ВУЗ: Не указан
Категория: Не указан
Дисциплина: Не указана
Добавлен: 23.11.2023
Просмотров: 608
Скачиваний: 4
ВНИМАНИЕ! Если данный файл нарушает Ваши авторские права, то обязательно сообщите нам.
be not made of
stone it will be softened by that,” he said. (Trollope)
Прежде всего он показал ему письмо Мэри. «Если у вас сердце не
каменное, это письмо тронет вас», — сказал он.
I regret extremely Mr. Helstone should have thought it necessary to trouble
you. (Ch. Bronte)
Я очень сожалею, что мистер Хелстоун счел необходимым
побеспокоить вас.
I proposed to Ada, that morning, that we should go and see Richard.
(Dickens)
Утром я предложила Аде пойти навестить Ричарда.
And he again took her hand that he might encourage her. (Trollope)
И он опять взял ее за руку, чтобы подбодрить.
Chapter VIII
THE NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB
(THE VERBALS)
§ 1. The verb has finite and non-finite forms, the latter being also called verbals. The verbals, unlike the finite forms of the verb, do not express person, number or mood. Therefore they cannot be used as the predicate of a sentence.
Like the finite forms of the verb the verbals have tense and voice distinctions, but their tense distinctions differ greatly from those of the finite verb. (For detailed treatment of the tense distinctions of verbals see § 2.)
There are three verbals in English: the
participle, the gerund and the infinitive.
In Russian we also have three non-finite forms of the verb, but they do not fully coincide with those in the English language (причастие, деепричастие, инфинитив).
§ 2. The characteristic traits of the verbals are as follows:
1. They have a double nature, nominal and verbal. The participle combines the characteristics of a verb with those of an adjective; the gerund and the infinitive combine the characteristics of a verb with those of a noun.
2. The tense distinctions of the verbals are not absolute (like those of the finite verb), but relative; the form of a verbal does not show whether the action it denotes refers to the present, past or future; it shows only whether the action expressed by the verbal is simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb or prior to it.
3. All the verbals can form predicative constructions, i. e. constructions consisting of two elements, a nominal (noun or pronoun) and a verbal (participle, gerund or infinitive); the verbal element stands in predicate relation to the nominal element, i. e. in a relation similar to that between the subject and the predicate of the sentence. In most cases predicative constructions form syntactic units, serving as one part of the sentence.
They sat down to supper, Mansion still talking cheerfully. (Hardy)
Они сели ужинать; Мэнстон продолжал весело разговаривать.
Mansion still talking cheerfully is a predicative construction with a participle: the participle talking stands in predicate relation to the noun Mansion, which denotes the doer of the action expressed by the participle.
In the sentence a verbal may occur:
(a) singly, i. e. without accompanying words.
She... went away smiling. (Dreiser)
Она... ушла, улыбаясь.
Reading is out of the question — I can’t fix my attention on books. (Collins)
О чтении не может быть и речи — я не могу сосредоточить свое
внимание на книгах.
То decide is to act.
Решить — значит начать действовать.
(b) in phrases, i. e. with one or several accompanying words (an object or an adverbial modifier to the verbal). These phrases form syntactic units serving as one part of the sentence.
A phrase should not be confused with a predicative construction: between the elements of a phrase there is no predicate relation as it does not include a noun or a pronoun denoting the doer of the action expressed by a verbal.
The windows of the drawing-room opened to a balcony overlooking the
garden. (Mansfield)
Окна гостиной выходили на балкон, с которого был виден сад.
She tried to tranquillize him by reading aloud. (Gaskell)
Она пыталась успокоить его тем, что читала ему вслух.
Not to disquiet his sister, he had said nothing to her of the matter. (Hardy)
Чтобы не встревожить сестру, он ничего не сказал ей об этом.
(c) in predicative constructions.
My mistress being dead... I had to look out for a new place. (Ch. Bronte)
Так как моя хозяйка умерла, мне пришлось искать другое место.
There is no mistake about his being a genius. (Shaw)
He может быть никакого сомнения в том, что он — гений.
She heard him unbar the door and go out into the yard. (Hardy)
Она слышала, как он отодвинул засов и вышел во двор.
