune the piano’.
I had my coat altered.
Я переделала пальто (т. е. поручила кому-то переделать его).
Не... had several bottles of wine brought... (Dreiser)
Ему... принесли несколько бутылок вина.
You can get your clothes made in Europe. (Dreiser)
Вы можете заказать себе платья в Европе.
In interrogative and negative sentences the auxiliary verb to do is used:
Why don’t you have your hair waved? (DuMaurier)
Почему вы не завьетесь (не сделаете завивку)?
Occasionally the meaning of the construction is different: it may show that the person denoted by the subject of the sentence experiences the action expressed by the participle.
The wounded man had his leg amputated.
Раненому ампутировали ногу.
§ 11. The Subjective Participial Construction.
The Subjective Participial Construction is a construction in which the participle (mostly Participle I) is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case, which is the subject of the sentence.
In rendering this construction in Russian a complex sentence is generally used; the principal clause is of the type which in Russian syntax is called ‘indefinite personal’ (неопределенно-личное предложение).
The peculiarity of this construction is that it does not serve as one part of the sentence: one of its component parts has the function of the subject, the other forms part of a compound verbal predicate.
They were heard talking together... (Collins)
This construction is chiefly used after verbs of sense perception.
The horse was seen descending the hill. (Hardy)
Видно было, как лошадь спускалась с холма.
Then Bathsheba’s footsteps were heard crossing the room. (Hardy)
Было слышно, как Батшеба прошла через комнату.
§ 12. The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction.
The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction is a construction in which the participle stands in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case; the noun or pronoun is not the subject of the sentence.
The door and window of the vacant room being open, we looked in.
(Dickens)
Так как дверь и окно пустой комнаты были открыты, мы заглянули в нее.
In the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction Participle I (in all its forms) or Participle II is used. This construction is generally rendered in Russian by means of an adverbial clause. It is used in the function of an adverbial modifier. It can be an. adverbial modifier:
(a) of time.
The lamp having, been lit, Mrs. Macallan produced her son’s letter. (Collins)
Когда зажгли лампу, миссис Макаллан достала письмо от сына.
This duty completed, he had three months’ leave. (Hardy)
Когда эта работа была закончена, он получил трехмесячный отпуск.
(b) of cause.
It being now pretty late, we took our candles and went upstairs. (Dickens)
Так как было довольно поздно, мы взяли свечи и пошли наверх.
A knock had come to the door, and there being nobody else to answer it,
Clare went out. (Hardy)
Послышался стук в дверь, и, так как больше некому было открыть, Клэр
вышел.
We were walking by ourselves for an hour, George having remained behind
in the hotel to write a letter to his aunt. (Jerome)
Мы гуляли одни в течение часа, так как Джордж остался в отеле, чтобы
написать письмо своей тетке.
(c) of attendant circumstances. In this function the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction is mostly placed at the end of the sentence. In rendering it in Russian a coordinate clause or деепричастный оборот is used.
He turned and went, we, as before, following him. (Jerome)
Он повернулся и вышел; как и прежде, мы последовали за ним.
One morning he stood in front of the tank, his nose almost pressed to the
glass. (Dreiser)
Однажды утром он стоял перед витриной, почти прижавшись носом к
стеклу.
(d) of condition. In this function the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction occurs but seldom and is almost exclusively used with the participles permitting and failing.
Weather (time, circumstances) permitting, we shall start tomorrow.
Если погода (время, обстоятельства) позволит, мы поедем завтра.
Conciliation failing, force remains; but force failing, no further hope of
conciliation is left.1
1 The example is borrowed from A Modern English Grammar by O. Jespersen.
Если не удается достигнуть примирения, приходится применить силу; но если сила не помогает, не остается никакой надежды на примирение.
The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction very often occurs in fiction and scientific literature; the use of this construction in colloquial English is rare.
§ 13. The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction.
The Absolute Participial Construction may be introduced by the preposition with and is then called the Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction. It is in most cases used in the function of an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances.
This construction is rendered in Russian by a coordinate clause or деепричастный оборот.
They were walking on again, with Hugh calmly drawing at his pipe.
(Lindsay)
Они снова шли вперед; Хыо спокойно покуривал свою трубку.
The daughter sat quite silent and still, with her eyes fixed on the ground.
