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old-older-the oldest (по возрасту)
old-elder-the eldest (по старшенству в семье)
far-farther-the farthest (по расстоянию)
far-further-the furthest (по порядку)
late-later-the latest (по времени)
late-latter-the last (по порядку)
Сравнительные обороты
Оборот
.. as + прилаг + as (такой же как)
Оборот
.. not so + прилаг + as (не такой как)
Оборот
the + сравнительная степень (чем .. тем)
Оборот
.. much + сравнительная степень + than.. (намного)
They aren’t so strong as he is.
He is not so tall as his brother.
The sooner, the better.
The faster you run, the harder it’s to catch.
This book is much more interesting than that one.
The cake is as tasty as the pie.
Сравнительные
обороты (идиомы)
| as wise as an owl as busy as a bee as hungry as a wolf as quiet as a mouse as stubborn as a mule as free as a bird as blind as a bat as slow as a snail as cold as ice | мудрый как сова занятой как пчела голодный как волк тихий как мышь упрямый как осел свободный как птица слепой как летучая мышь медленный как улитка холодный как лед |
Идиома – устойчивое выражение, употребляемое в речи в переносном смысле
Синонимы
Синонимы – это слова, различные по написанию и звучанию, но имеющие одинаковое или близкое значение
| great | nice | big |
| terrific amazing wonderful superb fabulous | charming kind pleasant lovely sweet | huge vast enormous massive colossal |
| happy | pretty | fast |
| cheerful blissful joyful delighted glad | attractive beautiful fine handsome charming | brisk quick rapid hurried swift |
happy
Относится к одушев ленным сущ-м, ука зы вая на субъектив ные ощущения человека. Если относится к неодуш-му предмету, имеет значение «удачный, благополучный, радостный»
Jack was extremely happy.
a happy idea
a happy outcome
a happy laughter
lucky
При сочетании с одушевленным сущ-м имеет значение «удачливый, везучий». С неодушевленным сущ-м указывает на случайное, неожиданное, удачное стечение обстояте льств
a lucky fellow
a lucky player
a lucky chance
a lucky guess
fortunate
Прилагательное принадлежит к литера турному стилю и при употреблении с одушевленными сущ-ми передает смысловой оттенок «тот, кому благоп риятствует судьба»
She was fortunate enough to have inherited a small teashop.
Различия в синонимах
счастливый, удачный
clever
Имеет наиболее обобщенное значение и может заме нять остальные синонимы.
a clever student
a clever answer
a clever decision
intelligent
Имеет дополнительный оттенок значе ния «высокий интеллект, эрудирован ность»
an intelligent child
an intelligent question
an intelligent remark
smart
Имеет дополни тельный отте нок значения «толковый, на ходчивый, остроумный»
a smart reply
a smart boy
a smart plan
Различия в синонимах
умный, сообразительный
!
| very tired very cold very hot very tasty very small very interesting very bad very good very dirty very surprised very angry very big very funny very clever very hungry | exhausted freezing boiling delicious tiny fascinating horrible, awful wonderful, great filthy astonished furious huge, enormous hilarious brilliant starving |
Следует избегать использование наречия very с прилагательными и заменять их более «сильными» синонимами
- Was the weather bad? – Yes, it was awful.
- Why are they so angry? – They are always furious when they have to wait.
- Are you hungry? – Yes, I am starving.
| heavy fast full good clean fat high polite long loose loud rich hard | light slow empty bad dirty skinny low rude short tight quiet poor soft |
Антонимы
Антонимы – это слова с противоположным значением
Одна из трудностей при изучении английского языка – это правильное употребление предлогов. Необходимо запоминать какие предлоги употребляются с прилагательными
Прилагательные с предлогом
(of)
proud of
ashamed of
aware of
full of
short of
fond of
capable of
afraid of
terrified of
frightened of
scared of
careful of
certain of
conscious of
tired of
typical of
She is afraid of speaking in public.
We are all capable of speaking English.
He is aware of the situation.
The boy is very proud of his achievements.
The children are fond of singing.
The teacher is tired of so much paperwork.
Прилагательные с предлогом
(to)
НО: generous/kind/ mean/clever/stupid of smb to do smth
sensitive to
allergic to
accustomed to
addicted to
attentive to
close to
familiar to
committed to
dedicated to
devoted to
opposed to
married to
engaged to
similar to
kind to someone
generous to
sweet to
polite to
nice to
friendly to
mean to
faithful to
rude to
cruel to
horrible to
nasty to
Her skin is sensitive to the sun.
I am addicted to learning languages.
He is similar to his parents.
My friend is allergic to gluten.
I’ve been married to him for 10 years.
She was kind to me.
It was kind of her to buy me a present.
It was nice of you to arrive and help me.
Прилагательные с предлогом (for)
be sorry for someone about something
known for
late for
early for
necessary for
qualified for
responsible for
famous for
ready for
thankful for smth
suitable for
excellent for
good for
bad for
London is famous for being multicultural.
