Файл: Учебнометодическое пособие по английскому языку Медицинская терминология на английском языке для педиатров. Н. Новгород Издво Нижегородской государственной медицинской академии, 2016. 111 с.docx

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯ

РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

НИЖЕГОРОДСКАЯ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННАЯ МЕДИЦИНСКАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ

Медицинская терминология

на английском языке

для педиатров

Нижний Новгород

Издательство НижГМА

2016

УДК:

ББК:

Утверждено Центральным методическим советом НижГМА

(протокол № 4 от 15 февраля 2016 г.)

Зарницына Е.С., Никитина Е.М., Шевцова В.А., Шевцова Ю.В. Учебно-методическое пособие по английскому языку Медицинская терминология на английском языке для педиатров. – Н.Новгород: Изд-во Нижегородской государственной медицинской академии, 2016. – 111 с.
Пособие разработано в соответствии с Федеральным государственным образовательным стандартом третьего поколения и направлено на формирование соответствующих лингвистических, общекультурных и профессиональных компетенций (ОК-1), (ОПК-2). Пособие включает в себя тексты, соответствующие тематике курса, а также комплекс различных типов упражнений, способствующих активному усвоению лексики и ключевых грамматических явлений английского языка.

Настоящее учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для проведения аудиторных занятий и для самостоятельной работы по курсу «Язык медицины (вариативная часть)» по английскому языку для студентов медицинских вузов, обучающихся по специальности «Педиатрия».

© Е.С.Зарницына, Е.М.Никитина,

В.А. Шевцова, Ю.В. Шевцова

2016

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

Предисловие……………………………………………………...……….	4
Preface………..............................................................................................	5
Lesson 1. Prenatal Development - Prenatal Environmental Influences
(Part I)……………………………………….…………………………….	6
Lesson 2. Progress Test……………………………………………………	14
Lesson 2. Prenatal Development - Prenatal Environmental Influences
(Part II)…………………………………………….………………………	17
Lesson 3. Progress Test……………………………………………………	26
Lesson 3. The Progression of Allergies in Children. ….…………………	30
Lesson 4. Progress Test……………………………………………………	37
Lesson 4. Common Gastrointestinal Problems in Children ..…….……….	40
Lesson 5. Progress Test……………………………………………………	47
Lesson 5. Common Pediatric Cardiovascular Disorders…………………..	50
Lesson 6. Progress Test……………………………………………………	59
Lesson 6. Pediatric Dentistry. …………………………………………….	63
Lesson 7. Progress Test……………………………………………………	69
Lesson 7. Obesity in children. …………………………………………….	73
Lesson 8. Final Test……………………………………………………….	84
Appendix I…………………………………………………………………	92
Appendix II………………………………………………...……………...	102
Appendix III……………………………………………………………….	106
Appendix IV ………………………………………………………………	109
Рекомендуемая литература и интернет-ресурсы………….……………	110

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Предисловие

Данное пособие имеет своей целью помочь студентам-педиатрам овладеть общемедицинской и специальной педиатрической терминологией для дальнейшего понимания аутентичных медицинских текстов и подготовиться к докладам, проектам и презентациям на английском языке (ОПК-2); понять механизмы образования медицинских терминов и их значений на основе сознательного подхода к нормам греко-латинской терминологии (ОК-1).

Пособие включает 7 текстов по темам, соответствующим содержанию типовой учебной программы, задания на понимание содержания и закрепление активной лексики и медицинской терминологии. Каждому тексту предшествует список слов с транскрипцией и переводом, необходимых для понимания текста.

К каждой теме предусмотрен проверочный тест. В конце курса для оценки полученных знаний предлагается итоговый тест.

Пособие снабжено приложениями, содержащими основные английские и греко-латинские словообразовательные суффиксы и префиксы и их значения, а также информацию о различных способах словообразования, необходимых для понимания и анализа морфологического строения медицинских терминов.

