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Yates’s mind was like a caldron in which boiled the general tension in town,
the expectation of getting to Yasha. (Heym)
The phrase of getting to Yasha can be treated both as an attribute and as a prepositional indirect object.
§ 27. The complex object.
The direct and the prepositional indirect object may be simple and complex.
The complex object consists of two components, of which the second stands in predicate relation to the first. The two components form an indivisible unit and consequently must be regarded as one part of the sentence. The complex object can be non-prepositional and prepositional.
I observed Agnes turn pale. (Dickens)
Thus these two waited with impatience for the three years to be over. (Buck)
The first component of the complex object is a noun in the common case or in the possessive case, a personal pronoun in the-objective case, or a possessive pronoun; the second is an infinitive, a participle, a gerund, seldom a noun, an adjective, a word denoting state, or a prepositional phrase.
He hated her to work in the boarding house. (Prichard)
On looking towards her again, I perceived her face clouded with
embarrassment. (E. Bronte)
He could see the man and Great Beaver talking together. (London)
She thinks herself very clever.
As he spoke, he felt himself unusually on edge. (Lindsay)
N o t e. — The group ‘object + objective predicative’ is very close to the
complex object, but the connection between its two elements is not close
enough to make them one part of the sentence; so while the complex object
can nearly always be extended into an object Clause; the direct object with its
objective predicative cannot.
E.g. He felt himself unusually on edge can be changed into He felt that he was
unusually on edge, but They left him alone cannot be changed in the same
way.
All the predicative constructions when used in the function of an object due to their structure form a complex object. Thus we have a complex object expressed by a participial construction, a gerundial construction, an Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction and a for-to-Infinitive Construction.
Dick found himself walking in the direction of his friend Mike’s place.
(Lindsay)
His new duties had kept him occupied. (Douglas)
My lady assures him of his being worth no complaint from her. (Dickens)
“Well,” said Soames, “I want you to come out to the Stores, with me, and
after that we’ll go to the Park.” (Galsworthy)
§ 28. The cognate object.
There is a special kind of object in English which has the following peculiarities.
1. It is used with intransitive verbs though it has no preposition.
2. It is expressed by a noun which is either of the same root as the verb or is similar to it in meaning.
3. It is almost regularly attended by an attribute with which it forms a combination that is close in meaning to an adverbial modifier: to live a happy life — to live happily.
The cognate object is generally used in such combinations as: to smile a sad smile, to laugh a bitter laugh, to die a violent death, etc.
But she died a dreadful death, poor soul... (Collins)
Но она погибла ужасной смертью, бедняжка...
That night the roused forces of Good and Evil fought their terrible fight for
her soul... (Collins)
В эту ночь пробудившиеся силы Добра и Зла вели ожесточенную борьбу
за ее душу.
For the next four days he lived a simple and blameless life on thin captain’s
biscuits. (Jerome)
В течение последующих четырех дней он жил простой непорочной
жизнью и питался постными капитанскими сухарями.
THE ATTRIBUTE
§ 29. The
attribute is a secondary part of the sentence which qualifies a noun, a pronoun, or any other part of speech that has a nominal character.
An attribute can be either in pre-position or in post-position to the word it modifies.
What did she do with herself... in that little hole? (Galsworthy)
Under a tree opposite Knightsbridge Barracks... he took out once more the
morocco, case. (Galsworthy)
As a result of the loss of inflexions, the attribute in English, as distinct from Russian, does not agree with the word it modifies in number, case, or gender. It may be expressed by almost any part of speech.
§ 30. Ways of expressing the attribute.
It can be expressed by:
1. An adjective (the most common way of expressing an attribute).
This big girl is very lazy.
I am speaking about the big girl, not the little one.
He seems a very silent, awkward, bashful lad. (Thackeray)
Meanwhile she was the gayest and most admired woman. (Thackeray)
2. A pronoun (possessive, defining, demonstrative, interrogative, relative).
His shrewd, steady eyes had lost none of their clear shining. (Buck)
Each of these ladies held fans in their hands, and each, with some touch of
colour, some emphatic feather or brooch, testified to the solemnity of the
opportunity. (Galsworthy)
I looked at her — at her, and at none other, from that moment. (Collins)
James once went down to see for himself what sort of place this was that they
had come from. (Galsworthy)
In that great London, what time had they to be sentimental? (Galsworthy)
It should be kept in mind that possessive pronouns are often not translated into Russian. On the other hand when translating from Russian into English one should often insert possessive pronouns.
He extended his hand to me.
Он протянул мне руку.
«Пойди вымой руки», — сказала мать.
“Go and wash your hands,” said mother.
3. A numeral (cardinal or ordinal).
In his final examinations he won six distinctions... (Aldington)
The second generation of Forsytes felt that he (Bosinney) was not greatly to their credit. (Galsworthy)
4. A noun:
(a) In the common case. One of the marked features of the English language is the wide use of nouns in the common case as attributes in pre-position; in Russian nouns are never used as attributes in pre-position.
I recognized him as Dougal Todd, the village painter and carpenter. (Cronin)
Я узнал Дугала Тодда, местного деревенского маляра и плотника.
