МИНИСТЕРСТВО МОРСКОГО ФЛОТА

ЦЕНТРАЛЬНЫЙ УЧЕБНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЙ КАБИНЕТ

по морскому образованию

при Управлении учебных заведений


Б. E. КИТАЕВИЧ


CARGO WORK
(ГРУЗОВЫЕ РАБОТЫ)


Методическое пособие по развитию навыков

разговорного английского языка

для курсантов эксплуатационной специальности

мореходных училищ


РЕКЛАМИНФОРМБЮРО ММФ МОСКВА

§ 1. PARTS OF A SHIP
The main principal parts of a ship are: the hull, some decks and deck superstructure. The hull is the body of the ship. It is usually painted grey, white or black. There are two lines on the hull of each ship. One line shows the draught of the ship without cargo in her holds and the other shows the draught with a full cargo. These two lines help the navigators and stevedores to control the degree of submergence and avoid overloading, which may be very dangerous in some cases. Inside the hull there are frames, beams and the keel. The frames and beams make the ship stronger and help the ship to withstand pressure of heavy seas from outside and the weight of heavy cargo pieces from inside. The part of the hull below the surface of the water with a full cargo in the holds is ship’s quickwork. The part above the surface is ship’s freeboard. The freeboard is the distance between the waterline and the underside of the main deck. Many ships have three decks: the main deck, the upper deck and the lower deck. On passenger liners there is the fourth deck used for walking on. This deck is called the promenade deck.

There are some openings in the decks. These openings are the ventilators, scuttles and skylights. They are used for the free pas­sage of air and light. The hatchways represent the rightangle openings through which cargoes are loaded and unloaded. Hatches are closed with hatch covers. Deck superstructures usual­ly represent accomodation for the crew and officers. The forward part of a ship is called, her bow, the after part – the stern or aft. The forward raised part of the deck is called the forecastle and the after part – the poop. The space inside the vessel which is used for stowing cargoes is called a hold. The lowest part of the hold is called a bottom. The space under the bottom represents the double bottom which is the place for carrying fuel oil, fresh water and water ballast. There are cargo-handling appliances and machi­nery on deck too. They are: winches, derricks, heavylift derricks, windlasses, capstans. Heavy derricks are usually used for load­ing and unloading cargo pieces over 3 tons.

СЛОВА, ОБЯЗАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ДЛЯ АКТИВНОГО УСВОЕНИЯ
hull, deck, keel, frame, beam, weight, quickwork, freeboard, scuttle, skylight, passage, bow, stern, forecastle, poop, bottom, accomodation, superstructure.
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

I. Образуйте существительные из следующих глаголов:

to weigh, to pass, to load, to press.
II. Определите, из каких самостоятельных слов состоят следую­щие сложные слова.

Переведите эти сложные слова и отдель­но их компоненты:

quickwork, freeboard, skylight, overloading, hatchway, water­line, underside.



III. Образуйте термины и переведите их на русский язык:

---

IV. Подберите из левой колонки определения к словам в правой колонке:

1. The body of the ship.	I. hull
2. The space for cargoes.	II. hold
3. The part of the hull above the surface.	III. stern
4. The part of the hull below the surface.	IV. scuttles
5. The openings through which air and light pass.	V. bow
6. The forward part of a ship.	VI. freeboard
7. The after raised part of a ship.	VII. quickwork
8.The rightangle openings through which cargoes are loaded.	VIII. hatchways

V. Образуйте обратное значение следующих слов при помощи префиксов in, un, over:

underloading, outside, to load, to close
VI. Вставьте следующие предлоги: for, above, in, on, without, under

1. 
   When the ship sails ... cargo, we tell that she is in ballast.
   
2. 
   What cargo will you stow ... deck?
   
3. 
   Is there any bulk cargo ... ship’s holds?
   
4. 
   Freeboard is the part of a ship ... the surface.
   
5. 
   Scuttles and skylights are used ... free passage of air and light.
   
6. 
   The double bottom represents the space ... the bottom.
   
7. 
   Where is the space ... carrying fuel oil, fresh water and water ballast?
   

7. 
   Вставьте слова, нужные no смыслу:
   

1. 
   Two lines on the (a—funnel, b—hull) help to control the draught of the ship.
   
2. 
   Overloading the vessel is (a—safe, b—dangerous) in some cases.
   

3. 
   Frames and beams are (a—outside, b—inside) the hull.
   
4. 
   The frames and beams make the ship (a—stronger, b—wea­ker) .
   
5. 
   Quickwork is the part of the hull (a—above, b—below) the surface of the water.
   
6. 
   Freeboard is the part of the ship (a—above, b—below) the surface.
   
7. 
   Many ships have (a—two, b—three) decks.
   

7. 
   Переделайте в страдательный залог:
   

Образец 1:They never overload ships.

Ships are never overloaded.