THE PARTICIPLE
§ 3. The participle is a non-finite form of the verb which has a verbal and an adjectival or an adverbial character.
There are two participles in English — Participle I and Participle II, traditionally called the Present Participle and the Past Participle.
N o t e. — These traditional terms are open to objection on the ground that
Participle I does not necessarily refer to the present, just as Participle II need
not refer to the past. The difference between them is not a difference in tense,
but, chiefly a difference in voice.
Participle I is formed by adding the suffix ‑ing to the stem of the verb; the following spelling rules should be observed:
(a) If a verb ends in a mute e, the mute e is dropped before adding the suffix ‑ing: to give — giving, to close — closing.
(b) If a verb ends in a consonant preceded by a vowel rendering a short stressed sound, the final consonant is doubled before adding the suffix ‑ing: to run — running, to forget — forgetting, to admit — admitting.
A final l is doubled if it is preceded by a vowel letter rendering a short vowel sound, stressed or unstressed: to expel — expelling, to travel — travelling.
(c) The verbs to die, to lie and to tie form Participle I in the following way: dying, lying, tying.
N o t e. — A final уis not changed before adding the suffix ‑ing: to comply —
complying, to deny — denying.
(For the formation of Participle II see Chapter VII, § 3.)
§ 4. As has already been stated, the participle has a verbal and an adjectival or adverbial character. Its adjectival or adverbial character is manifested in its syntactic functions, those of attribute or adverbial modifier.
I hated the hollow sound of the rain pattering on the roof. (DttMaurier)
(ATTRIBUTE).
Мне был отвратителен глухой шум дождя, стучавшего по крыше.
And then she turned to the title-page, and looked at the name written in the
schoolboy hand. (Ch. Bronte) (ATTRIBUTE)
Затем она открыла книгу на титульном листе и посмотрела на имя,
написанное ученическим почерком.
Having garaged his car, he remembered that he had not lunched.
(Galsworthy) (ADVERBIAL MODIFIER)
Поставив машину в гараж, он вспомнил, что не завтракал.
When left to herself she spent her time at her writing desk. (Trollope)
(ADVERBIAL MODIFIER)
Оставшись одна, она провела время за своим письменным столом.
N o t e. — Some participles have lost their verbality altogether and have
become adjectives: interesting, charming, alarming, etc., complicated,
distinguished, furnished, etc. E. g. an interesting book, a charming girl, the
alarming news; a complicated problem, a distinguished writer, a furnished
apartment.
The verbal characteristics of the participle are as follows:
1. Participle I of a transitive verb can take a direct object.
Opening the door,he went out on to the terrace. (Galsworthy)
2. Participle I and Participle II can be modified by an adverb.
Leaving the room hurriedly,he ran out. (Thackeray)
Deeply effected, Priam Farll rose and left the room. (Bennett)
3. Participle I has tense distinctions; Participle I of transitive verbs has also voice distinctions. In Modern English Participle I has the following forms:
§ 5. The tense distinctions of the participle.
Like the tense distinctions of all the verbals, those of the participle are not absolute but relative.
Participle I Indefinite Active and Passive usually denotes an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb; depending oh the tense-form of the finite verb it may refer to the present, past, or future.
When reading The Pickwick Papers,one can’t help laughing.
When reading The Pickwick Papers,I couldn’t help laughing.
When reading The Pickwick Papers, you will roar with laughter.
He looked at the carpet while waiting for her answer. (Galsworthy)
Он смотрел на ковер, ожидая ее ответа.
Не returned to the hut, bringing in his arms a new-born lamb. (Hardy)
Он вернулся в хижину, неся на руках новорожденного ягненка.
Not being able to read, think, or work, Bathsheba asked Liddy to stay and
breakfast with her. (Hardy)
Так как Батшеба не была в состоянии (не будучи в состоянии) ни читать,
ни думать, ни работать, она попросила Лидди остаться позавтракать с
ней.
Being left alone, Pauline and I kept silence for some time. (Ch. Bronte)
Оставшись одни, мы с Полиной некоторое время молчали.
She did not speak, being filled with the sense of silent confidence. (Eliot)
Она не сказала ни слова; ее переполняло чувство доверия, не
нуждавшееся в словах.