Пособие рекомендовано как для аудиторной, так и для самостоятельной работы студентов педиатрического факультета.
PREFACE

Medical terminology is a special vocabulary used by health care professionals. It is needed, not to bewilder the uniformed, but to aid in communication. Think how difficult it is to get by in a foreign country when you don`t know the language or to use an unfamiliar computer program. Because it is based mainly on Greek and Latin words, medical terminology is consistent and uniform throughout the world. It is also efficient; although some of the terms are long, they often reduce an entire phrase to a single word.

Undeniably, the medical vocabulary is vast. Moreover, like the jargon in all forward-moving fields, it is ever expanding. There are methods that can aid in learning and remembering words and even help in making informed guesses as to the meaning of unfamiliar words. Most medical terms can be divided into component parts – roots, prefixes, and suffixes – that maintain the same meaning whenever they appear. By learning these meanings, you can analyze and remember many words.

Lesson 1

Prenatal Development - Prenatal Environmental Influences (Part I)

Vocabulary

Prenatal [ˈpri:ˈneɪtl] - внутриутробный

Development [dɪˈveləpmənt] - развитие

Environmental [ɪnˌvaɪərənˈmentl] – окружающий, относящийся к окружающей среде

Influence [ˈɪnfluəns] – влияние, воздействие

Sophisticated [səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd] – сложный, современный

Fetus [ˈfiːtəs] – плод, зародыш с 9-ой недели развития до момента рождения

Conception [kənˈsepʃn] – здесь: зачатие

Birth [bɜːθ] – рождение, роды, появление на свет

Uncomplicated [ʌnˈkɒmplɪkeɪtɪd] - неосложнённый

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Pregnancy [ˈpreɡnənsɪ] - беременность

Uterus [ˈjuːtərəs] - матка

Insulated [ˈɪnsjʊleɪtɪd] – изолированный, замкнутый

Entirely [ɪnˈtaɪəli] – всецело, полностью, совсем, совершенно

Encountered [ɪnˈkauntɪd] - встречаться, сталкиваться

Threat [θret] – угроза, опасность

Embryo [ˈembrɪəʊ] – эмбрион, зародыш с момента зачатия до 8-ой недели развития

To be arrested [əˈrestɪd] – быть остановленным, зафиксированным

Irreparable [ɪˈrepərəbl] - непоправимый

Once-available – употребляемый один раз

Thalidomide [θəˈlɪdəmaɪd] – талидомид (транквилизатор с вредным побочным действием)

Toward [ˈtəuəd] – к, по направлению к…

Teratogen [tɪˈræθədʒən] – вещество или заболевание, вызывающее ту или иную патологию

Over-the-counter [ˈəʊvəðəˈkaʊntə] – продаваемый напрямую (в аптеке – без рецепта)

Pharmaceutical [ˌfɑːməˈsjuːtɪkl] – здесь: лекарственный препарат

To be exposed [ɪkˈspəʊzd] to – быть предрасположенным, склонным к чему-либо

To be addicted [əˈdɪktɪd] to – быть зависимым, быть склонным к чему-то негативному

Heroin [ˈherəʊɪn] - героин

Morphine [ˈmɔːfiːn] - морфий

Methadone [ˈmeθədəʊn]- метадон

Withdrawal [wɪðˈdrɔ:əl] – здесь: ломка (от прекращения приёма наркотиков)

Tremor [ˈtremə] – дрожь, тряска

Convulsion [kənˈvʌlʃən] – конвульсия, судорога

Intestinal [ɪnˈtestɪnl] - кишечный

Disturbance [dɪsˈtə:bəns] – нарушение, расстройство

Nicotine [ˈnɪkəti:n] – никотин

Dire [ˈdaɪə] - страшный

Consequence [ˈkɒnsɪkwəns] – последствие, результат

Hazardous [ˈhæzədəs] – опасный, рискованный, пугающий

Spontaneous [spɒnˈteɪnɪəs] – спонтанный, самопроизвольный

Abortion [əˈbɔːʃn] – выкидыш, аборт

Bleeding [ˈbliːdɪŋ] – кровотечение

Premature [ˈpremətjʊə] – преждевременный, недоношенный (ребёнок)