1. 
   We never paint the hulls of our ships red.
   
2. 
   The navigators never use the promenade deck for carrying cargoes.
   
3. 
   They never use ship’s winches for loading heavy weights.
   
4. 
   They never clean bilges every day.
   

Образец 2:We see that vessel every day.

That vessel is seen every day.

1. 
   The boatswain paints the funnel black.
   
2. 
   The dockers load general cargo on board ships.
   
3. 
   They use the space inside the vessel for slowing cargoes.
   
4. 
   We call the lowest part of the hold a bottom.
   

IX. Вставьте глагол to be в соответствующем лице и числе:

---

1. 
   There ... 3 decks on board ship.
   
2. 
   There ... a promenade deck on passenger liners.
   
3. 
   There ... a keel, frames, beams, inside the hull.
   
4. 
   How many openings . . . there in the decks.
   
5. 
   There ... water ballast tanks on each ship.
   
6. 
   There ... 4 holds inside the vessel.
   
7. 
   There ... cargo handling appliances on deck.
   
8. 
   There ... 2 lifeboats on deck.
   
9. 
   How much fuel oil ... there on board ship?
   

X. Вместо инфинитива употребите герундий:

Образец: The hold is used to stow cargoes.

The hold is used for stowing cargoes.

1. 
   The fourth deck is used to walk on.
   
2. 
   The double bottom is used to carry fuel oil and fresh water.
   
3. 
   The scuttles and skylights are used to pass air and light.
   
4. 
   The lines on the hull are used to control the degree of submergence.
   

XI. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. 
   What colour is the hull of your ship?
   
2. 
   How can you define the draught of your ship?
   
3. 
   What is the destination of frames and beams?
   
4. 
   What do you call “quickwork”?
   
5. 
   What do you call “freeboard”?
   
6. 
   What are scuttles and skylights used for?
   
7. 
   What is the destination of your ship’s hatchways?
   
8. 
   What are the hatches usually closed with?
   
9. 
   Where do the crew and ship’s officers live?
   
10. 
    What do you call a hold?
    
11. 
    What are holds used for?
    
12. 
    What is the double bottom used for?
    
13. 
    Name the main parts of the ship.
    
14. 
    How many decks are there on a ship?
    

12. 
    Выучите диалоги:
    

Диалог № 1

• 
  How can you control the degree of submergence of a ship?
  
• 
  With the help of the lines on the hull.
  
• 
  What does the upper line show?
  
• 
  The draught of the ship with a full cargo.
  
• 
  What does the lower line show?
  
• 
  The draught of the ship without cargo.
  
• 
  What do you call the lines showing the ship’s draught?
  
• 
  A loadline.
  
• 
  Is it obligatory for all cargo ships to have loadlines?
  
• 
  Yes, it is.
  

Диалог № 2

• 
  Can you lake 200 tons of cargo more?
  
• 
  In no case.
  
• 
  Why not?
  
• 
  Because the ship will be overloaded.
  
• 
  But the agent insists on taking this lot of cargo by your ship.
  
• 
  Impossible. Overloading may be very dangerous.
  

§ 2. TYPES OF CARGO SHIPS
Cargo ships may be of two types: a) dry-cargo ships and b) tankers.

Dry-cargo ships are divided into the following classes:

general cargo ships,

bulk cargo ships (ore carriers, coal carriers, grain carriers),

container’s ships,

timber carriers,

refrigerators.

Tankers usually carry liquid cargoes such as oil products, spirits, wine, fresh water and the like. In some cases the tankers may carry grain and sugar in their tanks. Besides, there are special vessels which do auxiliary service. They are tugs for towing ships, salvage vessels, icebreakers, dredgers, barges and lighters, fish­ing and whaling vessels.

Sea-going vessels are also classed according to the kind of propelling machinery into:

motorvessels, steamships, turbine-driven ships, electric-driven ships (turbine-electric ships

and diesel-electric ships) and atomic-driven ships.

Let’s consider one of typical vessels and its principal parameters. For example, a typical bulk-carrier usually carries grain, ore and the like bulk cargoes. The ship is divided by seven watertight bulkheads into eight compartments. Cargo handling is accompli­shed by grabs from 5-ton electric rotating cranes. The holds are closed with Mac-Gregor hatch covers. On board ship there are two lifeboats with manually-operated propeller drive. Each boat has a carrying capacity of 49 men. The living quarters are cent­rally-heated and air-conditioned. The engine develops 5400 h.p. at 115 r.p.m.

The main parameters are as follows:

Length ... 139.5 m

Breadth … 18m

---

Depth ... 10.3 m

Hold capacity ... 12 000 cu. m.