Sometimes Participle I Indefinite denotes an action referring to no particular time.
The last turning had brought them into the high-road leading to Bath. (Hardy)
После последнего поворота они вышли на дорогу, ведущую (которая
вела) в Бат.
Participle I Perfect Active and Passive denotes an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb.
Mr. Bumble, having spread a handkerchief over his knees... began to eat and
drink. (Dickens)
Мистер Бамбл, разостлав платок на коленях..., стал есть и пить.
They were, indeed, old friends, having been at school together. (Walpole)
Они и в самом деле были старыми друзьями, так как вместе учились в
школе.
Having already been informed that he always slept with a light in the room, I
placed one of the two lighted candles on a little table at the head of the bed...
(Collins)
Так как мне уже сообщили, что он всегда спит при свете, я поставил
одну из двух зажженных свечей на столик у кровати.
It should be noted that a prior action is not always expressed by Participle I Perfect: with some verbs of sense perception and motion, such as to see, to hear, to come, to arrive, to seize, to look, to turn and some others, Participle I Indefinite is used even when priority is meant.
Turning down an obscure street and entering an obscurer lane, he went up to
a smith’s shop. (Hardy)
Свернув на темную улицу и войдя в еще более темный переулок, он
подошел к кузнице.
Hearing a footstep below he rose and went to the top of the stairs. (Hardy)
Услышав шаги внизу, он встал и вышел на лестницу.
Participle II has no tense distinctions; it has only one form which can express both an action simultaneous with, and prior to the action expressed by the finite verb; the latter case is more frequent.
His sister’s eyes fixed on him with a certain astonishment, obliged him at last
to look at Fleur. (Galsworthy)
Взгляд сестры, устремленный на него с некоторым недоумением,
заставил его, наконец, взглянуть на Флер.
I was reminded of a portrait seen in a gallery. (DuMaulier)
Мне вспомнился портрет, который я видела в картинной галерее.
In some cases Participle II denotes an action referring to no particular time.
He is a man loved and admired by everybody.
§ 6. The voice distinctions of the participle.
Participle I of transitive verbs has special forms to denote the active and the passive voice.
When writing letters he does not like to be disturbed.
Being written in pencil the letter was difficult to make out.
Having written some letters he went to post them.
Having been written long ago the manuscript was illegible.
Participle II of transitive verbs has a passive meaning, e, g. a broken glass, a caged bird. Participle II of intransitive verbs has no passive meaning; it is used only in compound tense-forms and has no independent function in the sentence unless it belongs to a verb which denotes passing into a new state, e. g. a withered flower, a faded leaf
§ 7. The functions of Participle I in the sentence.
Participle I may have different syntactic functions.
1. Participle I as an attribute.
Participle I Indefinite Active can he used as an attribute; in this function it corresponds to the Russian действительное причастие.
The fence surrounding the garden is newly painted.
Забор, окружающий сад, недавно покрашен.
We admired the stars twinkling in the sky.
Мы любовались звездами, мерцавшими на небе.
In some cases, Participle I in the function of an attribute is rendered in Russian by a clause.
He came back and stood irresolute on the steps leading down to the street.
(Cusack)
Он вернулся и стоял в нерешительности на лестнице, которая вела на
улицу.
In the function of an attribute Participle I can be in pre-position and in post-position, i. e. it can precede the noun it modifies and follow it. Participle I in pre-position hardly ever has accompanying words.
The gate-keeper surveyed the retreating vehicle. (Hardy)
Привратник смотрел на удалявшийся экипаж.
Participle I in post-position as a rule has one or several accompanying words.
They dined outside upon the terrace facing Vesuvius.(Hlchens)
Они пообедали на террасе, выходившей к Везувию.
Through the massive sunlight illuminating the hall at Robin Hill,the July
sunlight at five o’clock fell just where the broad staircase turned.
(Galsworthy)
Сквозь массивную стеклянную крышу, освещавшую холл в Робин
Хилле, лучи июльского солнца в пять часов падали как раз на поворот
широкой лестницы.
Participle I Indefinite Passive is very seldom used as an attribute.