Rupture [ˈrʌptʃə] - разрыв

Amniotic [ˌæmniˈɒtɪk] sac – амниотический мешок, амниотическая водная оболочка

Dimension [dɪˈmenʃn] – измерение, аспект

Fetal [ˈfiːtl] alcohol syndrome [ˈsɪndrəʊm] (FAS) – алкогольный синдром плода

Outcome [ˈautkʌm] – результат, исход

Approximately [əˈprɔksɪmɪtlɪ] – приблизительно, примерно

Malformation [ˌmælfɔːˈmeɪʃn] – неправильное формирование, порок развития, уродство

Mental [ˈmentl̩] – умственный, интеллектуальный

Retardation [ˌri:tɑ:ˈdeɪʃən] – задержка, замедление

Midface [ˌmɪdˈfeɪs] – средняя зона лица

Philtrum [ˈfɪltrəm] – губной желобок

Hyperactivity [ˌhaɪpərækˈtɪvɪtɪ] - повышенная активность

With increasingly sophisticated technology, the fetus has been studied and is considered to be an active agent in its own development. Many scientists believe that anything that affects the environment of the fetus can have an effect upon development beginning at conception and not at birth.

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The great majority of women have uncomplicated pregnancies and give birth to healthy babies, and for many years it was believed that the baby in the uterus was completely insulated from outside influences. Scientists now know that this is not entirely true. Environmental influences ranging from radioactivity and stress in the outside world to drugs, chemicals, hormones, and viruses in the mother's bloodstream can affect prenatal development. The effect of environmental influences varies, therefore, in accordance with the stage of prenatal development in which the environmental factor is encountered, as well as the intensity of the threat.

During the first three months of pregnancy, tissues and important body systems develop in the embryo. Adverse influences during this period will affect the basic structure and form of the body and may have particularly serious effects on the nervous system. Physical development can be arrested and irreparable malformation may occur. For example, many women who took the once-available drug Thalidomide during the first three months of pregnancy gave birth to children with serious defects. When taken toward the end of pregnancy, however, the drug did not seem to have any negative effects.

Teratogens

The scientific study of congenital abnormalities caused by prenatal environmental influences is known as teratology (from the Greek word teras, meaning "monster"), and the environmental agents that produce abnormalities in the developing fetus are called teratogens.

Drugs

Chemicals (over-the-counter and prescribed pharmaceuticals as well as illegal substances) can cause a wide range of congenital abnormalities that account for about 10 percent of birth defects. The severity of the abnormality depends on the amount of the chemical the mother is exposed to, the developmental stage of the fetus, and the period of time over which the mother's exposure to the chemical takes place. In terms of narcotics, women who are addicted to heroin, morphine, or methadone give birth to addicted babies. Soon after birth, the babies show symptoms of withdrawal, including tremors, convulsions, difficulty of breathing, and intestinal disturbances.

Smoking and Nicotine

Cigarette smoking has already been shown to have dire consequences for the smoker, and it can be hazardous for the fetus and the newborn child. Maternal smoking increases the risk of spontaneous abortions, bleeding during pregnancy, premature rupture of the amniotic sac, and fetal deaths and deaths of newborns. Women who smoke during pregnancy give birth to babies who are about one-half pound (225 grams) lighter (on the average) and smaller in all dimensions (for example, length and head circumference) than babies of nonsmokers, are born prematurely, and have other health problems.

Alcohol

The effects of alcohol are undisputed. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), identified in 1973, is one of the best known and best documented outcomes of drinking, affecting approximately one out of every 750 births. FAS is a pattern of malformations in which the most serious effect is mental retardation. Other possible complications include permanent growth retardation, malformations of the face (short eye opening, flat midface, short nose, smooth philtrum, etc.), brain damage, hyperactivity and learning disabilities, and heart defects.

Exercises

1. 
   Answer the questions:
   

1. 
   When does the environment of the fetus begin to influence its development?
   
2. 
   Is baby in the uterus completely insulated from outside influences?
   
3. 
   What environmental influences can affect prenatal development?
   
4. 
   What factors can change the degree of environmental influences upon the fetus?
   
5. 
   What substances are called “teratogens”?
   
6. 
   Why are drugs (medicines and illegal substances) dangerous for a fetus?
   
7. 
   How can smoking damage the health of the future baby?
   
8. 
   What can happen to a baby if his mother drinks alcohol during pregnancy?
   

2. 
   Insert a missed word (phrase):
   

1. 
   Many scientists believe that anything that affects the environment of the fetus can have an effect upon development beginning at ….... and not at ……. .
   