(Dickens)
Дочь сидела молча и неподвижно, опустив глаза в землю.
§ 14. Absolute constructions without a participle.
There are two types of absolute constructions in which we find no participle. The second element of the construction is an adjective, a prepositional phrase, or an adverb.
1. The Nominative Absolute Construction. It is used in the function of an adverbial modifier of time or attendant circumstances. In the function of an adverbial modifier of time this construction is rendered in Russian by an adverbial clause.
Breakfast over, he went to his counting house. (Ch. Bronte)
Когда кончили завтракать, он пошел в свою контору.
In the function of an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances the Nominative Absolute Construction is rendered either by a coordinate clause, деепричастный оборот, or a noun (pronoun) with the proposition с.
Manston went homeward alone, his heart full of strange emotion. (Hardy)
Мэнстон отправился домой один; душа его была переполнена странными
чувствами.
There he stood, his face to the south-east... his cap in his hand. (Hardy)
Он стоял, повернувшись к юго-востоку... с шапкой в руке.
Mind the difference between the meaning of the following constructions: The lesson (concert, lecture) over... and The lesson (concert, lecture) being over... The lesson over has a temporal meaning, whereas the lesson being over has as a rule a causal meaning.
2. The Prepositional Absolute Construction. It is mostly used in the function of an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances. In rendering this construction in Russian a coordinate clause or деепричастный оборот is used.
I found him ready, and waiting for me, with his stick in his hand. (Collins)
Он был готов и ждал меня; в руке у него была палка.
Sikes, with Oliver’s hand still in his, softly approached the low porch, and
raised the latch. (Dickens)
Сайкс, все еще не выпуская руку Оливера из своей, подошел потихоньку
к невысокому крыльцу и поднял щеколду.
§ 15. The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction and the Nominative Absolute Construction are separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma or a semicolon.
Grandcourt... rose and strolled out on the lawn, all the dogs following him.
(Eliot)
Mr. Tulkinghorn comes and goes pretty often; there being estate business to
do. (Dickens)
Then he started out, bag and overcoat in hand, to get his cup of coffee.
(Maltz)
Prepositional Absolute Constructions are usually separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma.
It was a balmy, radiant day, with the trees and grass shining exceedingly
green after the rain of the night before. (Dreiser)
He was there, writing busily at a distant table, with his back towards the
door. (Eliot)
THE GERUND
§ 16. The gerund developed from the verbal noun, which in course of time became verbalized preserving at the same time its nominal character.
The gerund is formed by adding the suffix ‑ing to the stem of the verb, and coincides in form with Participle I.
§ 17. The double nature of the gerund.
As a natural result of its origin and development the gerund has nominal and verbal properties. The nominal characteristics of the gerund are as follows:
1. The gerund can perform the function of subject, object and predicative.
They say smoking leads to meditation. (Collins) (SUBJECT)
I like making people happy. (Shaw) (OBJECT)
The duty of all progressive mankind is fighting for peace. (PREDICATIVE)
2. The gerund can be preceded by a preposition.
I am very, very tired of rowing. (Hemingway)
3. Like a noun the gerund can be modified by a noun in the possessive case or by a possessive pronoun.
“I wonder at Jolyon’s allowing this engagement,” he said to Aunt Ann.
(Galsworthy)
«Меня удивляет, что Джолион допустил эту помолвку», — сказал он
тетушке Энн.
Is there any objection to my seeing her? (Galsworthy)
Кто-нибудь возражает против того, чтобы я повидался с ней?
The verbal characteristics of the gerund are the same as those of the participle:
1. The gerund of transitive verbs can take a direct object.
I had now made a good progress in understanding and speaking their
language. (Swift)
2. The gerund can be modified by an adverb.
She burst out crying bitterly. (Hardy)
3. The gerund has tense distinctions; the gerund of transitive verbs has also voice distinctions. The forms of the gerund in Modern English are as follows:
| | Active | Passive |
| Indefinite | writing | being written |
| Perfect | having written | having been written |
There is no gerund in the Russian language and the English gerund is rendered in Russian in different ways:
(a) by a noun.
Dancing had not begun yet... (Mansfield)
Танцы еще не начались.
(b) by an infinitive.
She had tea with Cipriano before leaving. (Lawrence)
Перед тем как уйти, она выпила чаю с Чиприано.
