Файл: Учебное пособие 3 курс contents vocabularly Text From the History of Russian Automobile Engineering.docx

Упражнение 2. Прочтите и переведите интернациональные слова.

Mechanism, passenger, type, hydraulic, cylinder, vacuum, func­tion, classify, classification, mechanical, electric, electromagnet.

Работа с текстом

TEXT

Brakes

Brakes are used to slow or stop the car where it is necessary. It is one of the most important mechanisms of the car as upon its proper

performance the safety of passengers depends. Car brakes can be di­vided into two types, namely: drum brakes and disc brakes. The drum type may be either a band brake or a shoe brake. Depending on their functions, the automobile has foot brakes and hand brakes (parking brakes). According to their mode of operation, the brakes are classi­fied as: mechanical brakes, hydraulic brakes, airbrakes, electric brakes. Brakes are controlled by the brake pedal.

Most braking systems in use today are hydraulic. This system con­sists of a master cylinder mounted on the car frame and wheel cylin­ders. When the driver pushes down on the brake pedal, it forces the piston to move in the master cylinder and brake fluid is delivered from 11 to the wheel cylinders. The piston movement causes brake shoes to move and the brakes are applied (the brake shoes are pressed against the brake drums).

The air brake uses compressed air to apply the braking force to the brake shoes.

Electric brakes use electromagnets to provide the braking effort against the brake shoes.

Formerly brakes were applied only to the two rear wheels, but now all cars are equipped with all-wheels brakes. Today many improvements are being made in brakes.

Рис. 3. Brake System
Послетекстовые упражнения

The exercises to be done after reading the text
Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских терминов и выпишите их.

Тормоза, безопасность пассажиров зависит от правильной работы тормозов, барабанные тормоза, дисковые тормоза, тормоза с усилителем, гидравлический привод тормозов, жидкость под давлением, тормоза срабатывают, тормозное усилие, нажать на тормозную педаль.

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.

1.Тормоза являются наиболее важным механизмом авто­мобиля.

2.Они используются для замедления движения или оста­новки автомобиля.

3.Тормоза можно разделить на два типа, а именно: барабан­ные тормоза и дисковые тормоза.

4.На большинстве автомобилей используется гидравли­ческий привод или пневматический привод.

5.Тормоза срабатывают, когда водитель нажимает на тормозную педаль.

Упражнение 3. Выпишите из правой колонки русские слова и словосочетания, соответствующие английским из левой колонки.

1.performance	a. зависеть от
2.the safety of passengers	b. барабанные тормоза
3.to depend upon	c. тормоза срабатывают
4.namely	d. тормоза с гидравлическим
5.drum brakes	приводом
6.disc brakes	e. работа (действие)
7.brakes are applied	f. именно
8.hydraulic assisted brakes	g. тормоза с усилителем
9.power assisted brakes	h. под давлением
10.to press down on the brake	i. нажать на тормозную пе­
pedal	даль
11.under pressure	j. дисковые тормоза
	k. безопасность пассажиров

Работа с диалогом

DIALOGUE

Прочитайте диалог и разыграйте его в парах

Alex: Why are brakes used?

Boris: They are used to stop or to slow the car.

A.: Well, it is one of the most important mechanisms of the car, isn't it?

B.:Of course, the safety of the passengers depends upon their proper performance.

bottom dead center - нижняя мертвая точка

charge of fuel — заряд топлива

combustion — сгорание

combustion chamber – камера сгорания

compression stroke — такт сжатия(смеси)

connecting rod - шатун

crankshaft — коленчатый вал

cylinder - цилиндр

diesel engine — дизельный двигатель

engine — двигатель

exhaust stroke — такт выпуска

four-stroke cycle — четырехтактный цикл

fuel injection — впрыск топлива

ignite — воспламенять

ignition — воспламенение

intake (inlet) stroke — такт впуска

internal combustion engine – двигатель внутреннего сгорания

mixture — смесь

operating cycle - рабочий цикл

petrol engine — бензиновый двигатель

piston — поршень

power stroke — рабочий ход

pressure - давление

reciprocating movement — возвратно-поступательное движение

residual gas — остаточный газ

rotary movement — вращательное движение

spark plug — свеча зажигания

stroke — ход (поршня);

top dead center — верхняя мертвая точка

valve – клапан

Упражнение 1.Прочтите и переведите интернациональные слова.

Principle, cycle, piston, center, cylinder, atmosphere.

Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения на русский язык, используя терминологию упражнения 1.

1. 
   During the inlet (intake) stroke the inlet valve opens and a charge of fuel (mixture) flows into the cylinder.
   
2. 
   During the compression stroke the inlet valve is closed and the fuel is compressed by the rising piston.
   
3. 
   During the power stroke both valves are closed, pressure rises in the combustion chamber, and the spark ignites the mixture.
   
4. 
   During the exhaust stroke the exhaust valve is opened, pressure is released and the residual gases flow into the atmosphere through the exhaust valve.
   

