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It was found that to the question "What do you think the youth in Kazakhstan lacks? 8 respondents (17.4%) chose the answer "Employment opportunities", which confirms the previous answer of young people who believe that problems with finding a job (22 respondents) cause fear and uncertainty in the future life of young people. At the same time, it should be noted that 8 respondents (17.4%) chose the answer "Social support from the state (scholarships, allowances, etc.)", believing that the state should provide universal support to young people. Concerned about the protection of rights and freedoms, 7 respondents (15.2%) chose this answer. In turn, 6 respondents (13%) between the ages of 20 and 21 believe that young people do not have opportunities to make their opinions to the state. 5 respondents (10.9%) at the age of 40-45 years old from among the teachers believe that there are difficulties with the provision of quality education in the region.
One of the main problems of young people can be identified as the cost of quality educational services, and then the level of material and technical base of the organization and the level of competence of the university teaching staff. 2 respondents (4,3%) at the age of 18-19 years old face the problem of self-expression, 4 respondents (8,7%) chose the answer "I can't answer that question", and 3 respondents (6,5%) aged 18 to 23 years old believe that there are not enough entertainment and recreational activities in the region. Meanwhile, 3 respondents (6.5%) (18-23 years old) think that young people of Kazakhstan have everything they need, only they lack communication with people close to them and harmony with themselves (see Table 5).
TABLE 5. Distribution of answers to the question: «What do you think the youth in Kazakhstan lacks?»
| № | Answer options | Number of responses | |
| Absolute value | % | ||
| 1 | Employment Opportunities | 8 | 17,4 |
| 2 | Social support from the state (scholarships, allowances, etc.) | 8 | 17,4 |
| 3 | Protection of rights and freedoms | 7 | 15,2 |
| 4 | Young people do not have opportunities to make their opinions known to the state | 6 | 13 |
| 5 | Difficulties in providing quality education | 5 | 10,9 |
| 6 | Problems of self-expression | 2 | 14,3 |
| 7 | I can't answer that question | 7 | 8,7 |
| 8 | Not enough entertainment and recreational activities | 3 | 6,5 |
| 9 | Kazakhstan's youth have had enough of everything | 1 | 2,2 |
| 10 | Communication with people with similar interests | 1 | 2,2 |
| 11 | Problems of harmony | 1 | 2,2 |
| Note:Compiled by the author | |||
The survey showed that to the question "Who should be the most proactive in optimizing mechanisms for professional growth and youth support?" the leading answer was "the state" - 23 respondents (50%), followed by "young people themselves" - 14 respondents (30,4%), and in third place by "educational institutions" - 6 respondents (13%). The least number of respondents chose the answer "big business" - only 2 respondents (4.3%). As can be seen from the respondents' answers, young people expect support from the state and are also primarily focused on their own opportunities.
Nevertheless, it should be emphasized that many respondents, when asked "What area of youth policy should be given special attention at the state level?", noted three main areas of state support for youth: "support for youth entrepreneurship" - 21 respondents (45.7%), "support for rural youth and youth from small towns" - 17 respondents (37%), "accessibility of housing for young professionals" - 13 respondents (28.3%). As can be seen from the respondents' answers, young people are well aware of their problems and the activities that the state can provide to them to solve the current problems faced by young people.
Respondents shared their opinions in the survey, answering the question "What needs to be done so that your region becomes a center of attraction for the youth of all Kazakhstan, so that young people aspire to your region? Young people believe that their problems at the regional level can be solved if the following conditions are met: young people will be provided with jobs, strong regional universities will function in the region, open meetings with famous and successful people will be held, local authorities and higher educational institutions will assist in vocational guidance and career aspirations of young people, improving the quality of educational services, as well as creating specialized co-working spaces with educational courses. Nevertheless, some respondents identified factors that directly influence the effectiveness of the proposed measures to make the region attractive to young people. The fight against corruption comes first in the region, and this problem is regularly addressed by both local authorities and the leadership of higher education institutions.
Similar questions to address the social problems of young people, expressed by their life prospects and professional self-determination, were asked to young people from among the students and teachers of Almaty Management University. 35 respondents participated in the survey, of which 13 respondents (37.1%) were young guys and 22 respondents (62.9%) were young girls.