There was one line being laid out to within a few blocks of his new home...
which interested him greatly. (Dreiser)
Его очень интересовала линия, которую прокладывали в нескольких
stone it will be softened by that,” he said. (Trollope)
Прежде всего он показал ему письмо Мэри. «Если у вас сердце не
каменное, это письмо тронет вас», — сказал он.
I regret extremely Mr. Helstone should have thought it necessary to trouble
you. (Ch. Bronte)
Я очень сожалею, что мистер Хелстоун счел необходимым
побеспокоить вас.
I proposed to Ada, that morning, that we should go and see Richard.
(Dickens)
Утром я предложила Аде пойти навестить Ричарда.
And he again took her hand that he might encourage her. (Trollope)
И он опять взял ее за руку, чтобы подбодрить.
Chapter VIII
THE NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB
(THE VERBALS)
§ 1. The verb has finite and non-finite forms, the latter being also called verbals. The verbals, unlike the finite forms of the verb, do not express person, number or mood. Therefore they cannot be used as the predicate of a sentence.
Like the finite forms of the verb the verbals have tense and voice distinctions, but their tense distinctions differ greatly from those of the finite verb. (For detailed treatment of the tense distinctions of verbals see § 2.)
There are three verbals in English: the
participle, the gerund and the infinitive.
In Russian we also have three non-finite forms of the verb, but they do not fully coincide with those in the English language (причастие, деепричастие, инфинитив).
§ 2. The characteristic traits of the verbals are as follows:
1. They have a double nature, nominal and verbal. The participle combines the characteristics of a verb with those of an adjective; the gerund and the infinitive combine the characteristics of a verb with those of a noun.
2. The tense distinctions of the verbals are not absolute (like those of the finite verb), but relative; the form of a verbal does not show whether the action it denotes refers to the present, past or future; it shows only whether the action expressed by the verbal is simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb or prior to it.
3. All the verbals can form predicative constructions, i. e. constructions consisting of two elements, a nominal (noun or pronoun) and a verbal (participle, gerund or infinitive); the verbal element stands in predicate relation to the nominal element, i. e. in a relation similar to that between the subject and the predicate of the sentence. In most cases predicative constructions form syntactic units, serving as one part of the sentence.
They sat down to supper, Mansion still talking cheerfully. (Hardy)
Они сели ужинать; Мэнстон продолжал весело разговаривать.
Mansion still talking cheerfully is a predicative construction with a participle: the participle talking stands in predicate relation to the noun Mansion, which denotes the doer of the action expressed by the participle.
In the sentence a verbal may occur:
(a) singly, i. e. without accompanying words.
She... went away smiling. (Dreiser)
Она... ушла, улыбаясь.
Reading is out of the question — I can’t fix my attention on books. (Collins)
О чтении не может быть и речи — я не могу сосредоточить свое
внимание на книгах.
То decide is to act.
Решить — значит начать действовать.
(b) in phrases, i. e. with one or several accompanying words (an object or an adverbial modifier to the verbal). These phrases form syntactic units serving as one part of the sentence.
A phrase should not be confused with a predicative construction: between the elements of a phrase there is no predicate relation as it does not include a noun or a pronoun denoting the doer of the action expressed by a verbal.
The windows of the drawing-room opened to a balcony overlooking the
garden. (Mansfield)
Окна гостиной выходили на балкон, с которого был виден сад.
She tried to tranquillize him by reading aloud. (Gaskell)
Она пыталась успокоить его тем, что читала ему вслух.
Not to disquiet his sister, he had said nothing to her of the matter. (Hardy)
Чтобы не встревожить сестру, он ничего не сказал ей об этом.
(c) in predicative constructions.
My mistress being dead... I had to look out for a new place. (Ch. Bronte)
Так как моя хозяйка умерла, мне пришлось искать другое место.
There is no mistake about his being a genius. (Shaw)
He может быть никакого сомнения в том, что он — гений.
She heard him unbar the door and go out into the yard. (Hardy)
Она слышала, как он отодвинул засов и вышел во двор.
THE PARTICIPLE
§ 3. The participle is a non-finite form of the verb which has a verbal and an adjectival or an adverbial character.
There are two participles in English — Participle I and Participle II, traditionally called the Present Participle and the Past Participle.