Не was pleased that the girl seemed impressed because it showed business
instinct. (Galsworthy)
Он был доволен, что на девушку это произвело впечатление, ибо это
свидетельствовало о том, что у нее есть коммерческая жилка.
He wore a large straw hat.
На нем была большая соломенная шляпа.
As seen from the above examples the attributive nouns are rendered in Russian either by nouns in the genitive case used in postposition or by adjectives.
(b) In the genitive case. This kind of attribute is generally used in pre-position.
Her father’s nerves would never stand the disclosure. (Galsworthy)
Нервы ее отца не выдержат этого известия.
However, an attribute expressed by the preposition of a noun in the genitive case is used in post-position (the so-called Absolute Genitive): this clever joke of mother’s; a book of my brother’s.
How could he go up to Oxford now, among all those chaps, those splendid
friends of Crum’s? (Galsworthy)
In this case the noun modified is always used either with the indefinite article or with a demonstrative pronoun. The latter makes it emphatic.
The same construction may be used with possessive pronouns in their absolute form: a friend of mine; that pretty sister of his.
5. A prepositional phrase.
To think that a man of his abilities would stoop to such a horrible trick as
that! (Dreiser)
And the impressions of six years are not got over in such a space of time.
(Thackeray)
Here it should be mentioned that the treatment of these prepositional phrases in English syntax is different from their treatment in Russian syntax where most of them are regarded as prepositional objects.
The letter from her sister reassured her.
Письмо от сестры успокоило ее.
(from her sister is an attribute; отсестрыis a prepositional object)
Very often in translating English of-phrases into Russian nouns in the genitive case without any preposition are used; they are mostly regarded as objects.
the captain of the ship — капитан корабля
(of the ship is an attribute; корабляis an indirect object)
a cup of tea — чашка чая
(of tea is an attribute; чаяis an indirect object)
6. An adverb:
(a) In pre-position.
In Russian an attribute cannot be expressed by an adverb in pre-position. Consequently in translating these sentences into Russian we use adjectives: the then secretary — тогдашнийсекретарь.
In the light of after events one cannot but sympathize with them. (Fox)
В свете последующих событий им нельзя не сочувствовать.
(b) In post-position.
A voice inside said, “Come in.”
Голос из комнаты сказал: «Войдите!»
The room above is large and light.
Комната наверху большая и светлая.
The man there is my brother.
Вон тот человек — мой брат.
Will it be a step on or a step back?
Это будет шаг вперед или шаг назад?
The above examples show that in Russian an adverb can also be used as an attribute in post-position. However, not every English attributive adverb in post-position can be rendered by an adverb in Russian.
7. Participles I and II or a participial phrase.
The participle in the function of an attribute can be used in pre-position and in post-position. In the latter case it is mostly used with accompanying words.
On the opposite side of the road to the site of the destroyed church is a fine
avenue of old trees. (Abrahams)
It looks brighter over there. I think it is only a passing shower. (Du Maurier)
I was dazzled by the snow glittering on the tree tops. (Ch. Bronte)
8. A prepositional phrase or a prepositional construction with a gerund.
Sally hated the idea of borrowing and living on credit. (Prichard)
The thought of having it copied again and again set him to smiling. (Shaw)
The idea of its being barbarous to confine wild animals had probably never
even occurred to his father for instance... (Galsworthy)
(For ways of translating the gerund see Chapter VIII, The Gerund.)
9. An infinitive, an infinitive phrase, or an infinitive construction. The infinitive as an attribute is always used in post-position.
They must have more companionship, more opportunity to broaden their
life. (Dreiser)
All right, go back to your office, you’ve got work to do. (Heym)
But it was not easy to carry out the resolution never to approach her.
(Hardy)
This is an English article for you to translate into Russian by tomorrow.
10. Quotation groups.
These are generally rendered in Russian by means of the conjunction как будто
, точноand a clause which stands in post-position.
I don’t Jike his “don’t-talk-to-me-or-I’ll-contradict-you” air.
Мне не нравится то, что у него такой вид, как будто он хочет сказать:
«Не разговаривайте со мной, а то я буду вам перечить».
Не was being the boss again, using the it’s-my-money-now-do-as-you’re-told
voice. (Wilson)
Он теперь снова был хозяином и говорил тоном, в котором слышалось:
«Теперь деньги мои, делайте как вам велят».
§ 31. An apposition is a special kind of attribute which is expressed by a noun (with or without accompanying words) which characterizes or explains the word modified by giving the person or thing another name. There are two kinds of apposition, the close apposition and the loose or detached apposition.
§ 32. The close apposition.
A close apposition is not separated by commas and stands in close connection with the word modified. These word-groups generally consist either of the name of a person and a noun denoting a title, rank, profession, or the name of a person and a noun denoting relationship, or a geographical name and some common noun, e. g. Professor Brown, Captain Marryat, Aunt Polly, President Roosevelt, etc.
Even Aunt Ann was there. (Galsworthy)
Professor Sommerville practised what he preached. (Carter)
In these word-groups the noun modified is the name of a person or a geographical name, the first component is a common noun in apposition.