Работа с текстом

TEXT

Principle of Operation of the Four-Stroke Petrol Engine

The internal combustion engine is called so because fuel is burned directly inside the engine itself. Most automobile engines work on a 4-stroke cycle. A cycle is one complete sequence of 4 strokes of the piston in the cylinder. The operating cycle of the four-stroke petrol engine includes: inlet stroke (intake valve opens), compression stroke (both valves closed), power stroke (both valves closed), exhaust stroke (exhaust valve is opened).

To describe the complete cycle, let's assume that the piston is at the top of the stroke (top dead center) and the inlet and the exhaust valves are closed. When the piston moves down the inlet valve opens to intake a charge of fuel into the cylinder. This is called the inlet (intake) stroke. On reaching the lowest position (bottom dead center) the pis­ton begins to move upward into the closed upper part on the cylinder, (he inlet valve is closed and the mixture is compressed by the rising piston. This is called the compression stroke. As the piston again reaches the top dead center the spark plugs ignite the mixture, both valves be­ing closed during its combustion. As a result of burning mixtures the both valves be­ing closed during its combustion. As a result of burning mixtures the gases expand and great pressure makes the piston move back down the cylinder. This stroke is called the power stroke. When the piston reaches the bottom of its stroke, the exhaust valve is opened, pressure is re­leased, and the piston again rises. It lets the burnt gas flow through the exhaust valve into the atmosphere. This is called the exhaust stroke which completes the cycle. So the piston moves in the cylinder down (intake stroke), up (compression stroke), down (power stroke), up (ex­haust stroke).

The heat released by the fuel is transformed into work so that the reciprocating movement of the pistons is converted into rotary move­ment of a crankshaft by means of connecting rods.




1 - intake 2 - compression 3 - power 4 - exhaust

Рис. 1. Principle of Operation of the Four-Stroke Petrol Engine

1. 
   intake - такт впуска 3. power — рабочий такт
   
2. 
   compression — такт сжатия 4. exhaust — такт выхлопа
   

Упражнение 1. Выберите правильные по смыслу ответы на вопросы.

1. Why is the engine called the internal combustion engine?

2. What stroke is called the inlet one?

3. What is a compression stroke?

4. What takes place in the cylinder on power stroke?

5. What takes place on the exhaust stroke?

6. By means of what is the reciprocating movement of the pistons converted into rotary movement of a crankshaft?

1.It is called so because the fuel (the mixture) is burned…

a)directly inside the engine;

b)outside the engine.

2. The inlet stroke is called so because during moving down the piston…

a) the inlet valve opens to intake a charge of fuel into the cylin-der;

b)the inlet valve is closed and the mixture is compressed.

3.The compression stroke is a stroke

a) when the inlet valve opens to intake a charge of fuel into the cylinder;

b) when the inlet valve is closed and the mixture is compressed.

4. On power stroke

a)the spark plugs ignite the mixture, both valves are closed dur¬ing its combustion;

b)the exhaust valve is opened and the residual gas flows through the exhaust valve into the atmosphere.

5.On the exhaust stroke

a)the spark plugs ignite the mixture, both valves are closed dur¬ing its combustion;

b)the exhaust valve is opened and the residual gas flows through the exhaust valve into the atmosphere.

6. It is done

a)by means of pistons;

b)by means of the connecting rods.

Упражнение 2. Закончите предложения, выбрав правильный по смыслу вариант окончания.

1.The internal combustion engine is called so because fuel is burned…

a)outside the engine;

b)inside the engine.

2.On the inlet stroke

a)the intake valve opens;

b)the intake valve is closed;

c)the intake and the exhaust valves are closed.

3. On the compression stroke

a). the intake valve opens;

b).the intake valve is closed;

c).the intake and the exhaust valves are closed.

4. On the power stroke

a).the intake valve opens;

b)the intake valve is closed;

c)the intake and the exhaust valves are closed.

5. On the exhaust stroke

a).the exhaust valve opens;

b).the intake valve is closed;

c).the intake and the exhaust valves are closed.

Работа с диалогом

DIALOGUE

Tracing a Fault

Nick: Peter, I know you are a good driver. I would like you to have a

look at my car.

Peter: What's wrong with your car?

N.: I don't know.

P.: Let me have a look. When did you have your plugs checked?

N.: Three days ago. I thought I had run out of fuel but the tank is half full.

P.: The carburettor is in order but the engine is misfiring. I guess

the battery has run down. It needs recharging.

N.: Too bad.

P.: Don't get upset about it. It won't take you long to have your

battery recharged.

N.: Do you really think so?

P.: I am sure of it. I advise you to have the engine greased.

N.: I'll follow your advice. Thank you, Peter.

P.: Don't mention it, Nick. I'm very sorry I couldn't help you.

N.: Well, you helped me to find the fault. Thanks a lot. Good-bye.

P.: See you later.

Домашнее задание

Упражнение1. Прочтите диалог и расскажите, о чем в нем идет речь.

DIALOGUE

At the Repairing Shop

Client: Good afternoon! Can you help me? There is something wrong with the engine.