It is no good hiding our heads under our wings. (Galsworthy)
Бесполезно прятать голову под крыло.
(c) by деепричастие.
And without waiting for her answer he turned and left us. (DuMaurier)
И, не дожидаясь ее ответа, он повернулся и вышел.
On seeing Bella he stopped, beckoned her to him, and drew her arm through
his. (Dickens)
Увидев Беллу, он остановился, подозвал ее к себе и взял под руку.
(d) by a subordinate clause.
Не regretted now having come. (Galsworthy)
Теперь он сожалел, что пришел.
It should be observed that though the active forms of the gerund may be rendered in different ways, the passive forms are nearly always rendered by a clause.
As she contemplated the wide windows and imposing signs, she became
conscious of being gazed upon. (Dreiser)
Когда она рассматривала широкие витрины и внушительные вывески,
она почувствовала, что на нее смотрят.
After having been informed of the conference in my lady’s room... he
immediately decided on waiting to hear the news from Frizinghall. (Collins)
После того, как ему сообщили о совещании в комнате миледи... он
сразу решил подождать, чтобы узнать новости из Фризингхолла.
§ 18. The tense distinctions of the gerund.
The tense distinctions of the gerund, like those of the participle, are not absolute but relative.
1. The Indefinite Gerund Active and Passive denotes an action simultaneous with the acting expressed by the finite verb; depending on the tense form of the finite verb it may refer to the present, past, or future.
He can swim for any number of hours without tiring. (Hichens)
Он может плыть много часов подряд, не уставая.
She walked on without turning her head. (Hardy)
Она шла не поворачивая головы.
Gwendolen will not rest without having the world at her feet. (Eliot)
Гвендолен не успокоится, пока весь мир не будет у ее ног.
No one could pass in or out without being seen. (Dickens)
Никто не мог ни войти, ни выйти так, чтобы его не видели.
2. The Perfect Gerund denotes an action prior to that of the finite verb.
She denies having spoken with him.
Она отрицает, что говорила с ним.
Не was ashamed of having shown even the slightest irritation. (Bennett)
Ему было стыдно, что он проявил раздражение, хотя и очень слабое.
She really had been crying... cut of anger at having been driven so hard.
(Heym)
Она действительно плакала... возмущенная тем, что с ней так жестоко
поступили.
However, a prior action is not always expressed by a Perfect Gerund; in some cases we find an Indefinite Gerund. This occurs after the verbs to remember, to excuse, to forgive, to thank and after the prepositions on, (upon), after and without.
I don’t remember hearing the legend before. (Hardy)
Я не помню, чтобы я когда-нибудь слышала эту легенду.
You must excuse my not answering you before. (Collins)
Вы должны извинить меня за то, что я не ответил вам раньше.
I thank you for restraining me just how. (Ch. Bronte)
Я благодарен вам за то, что вы сейчас помогли мне сдержаться.
On leaving the house we directed our steps to the nearest shade. (Collins)
Выйдя из дома, мы направились в тень.
After walking about ten yards, he found the hat among the leaves. (Hardy)
Пройдя ярдов десять, он нашел свою шляпу в кустах.
She passes through and disappears in the pantry without noticing the young
lady. (Shaw)
Она проходит и исчезает в буфетной, не заметив молодую девушку.
The Perfect Gerund may also be, used after the above mentioned verbs and prepositions.
He did not remember having been in that room. (Galsworthy)
Он не помнил, чтобы когда-нибудь был в этой комнате.
After having denied herself to everybody, Miss Rachel, to our astonishment,
walked into the midst of us of her own accord. (Collins)
После того как мисс Рэчел отказалась видеть кого бы то ни было, она, к
нашему удивлению, вышла к нам по своему собственному желанию.
They parted at Cohen’s door without having spoken to each other again.
(Eliot)
Они расстались у двери дома Коэна, не сказав друг другу ни слова.
§ 19. The voice distinctions of the gerund.
The gerund of transitive verbs has special forms for the active and the passive voice.
He liked neither reading aloud nor being read aloud to.(Maugham)
Он не любил ни читать вслух, ни слушать чтение.
It is to be observed that after the verbs to want, to need, to deserve, to require and the adjective worth the gerund is used in the active form, though it is passive in meaning.
“The slums want attending