As in Aktobe, many respondents from Almaty city consider being healthy as their main goal in life - 27 respondents (77.1%). In second place was the answer: "to have a good family" - 19 respondents (54.3%). It was found that young people also strive to start business - 14 respondents (40%), to live well - 24 respondents (68.6%), to have good friends - 10 respondents (28.6%), and the answer "receive a good education" as a major life goal was mentioned only by 7 respondents (20%). It should be noted that the answers to the question were chosen in terms of the age of the respondents. At the same time, young people aged 18 to 21 years old noted the following answers among the main life goals: to have a good family, start your own business, live in abundance, have good friends, receive a good education, be healthy (Figure 3).
FIGURE 3. The main life goals of youth
Note: Compiled by the author
However, when asked "What causes fear and uncertainty in your future life?" 17 respondents (48.6%) chose the answer "to remain without means of subsistence", 15 respondents (42.9%) believe that problems with youth employment will become increasingly important in today's environment. At the same time, 7 respondents (20%) are concerned about the problem of education in the country. Perhaps this is due to the fact that Kazakhstani youth after school have difficulties with higher education and are forced to engage in unskilled labor, and after graduating from higher education young people can not find a job, in a crisis it has become particularly difficult to find a job amidst great competition. 9 respondents (25.7%) indicated that a particular fear and uncertainty in their future life is caused by the problem of loneliness of young people. This problem is characteristic of today's youth, who prefer chat rooms in social networks to live communication. 7 respondents (20%) believe that there will be crime in the future, possibly due to the fact that young people are experiencing problems of social insecurity and problems with employment. In contrast to the respondents - young people of Aktobe, some respondents - students and teachers of Almaty Management University noted the following answers: the future of Kazakhstan, political and economic volatility, the political and economic situation in the country and the world, the inability to implement plans, regrets due to inaction, losing the passion for their dreams and goals due to lack of budget - a total of 6 respondents (17.4%)
.
To the question "What difficulties are you experiencing at the moment in your life?" a significant part of the respondents - 10 respondents (28.6%) chose the answer "I can't answer that question", 5 respondents (14.3%) had a problem in protecting their own health, 5 respondents (14.3%) are concerned about the problem in harmony with themselves, 3 respondents (8.6%) are concerned about problems with leisure and fun, 3 respondents (8.6%) have problems with self-expression and self-development, 5 respondents (14.3%) chose the answer "recreation problems". The rest of the respondents chose the following answers: problems with communication with the older generation, problems in the family, difficulties in personal life, problems in communicating with friends, acquaintances, colleagues, problems with finding a place to live - a total of 4 respondents (11.6%).
It was found that to the question "What do you think the youth in Kazakhstan lacks? 6 respondents (17.1%) chose the answer "Young people have no opportunities to communicate their opinions to the state". Concerned about the social insecurity of young people, 5 respondents (14.3%) chose the answer "Social support from the state (scholarships, benefits, etc.). 4 respondents (11.4%) chose the answer "protection of rights and freedoms". In addition, 4 respondents (11.4%) believe that today's youth experience problems of harmony with themselves, which is manifested in a feeling of dissatisfaction with their way of life and relationships with the outside world. 5 respondents (14.3%) identified the main problem of young people - the problem of employment, which worsened against the background of crisis phenomena in the economy. 5 respondents (14.3%) also noted the problem of receiving quality education as a major problem for young people. The rest of the respondents chose the following answers: "everything is enough for Kazakhstani youth already" - 2 respondents (5.7%), "I can't answer that question" - 2 respondents (5.7%), "possibilities of self-expression" - 2 respondents (5.7%). None of the respondents chose the answer "Communication with people with similar interests" and the answer "Not enough entertainment and leisure activities".
To the question "Who should be the most proactive in optimizing mechanisms for professional growth and youth support?" 14 respondents (40%) chose the answer "the state", believing that young people need state support. In turn, 10 respondents (28.6%) believe that young people themselves should take responsibility. And 7 respondents (20%) believe that educational institutions should consider the interests of young people and promote youth development through the development of competitive programs with quality learning outcomes.
However, when asked "What area of youth policy should be given special attention at the state level?" a significant number of respondents chose the following major areas of state support for youth: "youth employment" - 14 respondents (40%), "youth entrepreneurship support" - 11 respondents (31.4%), "access to housing for young professionals" - 10 respondents (28.6%) and "support for rural and small town youth" - 10 respondents (28.6%), "increased representation of youth in government" - 10 respondents (28.6%), "availability and quality of higher education" - 9 respondents (25.7%). The following answers were not ignored: "Combating negative manifestations and extremism in the youth environment" - 8 respondents (22.9%), "Patriotic education of youth, promotion of culture and creativity among young people" - 7 respondents (20%), "Promotion of sports" - 7 respondents (20%), "Development of accessibility and quality of the Internet". - 6 respondents (17.1%), "Development of Volunteering and Volunteering among Young People" - 6 respondents (17.1%), "Social Assistance to Young People from Poor Families" - 6 respondents (17.1%), "Availability and Quality of Medical Services - 5 respondents (14.3%), "Support for informal youth movements (subcultures) - 5 respondents (14.3%), "Organization of youth forums and conferences - 4 respondents (11.4%), "Strengthening interethnic unity among young people" - 1 respondent (2.9%). Judging by the answers of respondents - students and teachers of Almaty Management University, this question reflects the general concern of young people about the current problems of young people.