N o t e. — These traditional terms are open to objection on the ground that
Participle I does not necessarily refer to the present, just as Participle II need
not refer to the past. The difference between them is not a difference in tense,
but, chiefly a difference in voice.
Participle I is formed by adding the suffix ‑ing to the stem of the verb; the following spelling rules should be observed:
(a) If a verb ends in a mute e, the mute e is dropped before adding the suffix ‑ing: to give — giving, to close — closing.
(b) If a verb ends in a consonant preceded by a vowel rendering a short stressed sound, the final consonant is doubled before adding the suffix ‑ing: to run — running, to forget — forgetting, to admit — admitting.
A final l is doubled if it is preceded by a vowel letter rendering a short vowel sound, stressed or unstressed: to expel — expelling, to travel — travelling.
(c) The verbs to die, to lie and to tie form Participle I in the following way: dying, lying, tying.
N o t e. — A final уis not changed before adding the suffix ‑ing: to comply —
complying, to deny — denying.
(For the formation of Participle II see Chapter VII, § 3.)
§ 4. As has already been stated, the participle has a verbal and an adjectival or adverbial character. Its adjectival or adverbial character is manifested in its syntactic functions, those of attribute or adverbial modifier.
I hated the hollow sound of the rain pattering on the roof. (DttMaurier)
(ATTRIBUTE).
Мне был отвратителен глухой шум дождя, стучавшего по крыше.
And then she turned to the title-page, and looked at the name written in the
schoolboy hand. (Ch. Bronte) (ATTRIBUTE)
Затем она открыла книгу на титульном листе и посмотрела на имя,
написанное ученическим почерком.
Having garaged his car, he remembered that he had not lunched.
(Galsworthy) (ADVERBIAL MODIFIER)
Поставив машину в гараж, он вспомнил, что не завтракал.
When left to herself she spent her time at her writing desk. (Trollope)
(ADVERBIAL MODIFIER)
Оставшись одна, она провела время за своим письменным столом.
N o t e. — Some participles have lost their verbality altogether and have
become adjectives: interesting, charming, alarming, etc., complicated,
distinguished, furnished, etc. E. g. an interesting book, a charming girl, the
alarming news; a complicated problem, a distinguished writer, a furnished
apartment.
The verbal characteristics of the participle are as follows:
1. Participle I of a transitive verb can take a direct object.
Opening the door,he went out on to the terrace. (Galsworthy)
2. Participle I and Participle II can be modified by an adverb.
Leaving the room hurriedly,he ran out. (Thackeray)
Deeply effected, Priam Farll rose and left the room. (Bennett)
3. Participle I has tense distinctions; Participle I of transitive verbs has also voice distinctions. In Modern English Participle I has the following forms:
| | Active | Passive |
| Indefinite | writing | being written |
| Perfect | having written | having been written |
§ 5. The tense distinctions of the participle.
Like the tense distinctions of all the verbals, those of the participle are not absolute but relative.
Participle I Indefinite Active and Passive usually denotes an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb; depending oh the tense-form of the finite verb it may refer to the present, past, or future.
When reading The Pickwick Papers,one can’t help laughing.
When reading The Pickwick Papers,I couldn’t help laughing.
When reading The Pickwick Papers, you will roar with laughter.
He looked at the carpet while waiting for her answer. (Galsworthy)
Он смотрел на ковер, ожидая ее ответа.
Не returned to the hut, bringing in his arms a new-born lamb. (Hardy)
Он вернулся в хижину, неся на руках новорожденного ягненка.
Not being able to read, think, or work, Bathsheba asked Liddy to stay and
breakfast with her. (Hardy)
Так как Батшеба не была в состоянии (не будучи в состоянии) ни читать,
ни думать, ни работать, она попросила Лидди остаться позавтракать с
ней.
Being left alone, Pauline and I kept silence for some time. (Ch. Bronte)
Оставшись одни, мы с Полиной некоторое время молчали.
She did not speak, being filled with the sense of silent confidence. (Eliot)
Она не сказала ни слова; ее переполняло чувство доверия, не
нуждавшееся в словах.
Sometimes Participle I Indefinite denotes an action referring to no particular time.