2. 
   The great majority of women have ……. ……. and ……. ……. to healthy babies.
   
3. 
   For many years it was believed that the baby in the ……. was completely insulated from outside influences.
   
4. 
   Women who are addicted to heroin, morphine, or methadone give birth to ……. babies.
   
5. 
   Soon after birth, the babies show symptoms of ……. , including ……. , ……. , difficulty of breathing, and ……. ……. .
   
6. 
   Maternal smoking increases the risk of ……. ……. , bleeding during pregnancy, ……. ……. of the ……. ……. , and fetal deaths and deaths of newborns.
   
7. 
   FAS is a pattern of ……. in which the most serious effect is ……. ……. .
   

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3. 
   Match the words (phrases) with their definitions:
   

pregnancy embryo fetus prenatal teratogen amniotic sac uterus abortion malformation premature

termination of a pregnancy before the fetus is capable to survive. May be spontaneous (miscarriage) or induced; the environmental agent that produces abnormalities in the developing fetus; the membranous sac filled with fluid that holds the fetus; the stage of development from the conception to the 8-th week of growth in the uterus; the organ that maintains the developing fetus during pregnancy; occurring earlier than expected (before a state of readiness /or maturity/ has arrived); being or happening before birth; the period of carrying the developing offspring (плод) within the mother’s body (from conception to birth); an abnormal developmental feature of offspring; a human embryo after the 8th week of gestation.

4. 
   Build the words from the letters:
   

1. 
   t n e r a t d r o i a; 2) h t b r i; 3) b e l e d g i n; 4) e r p u t r u; 5) a r o t b o n i.
   

5. 
   Find in the text “Prenatal Development - Prenatal Environmental Influences (Part I)” the words of different parts of speech with suffixes and prefixes. Translate them into Russian; explain the meaning of suffixes and prefixes.
   

Lesson 2

Progress Test

1. Cлова «healthy», «entirely», «pregnancy», «environmental», «malformation», «meaning» (означающий), «uncomplicated» являютсясоответственноследующимичастямиречи:

a) сущ.; прил.; наречие; глагол; прил.; сущ.; глагол

b) прил.; наречие; сущ.; прил.; сущ.; причастие I; причастие II

c) наречие; глагол; наречие; глагол; прилагательное; глагол; глагол

d) причастие II; причастие I; прил.; наречие; глагол; герундий; глагол

e) глагол; прил.; наречие; сущ.; прил.; отглагольн. сущ.; причастие I

2. Environmental influences ranging from radioactivity and stress in the outside world to drugs, chemicals, hormones, and viruses in the mother's bloodstream ….. .

a) don’t affect prenatal development as the fetus is protected by placenta

b) affect the child only at birth

c) affect prenatal development only during the first 3 months of pregnancy

d) affect prenatal development at any stage of pregnancy

e) affect prenatal development only during the last trimester of pregnancy

3. The environmental agents that produce abnormalities in the developing fetus are called ….. .

a) chemicals

b) drugs

c) poisons

d) toxins

e) teratogens

4. In terms of narcotics, women who are addicted to heroin, morphine, or methadone give birth to ….. .

1. 
   future alcoholics
   
2. 
   future criminals
   
3. 
   addicted babies
   
4. 
   babies with allergy
   
5. 
   Siamese twins
   

5. One of the best known and best documented outcomes of mother’s drinking alcohol during pregnancy is ….. .

a) small weight of newborns

b) fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

c) blindness of newborns

d) deafness of newborns

e) spontaneous abortion

6. ….. can cause a wide range of congenital abnormalities that account for about 10 percent of birth defects.

1. 
   drugs
   
2. 
   smoking
   
3. 
   chemicals
   
4. 
   drugs
   
5. 
   teratogens
   

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