Answering the question "What needs to be done so that your region becomes a center of attraction for the youth of all Kazakhstan, so that young people aspire to your region?", respondents of Almaty University Management noted the following recommendations in their answers to the question: it is necessary to develop infrastructure and sports, improve the quality of education, create vacancies and to hire inexperienced specialists, to provide decent working conditions, to provide young people with the opportunity to develop in various fields and realize themselves, to improve the quality and accessibility of public services in the field of state youth policy, as well as to ensure the availability of housing, education and medicine.
The survey we conducted on the basis of Almaty Management University was aimed at identifying key factors contributing to the solution of today's youth problems, including increasing the social status and social and labor mobility of young people in the region. This will allow the development of mechanisms to support young people, taking into account the needs of young people.
Conclusion. The research goal has been achieved. The study of youth using the method of collecting primary information, as well as methods of ranking and scaling of sociological information on the basis of K.Zhubanov Aktobe Regional University and Almaty Management University was conducted. Analysis of the results of the survey allowed us to identify the most important current problems facing today's youth. Solving these problems will allow the development of measures to improve the social status and social and labor mobility of young people in the region.
The well-being of the younger generation is directly affected by the socio-economic, demographic, and political effects of society. The development of a model of social and labor mobility and professional orientation of young people in the region will allow to focus efforts on solving the problems of young people. This model will differ from other models of socio-economic modernization and will be aimed at creating conditions for the development and self-fulfillment of young people. A number of measures will be aimed at increasing the level of access to educational opportunities for young people in the region, rural areas, the quality of youth training, taking into account the fact that the country, including in urban and rural areas, has not developed effective programs of cultural and socio-economic development of society.
Conflict of interest: author(s) declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgements: This research has been funded by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Grant No. AP13268873).
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Ниязбаева А.А., Бақтымбет Ә.С., Бақтымбет С.С.
ӘЛЕУМЕТТІК-ЭКОНОМИКАЛЫҚ САЛАДАҒЫ ДАҒДАРЫС ТРЕНДЕНЦИЯЛАРЫНЫҢ ӨҢІРДЕГІ ЗАМАНАУ ЖАСТАРДЫҢ ӨМІР САПАСЫНА ӘСЕРІ
Аңдатпа
Мақалада әлеуметтік-экономикалық көмек пен қолдауды қажет ететін аймақта тұратын жастардың алдында тұрған мәселелер қарастырылады. Мақаланың мақсаты-әлеуметтік-экономикалық проблемалардың жастардың әлеуметтік-экономикалық жағдайын жақсартуға, оның ішінде қазіргі жастардың проблемаларын зерделеу арқылы аймақ жастарының әлеуметтік жағдайы мен әлеуметтік-еңбек ұтқырлығын жақсартуға әсерін анықтау. Коронакризис аясында халықтың, оның ішінде ерекше қиын жағдайда тұратын жастардың проблемалары шиеленіскені анықталды. Жастар арасында, әсіресе өңірде, ауылдық жерлерде жұмыссыздықтың өсуі, Қашықтықтан оқытуға көшу, жастардың көші-қоны қолайсыз әлеуметтік-экономикалық және демографиялық құбылыстардың, сондай-ақ жастардың білімі мен кәсіптік даярлығына әсер ететін саяси дағдарыстың салдары болып табылады. Бұл проблемалар зерттеушілердің қазіргі жастардың өмір сүру сапасын бағалауға деген қызығушылығын арттыруға ықпал етті. Алматы Менеджмент Университетінің және Ақтөбе өңірлік университетінің оқытушылары мен студенттері арасынан респонденттер тобының сауалнамасы шеңберінде жүргізілген бірқатар зерттеулердің нәтижесінде. Ұсынылған зерттеу шеңберінде алынған нәтижелердің құндылығы өңірлік жастар әлеуметтік саясатының ғылыми тәсілдері мен қағидаттарын әзірлеу болып табылады.