The last turning had brought them into the high-road leading to Bath. (Hardy)
После последнего поворота они вышли на дорогу, ведущую (которая
вела) в Бат.
Participle I Perfect Active and Passive denotes an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb.
Mr. Bumble, having spread a handkerchief over his knees... began to eat and
drink. (Dickens)
Мистер Бамбл, разостлав платок на коленях..., стал есть и пить.
They were, indeed, old friends, having been at school together. (Walpole)
Они и в самом деле были старыми друзьями, так как вместе учились в
школе.
Having already been informed that he always slept with a light in the room, I
placed one of the two lighted candles on a little table at the head of the bed...
(Collins)
Так как мне уже сообщили, что он всегда спит при свете, я поставил
одну из двух зажженных свечей на столик у кровати.
It should be noted that a prior action is not always expressed by Participle I Perfect: with some verbs of sense perception and motion, such as to see, to hear, to come, to arrive, to seize, to look, to turn and some others, Participle I Indefinite is used even when priority is meant.
Turning down an obscure street and entering an obscurer lane, he went up to
a smith’s shop. (Hardy)
Свернув на темную улицу и войдя в еще более темный переулок, он
подошел к кузнице.
Hearing a footstep below he rose and went to the top of the stairs. (Hardy)
Услышав шаги внизу, он встал и вышел на лестницу.
Participle II has no tense distinctions; it has only one form which can express both an action simultaneous with, and prior to the action expressed by the finite verb; the latter case is more frequent.
His sister’s eyes fixed on him with a certain astonishment, obliged him at last
to look at Fleur. (Galsworthy)
Взгляд сестры, устремленный на него с некоторым недоумением,
заставил его, наконец, взглянуть на Флер.
I was reminded of a portrait seen in a gallery. (DuMaulier)
Мне вспомнился портрет, который я видела в картинной галерее.
In some cases Participle II denotes an action referring to no particular time.
He is a man loved and admired by everybody.
§ 6. The voice distinctions of the participle.
Participle I of transitive verbs has special forms to denote the active and the passive voice.
When writing letters he does not like to be disturbed.
Being written in pencil the letter was difficult to make out.
Having written some letters he went to post them.
Having been written long ago the manuscript was illegible.
Participle II of transitive verbs has a passive meaning, e, g. a broken glass, a caged bird. Participle II of intransitive verbs has no passive meaning; it is used only in compound tense-forms and has no independent function in the sentence unless it belongs to a verb which denotes passing into a new state, e. g. a withered flower, a faded leaf
§ 7. The functions of Participle I in the sentence.
Participle I may have different syntactic functions.
1. Participle I as an attribute.
Participle I Indefinite Active can he used as an attribute; in this function it corresponds to the Russian действительное причастие.
The fence surrounding the garden is newly painted.
Забор, окружающий сад, недавно покрашен.
We admired the stars twinkling in the sky.
Мы любовались звездами, мерцавшими на небе.
In some cases, Participle I in the function of an attribute is rendered in Russian by a clause.
He came back and stood irresolute on the steps leading down to the street.
(Cusack)
Он вернулся и стоял в нерешительности на лестнице, которая вела на
улицу.
In the function of an attribute Participle I can be in pre-position and in post-position, i. e. it can precede the noun it modifies and follow it. Participle I in pre-position hardly ever has accompanying words.
The gate-keeper surveyed the retreating vehicle. (Hardy)
Привратник смотрел на удалявшийся экипаж.
Participle I in post-position as a rule has one or several accompanying words.
They dined outside upon the terrace facing Vesuvius.(Hlchens)
Они пообедали на террасе, выходившей к Везувию.
Through the massive sunlight illuminating the hall at Robin Hill,the July
sunlight at five o’clock fell just where the broad staircase turned.
(Galsworthy)
Сквозь массивную стеклянную крышу, освещавшую холл в Робин
Хилле, лучи июльского солнца в пять часов падали как раз на поворот
широкой лестницы.
Participle I Indefinite Passive is very seldom used as an attribute.
There was one line being laid out to within a few blocks of his new home...
which interested him greatly. (Dreiser)
Его очень интересовала линия, которую прокладывали в нескольких