Ore draught (8980 tons) … 8m

Coal draught (8630 tons) ... 7.82 m

Ballast draught:

Forward ... 3.4 m

Aft ... 5.61 m

Operating range ... 6 000 nautical miles

Displacement ... 4 200 tons

Deadweight ... 12 800 tons

Speed ... 14.3 knots

Crew ... 37

ПРИМЕЧАНИЯ
cargo ship – грузовое судно

dry cargo ship – сухогрузное судно

general cargo ship – судно для перевозки генерального груза

bulk cargo ship – судно для перевозки насыпного (навалочного) груза

coal-carrier – углевоз

ore-carrier – рудовоз

grain-carrier – зерновоз

timber-carrier – лесовоз

container ship – судно для перевозки груза в контейнерах

refrigerator – рефрижераторное судно

tanker – танкер

oil products – нефтепродукты

and the like ... – и им подобные …

to do auxiliary service – нести вспомогательную службу

motorvessel – теплоход

steamship – пароход

turbine-driven ship – турбоход

turbine-electric ship – турбоэлектроход

diesel-electric ship – дизельэлектроход

lifeboat – спасательная шлюпка

with manually operated propeller drive – с ручным приводом на винт

carrying capacity – зд. пассажировместимость

living quarters – жилые помещения
СЛОВА, ОБЯЗАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ДЛЯ АКТИВНОГО УСВОЕНИЯ
dry cargo ship, tanker, general cargo ship, bulk cargo ship, ore-carrier, grain carrier, coal carrier, container’s ship, timber-carrier, refrigerator, to divi­de, watertight, bulkhead, to accomplish, manually, hold capacity, length, breadth, depth, draught, forward, aft, displacement, deadweight, speed, motor- vessel, steamship, turbine-driven ship, turbine-electric ship, diesel-electric ship, tug, ice-breaker.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
I. Образуйте существительные от прилагательных при помощи суффикса – th:

1) long; 2) deep; 3) broad; 4) strong; 5) wide.
II. Подберите слова с подобным значением:

1. 
   usually (a – manually; b – often; c – always)
   
2. 
   capacity (a – volume; b – strength; c - speed)
   
3. 
   principal (a – powerful; b – main; c – usual)
   
4. 
   speed (a – motion; b – velocity; c – rate)
   

III. Какое слово не подходит к данной группе слов?

1. 
   a – length, b – breadth, с – depth, d – strength
   
2. 
   а – grain, b – coal, с – ore, d – rails
   
3. 
   a – fresh water, b – wine, с – spirits, d – coal
   

IV. Образуйте из следующих слов термины и переведите их на русский язык:

bulk

head carrier cargoes

hold engine carrying

capacity

V. Вместо выделенных слов подставьте слова, данные в колонках 1 и 2

Образец: - What is the ore draught of your ship?

- It is 8 m.

1	2
coal draught ballast draught (forward) ballast draught (aft) displacement speed deadweight	7 m 3.5 m 5 m 5 000 tons 15 knots 14 000 tons

---

VI. К предложениям в левой колонке подберите определения из правой колонки:

Vessels which carry ore. 1. Vessels which carry ore. Vessels which carry coal. Vessels which carry grain. Vessels which carry fish, meat, vegetables and fruit. Vessels which carry timber. Vessels which carry oil products. Small vessels used for towing big ships. Vessels which assist the sea-going ships in distress. Vessels which assist the other ships to sail through ice.

I. tankers I. tankers II. ore-carriers III. coal-carriers IV. grain-carriers V. refrigerators VI. timber-carriers VII. ice-breakers VIII. salvage ships IX. tugs

VII. Переведите на английский язык:

1. 
   Сухогрузные суда перевозят генеральные грузы, навалоч­ные грузы и лес.
   
2. 
   Этот рефрижератор повезет в своих трюмах пищевые про­дукты.
   
3. 
   Танкеры перевозят жидкие грузы и иногда зерно и сахар (насыпью).
   
4. 
   Буксиры, спасательные суда, ледоколы и лихтеры несут вспомогательную службу.
   
5. 
   Какие суда находятся сейчас в порту? В порту 5 теплоходов, 2 турбохода, 1 дизельэлектроход и 1 ледокол.
   
6. 
   В трюмах имеются водонепроницаемые переборки?
   
7. 
   На сколько отсеков делится судно водонепроницаемыми переборками?
   
8. 
   Жилые помещения имеют центральное отопление и кон­диционирование воздуха.
   
9. 
   Какая осадка вашего судна в балласте?
   
10. 
    Осадка на нос 5 м.
    
11. 
    Осадка на корму 7 м.
    
12. 
    Сколько человек команды на этом судне?
    
13. 
    Какова вместимость трюмов?
    
14. 
    Водоизмещение этого теплохода 5000 тонн.
    

VIII. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. 
   What types of ships do you know?
   
2. 
   Classify dry-cargo ships.
   
3. 
   What’s the difference between the destination of tankers, dry-cargo ships and tugs?
   
4. 
   Name the vessels which do auxiliary service.
   
5. 
   Classify sea-going vessels according to the kind of propelling machinery.
   

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