N o t e. — In case the common noun is preceded by a possessive or a
demonstrative pronoun, it becomes more important and acquires a stronger
stress. Consequently the relation between the components of the word group
is reversed. The first component is modified by the name of a person or a
geographical name which is an apposition:
That boy Peter has a literary turn of mind. He is sure to become a writer.
Sometimes the apposition consists of the preposition of + noun, e. g. the town of Daventry, the city of London.1
1 For this treatment of the close apposition see: В. Н. Жигадло, И. П. Иванова, Л. Л, Иофик, Современныйанглийскийязык, М., 1956, стр. 290.
§ 33. The loose or detached apposition.
A loose apposition is not so closely connected with the noun. It is always separated by commas and has a stress of its own.
Dr. Winchcliffe, my predecessor, was a classmate of my father’s. (Sanborn)
With her elder and younger sisters she lived now in the house of Timothy, her sixth and youngest brother, on the Bayswater Road. (Galsworthy)
THE ADVERBIAL MODIFIER
§ 34. The adverbial modifier is a secondary part of the sentence which modifies a verb, an adjective or an adverb. According to their meaning we distinguish the following kinds of adverbial modifiers.
1. The adverbial modifier of time.
We shall try it tomorrow. (Heym)
While dancing, Cowperwood had occasion to look at Aileen often...
(Dreiser)
These preparations happily completed, I bought a house in Covent Garden
Market. (Dickens)
After receiving the cheque back, there seemed to him to be something
wrong somewhere. (Galsworthy)
2. The adverbial modifier of frequency.
Though they had often bothered him he had never bothered them. (London)
3. The adverbial modifier of place and direction.
Gains had spies everywhere. (Douglas)
Among the hills Martin and Ruth sat side by side. (London)
4. The adverbial modifier of manner.
Hendel Hull so obviously adored his wife. (Sanborn)
Their conversations were conducted with icy formality. (Douglas)
Marcellus accepted this information without betraying his amazement.
(Douglas)
5. The adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances.
Then the gun rolled into the old town, clattering over the stones. (Heym)
Now I can go to bed at last without dreading tomorrow. (Shaw)
6. The adverbial modifier of degree and measure.
It is rather good.
It weighs a pound.
7. The adverbial modifier of cause.
The men were weary, having run behind the beasts all day. (Buck)
The doctor said operate, it can’t do any harm but I have great fear of the knife
for my poor boy, his mother having died under it due to negligence.
(Greene)
8. The adverbial modifier of result (consequence).
She is too fond of the child to leave it.
9. The adverbial modifier of condition. (It is very rare both in English and in Russian.)
Mrs. Micawber thought that with large means her husband would have
distinguished himself long ago. (Dickens)
She never would have been able to make a success of the dining-room, but
for the kindness and assistance of the men. (Packard)
10. The adverbial modifier of comparison.
Like all other Forsytes of a certain age they kept carriages of their own.
(Galsworthy)
Judice is as white as mud. She’s as perfect as sin. (Sanborn)
And then his wife’s face flushed and contracted as though in pain. (Gaskell)
He saw as if visible in the air before him in illuminated figures the whole
sum. (London)
John plays the piano better than Mary.
11. The adverbial modifier of concession. (It is very rare.)
Notwithstanding the success achieved by Napoleon in the initial stage of
the war of 1812 he was finally defeated.
Though frightened he carried it off very well. (Cronin)
12. The adverbial modifier of purpose.
Ham sometimes walked with us to show us the boats and ships. (Dickens)
They opened the way for her to come to him. (Douglas)
They cleared swamp growth for planting. (Eliot)
§ 35. Ways of expressing the adverbial modifier.
It can be expressed by:
1. An adverb.
Rachel turned instinctively to prevent a possible intruder from entering.
(Bennett)
2. A noun with or without accompanying words.
Next day the morning hours seemed to pass very slowly at Mr. Pellet’s. (E.
Bronte)
They walked miles without finding any habitation.
3. A prepositional phrase.
The red dust spread up and out and over everything. (Wells)
I walked straight up the lane. (Bennett)
4. A noun, pronoun, adjective, infinitive, participle, or prepositional phrase with a subordinating conjunction.
Mary swims better than her sister.
My sister plays tennis better than I.
If necessary, she must see Mr. Bridgenorth. (Gaskell)
He shrank back, his arms lifted as though to ward off physical violence.
(London)
While waiting for the water to boil, he held his face over the stove.
(London)
Sometimes he (Martin), when with her, noted an unusual brightness in her
eyes. (London)
5. A participle or a participial phrase.
Having decided to accept his sister’s counsel Marcellus was anxious to
perform his unpleasant duty. (Douglas)
Turning away, she caught sight of the extra special edition of The Signal.
(London)
When questioned, she explained everything very carefully.
6. Absolute constructions.
(a) The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction.
He had wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty.
(Dickens)
Dehn burst in, the terror of the streets written on his face. (Heym)
(b) The Nominative Absolute construction.
He stopped and turned about,