These shoes aren’t suitable for running.
He is responsible for his own success.
Playing memory games is very good for improving your brain functions.
Smoking is bad for your health.
We are sorry for you.
We are sorry for saying those words in
front of the children.
Прилагательные с предлогами (in/on/at)
skilled in
interested in
involved in
disappointed in
dressed in
rich in
keen on
dependent on
experienced in/at
slow at
fast at
good at smth
bad at
terrible at
awful at
surprised at (by)
amazed at (by)
astonished at (by)
shocked at (by)
I am skilled in physics.
We are keen on tennis.
She is slow at running.
We were shocked by his behaviour.
He is very experienced in business.
My sister is pretty good at sports.
We were amazed at what we saw in this country.
I am not fast at typing.
Прилагательные с предлогами (with/ about)
satisfied with
disappointed with
busy with
fed up with
associated with
pleased with
crowded with
concerned about smth/ with someone
excited about smth/ with someone
worried about smth/ with someone
delighted about smth/ with someone
disappointed about smth/ with someone
upset about smth/ with someone
nervous about smth/ with someone
I am busy with a new project.
My teacher is pleased with my progress.
He is excited about going on holiday.
I am fed up with his complaints.
The room was crowded with people.
She was very nervous about speaking in public.
The friends were disappointed with the concert.
Прилагательные с предлогами (about/with/for)
angry about something
annoyed about
furious about
irritated about
pleased about
serious about
sorry about
angry with someone for doing something
annoyed with smb for doing smth
furious with smb for doing smth
irritated with smb for doing smth
pleased with smb for doing smth
She is angry with her friend for speaking to them.
She is angry about what happened last week.
He was annoyed with his son for having a party.
He was annoyed about reading the news.
We were pleased with you for passing the exam.
We were pleased about going
to the theatre together.
The man was furious about
having his car broken.
| I am carrying a heavy bag. (тяжелая сумка) | You need training to use heavy equipment. (тяжелое оборудование) |
| I need a heavy blanket to keep me warm. (теплое одеяло) | The castle has a heavy door. (тяжелая дверь) |
| He has a heavy accent. (сильный акцент) | The doctors are keeping him under heavy sedation. (сильное успокоительное) |
| He was a heavy smoker. (заядлый курильщик) | Heavy fog covered the city. (густой туман) |
| They received a heavy sentence for their crimes. (серьезный приговор) | Be careful moving heavy weights. (тяжести) |
| Her scent has such a heavy odour. (сильный запах) | The ship sunk in a heavy storm. (сильный шторм) |
Устойчивые словосочетания
прилагательное + существительное
heavy
| A tower crane can lift heavy load. (тяжелый груз) | Mark the title with a heavy line. (жирная линия) |
| Do you listen to heavy metal? (тяжелый рок) | The heavy industry is down now. (тяжелая промышленность) |
| I’m too heavy for my height. (большой вес) | We’ll use a heavy type for the text. (жирный шрифт) |
| We are facing heavy expenses that can cause heavy debts. (большие расходы, долги) | We are studying heavy metals. (тяжелые металы) |
| We have upgraded your old car with a heavy motor. (мощный двигатель) | Try to improve your heavy handwriting. (неразборчивый почерк) |
Устойчивые словосочетания
прилагательное + существительное
heavy
| You need a heavy paper. (толстая бумага) | She had heavy features. (крупные черты лица) |
| He was made to pay off a heavy fine. (крупный штраф) |
| The actress needs a heavy make-up. (толстый слой грима) | This butter has a heavy percentage of fat. (высокий процент) |
| Our firm closed because of heavy taxes. (высокие налоги) | How heavy is this bag? (весить) |
| She paid a heavy price for the happiness. (высокая цена) | She has a heavy cold. (сильная простуда) |
| I’m sure your heavy activity will bring best results. (бурная деятельность) | This street has heavy traffic. (интенсивное движение) |
| You have accepted heavy responsibilities with this position. (большая ответственность) | I was rewarded with heavy applause for my song. (бурные аплодисменты) |
Устойчивые словосочетания
прилагательное + существительное
heavy
| After the hot day all I want is a heavy shower. (сильный ливень) | We can’t go out because of heavy rain. (проливной дождь) |
| It was a heavy fall and he broke a leg. (тяжелое падение) | We intend to make heavy repair in our country house. (капитальный ремонт) |
| You have a heavy breathing. (затрудненное дыхание) | We value heavy buyers like you. (солидные покупатели) |
| I don’t like heavy wine or beer. (крепкое вино) | This is a heavy task for the boy. (трудное задание) |
| You shouldn’t have a heavy supper. (плотный ужин) | There will be a heavy fall of snow. (обильный снегопад) |
| A heavy fog/ dew is very often in our region. (густой туман, роса) | A heavy crop of fruit is waiting for us in autumn. (богатый урожай) |