Master: Hi! What is wrong with it?

С.: I don't know. It wouldn't start. Maybe the pistons and valves are in disorder.

M.: Let's have a look! Well, they are quite right.

C.: And what about the crankshaft, or electric spark plugs. I know absolutely nothing about the operating cycle of the engine.

Just a moment. Don't worry! We shall check up all units and how they work together.

Some time later

M.: My God! There is no petrol in the tank. How can you move drive?

C.: Really? Oh, I have forgotten to fill in the tank! I beg your par­don to trouble you!

M.: No trouble, at all. You are welcome!

Принцип действия четырехтактного бензинового двигателя

Словарь урока

1.as a result - в результате

2.assume — предполагать

3.bottom dead center — нижняя мертвая точка

4. burn – гореть

5.by means of — посредством

6.charge of fuel - заряд топлива

7.combustion — сгорание

8.combustion chamber — камера сго­рания

9.compression stroke — такт сжатия(смеси)

10.connecting rod — шатун

11.convert — преобразовывать

12.crankshaft — коленчатый вал

13.cylinder — цилиндр

14. descend - спускаться, опускаться (опоршне)

15.describe — описывать

16.diesel engine — дизельный двигатель

17.directly - непосредственно

18.don't get upset — не расстраивайтесь

19.engine — двигатель

20.exhaust stroke — такт выпуска

22.follow sb's advice - последовать чье-му-л. совету

23. four-stroke cycle — четырехтактный цикл

24.fuel injection — впрыск топлива

25.have a look — взглянуть

26.heat — тепло

27.I guess — я полагаю

28.ignite — воспламенять

29.ignition — воспламенение

30.in order — в порядке (в исправном состоянии)

31.intake (inlet) stroke — такт впуска

32.internal combustion –внутреннее сгорание

33.engine—двигатель внутреннего сгорания

34.mixture — смесь

35.operating cycle — рабочий цикл

36. petrol engine — бензиновый двигатель

37.piston - поршень

38.power stroke - рабочий ход

39.pressure — давление

40.reach — достигать

41.recharge — подзарядить (аккуму­лятор)

42.reciprocating movement - возвратно-поступательное движение

43.residual gas - остаточный газ

44.rise – подниматься

45.rotary movement — вращательноедвижение

46.run down - сесть (об аккумуляторах)

47.run out of fuel — закончилось топливо

48.spark plug — свеча зажигания

49.stroke — ход (поршня)

50.tank — топливный бак

51.top dead center - верхняя мертвая точка

52.trace the fault - искать (проследить)неисправность

53.valve — клапан

TEXT 8: Рама

Работа с лексикой

frame — рама

twist - кручение

support — опора

suspension - подвеска

body - кузов

channel section — полая секция

longitudinal members - лонжероны

weld — сваривать

cross members — поперечины

rivet — заклепывать

reinforce — усиливать

insulate — изолировать

rigid — жесткий

rubber pad - резиновая прокладка

mining - прочный

unibody construction — конструкция

withstand strains — выдерживать с несущим кузовом нагрузки

strengthen – укреплять

aligment - выравнивание

attach — прикреплять

conventional frame - общепринятая рама

extremely rigid — очень жесткая

fasten — скреплять, закреплять

firm structure — крепкая (прочная)

конструкция

heavy steel — прочная сталь

integral frame — рама, выполненная воедино

pad — подушка

provide — обеспечивать

rubber insulator — резиновая прокладка

suspension system - система подвески

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык интернациональные слова.

Chassis, structure, system, integral, construction, steel, vibration, passenger, metal, contact.

Работа с текстом

TEXT

Frame

The foundation of the automobile chassis is the frame which pro­vides support for the engine, body and power-train members. Cross

members reinforce the frame. The frame is rigid and strong so that it can withstand the shocks, vibrations, twists and other strains to which it is put on the road.

The frame provides a firm structure for the body, as well as a good point for the suspension system. There are two types of frames, namely: conventional frames and integral (unibody) frames (frameless construc­tions).

Conventional frames are usually made of heavy steel channel sec­tions welded or riveted together. All other parts of the car are attached to the frame.

In order to prevent noise and vibrations from passing to the frame and from there to the passengers of the car, the frame is insulated from these parts by rubber pads.

It is also important to insulate the frame in order to prevent metal- to-metal contacts.

Frameless (unibody) constructions are called so because they are made integral with the body. The body parts are used to structurally strengthen the entire car. Some unibody frames have partial front and rear frames for attaching the engine and suspension members.
Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте и выпишите английские эквиваленты русским терминам.

Лонжероны, поперечины, жесткий, прочный, выдерживать нагрузки, подвеска, обычная (общепринятая) рама, безрамная конструкция, полые секции, сваренные или заклепанные, прикреплять к раме, резиновые прокладки, укреплять.

Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы.

1.What does the frame provide?

2.Why is the frame rigid and strong?

3.What types of frames are there?

4.What is the conventional frame made of?

5.By what is the frame insulated from the other car parts? For what purpose?

6.What do you know about unibody frames?