§ 3. HOLDS AND HATCHES
The inner space of a ship between the limber boards of a doub­le bottom and the decks is designed for carrying cargoes. We call this space a hold. Holds have different capacity. Big vessels have cargo holds divided into several separate compartments by watertight bulkheads. Each dry-cargo vessel has four or five holds. The holds have bilges which serve to give way for flowing the water which may condensate on metal bulkheads or collect on wooden flooring. ‘The water collected in the bilges is pumped out by a hold pump. To protect the bilges from corrosion they are covered with cement or special anticorrosion substance, besides they are protected by limber boards. The double bottom is cove­red with a removable wooden flooring. Cargo battens or "spar ceiling”, as they are often called, comprises portable wooden battens fitted to the inner edges of the frames and so form a she­athing to the ship’s side. "Spar ceiling” is made up of boards and arranged either horisontally, or vertically between frames. The purpose of this wooden sheathing is to prevent packages of cargo from damage by moisture which may collect on the side of the ship. The space so formed between the "spar ceiling” and the ship’s side helps to provide a complete air space around the cargo and thereby improves ventilation. .The “spar ceiling” should al­ways be kept in a good state. Each hold has a hatchway. The hatchway is the rectangular opening in the ship’s deck. The vertical plating around the hatchway is called hatchway coaming.
ПРИМЕЧАНИЯ
limber boards – льяльные крышки

bilges – льяла

double bottom – двойное дно

to be designed for… – быть предназначенным для…

hold capacity – вместимость трюма

watertight bulkhead – водонепроницаемая переборка

to give way for flowing – зд. обеспечивать сток

wooden flooring – деревянный настил

spar ceiling – рыбинсы
СЛОВА, ПОДЛЕЖАЩИЕ АКТИВНОМУ УСВОЕНИЮ

hold, hatch, space, limber board, bilges, to separate, compartment, bulk­head, to condensate, to collect, to pump out, to protect, removable, wooden flooring, battens, spar ceiling, sheathing, to prevent, hatchway, coaming.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
I. Вставьте необходимые предлоги: by, into, with, out, around

1. 
   This cargo hold is divided ... three sepa­rate compartments.
   
2. 
   Holds No 1 and 2 are separated ... a watertight bulkhead.
   
3. 
   There is much water collected in the bilges. Please, pump it ... .
   
4. 
   The double bottom is covered ... a remo­vable wooden flooring.
   
5. 
   Bagged cargo may be damaged ... mois­ture.
   
6. 
   Secure a proper air space ... the cargo.
   

II. К предложениям в левой колонке подберите соответствующие определения из правой колонки:

The inner space of a ship used for stowing cargoes. A kind of wall that separates holds from each other. A place in the double bottom which gives way for flowing the water collected on wooden flooring. Wooden parts which protect the bilges from damage. Wooden battens which prevent packages of cargo from damage by moisture collected on the side of the ship.

I. bilge II. limber boards III. spar ceiling IV. watertight bulkheads V. hold

III. Используя образец, переделайте герундий в инфинитив:

Образец: The holds are designed for carrying cargoes.

The holds are designed

---

to carry cargoes.

1. 
   Bilges serve for flowing the water condensated on metal bulkheads.
   
2. 
   Tankers are used for carrying oil products.
   
3. 
   Two lines on the hull serve for controlling the draught of the ship.
   
4. 
   Ventilators are used for ventilating the hold space.
   

IV. Переделайте в страдательный залог:

Образец 1: They damaged a double bottom two days ago.

Double bottom was damaged two days ago.

1. 
   Before loading cargoes the crewmen divided the hold into four compartments.
   
2. 
   Owing to high temperatures the cargo in the hold gave off moisture.
   
3. 
   The workers covered the deck with thick boards.
   

Образец 2: They covered the bilges with special anticorrosion sub­stance.

The bilges were covered with special anticorrosion sub­stance.

1. 
   They carry fuel oil and fresh water in the double bottom tanks.
   
2. 
   The dockers divided the holds into several compartments.
   
3. 
   While loading heavy cases they seriously damaged the limber boards.
   
4. 
   They made permanent ceiling and spar ceiling of wood.
   

V. Используя образец, поставьте вопросы к следующим утверж­дениям:

Образец 1: We pump out the water from the bilges once a week (what?).

What do we pump out from the bilges once a week?

1. 
   They carry ore each voyage (how often?).
   
2. 
   The workers cover the bilges with special anticorrosion substance (with what?).
   
3. 
   The dockers use spar-ceiling for protecting the packages of cargo from damage (what for?)
   
4. 
   The lines on a hull show the draught of the ship (what?).
   
5. 
   The stevedores usually control the draught of the vessels to avoid overloading (why?).
   

Образец 2: The sailors pumped out the water collected in the bilges (who?).

Who pumped out the water collected in the bilges?

1. 
   They carried petroleum in the tanks (who?).
   
2. 
   He cleaned the wooden flooring in hold No 2 (who?).
   
3. 
   The carpenter repaired the spar ceilings (who?).
   
4. 
   The dockers broke five angle brackets yesterday (who?).
   

VI. Справедливы ли следующие утверждения?

Если да, ответьте “It’s right”, если нет, ответьте "It’s wrong”:

1. 
   The holds are not separated by watertight bulkheads.
   
2. 
   The bilges serve to give way for flowing the water collec­ted on wooden flooring and condensated on metal bulkheads.
   
3. 
   The bilges are covered with paper to protect them from cor­rosion.
   
4. 
   Spar ceiling is made up of boards.
   
5. 
   The purpose of spar-ceiling is to prevent packages of cargo from damage by crushing.
   
6. 
   The hatchway is a rectangular opening in the ship’s deck.
   

VII. Образуйте термины, подбирая слова из правой колонки к словам

из левой колонки. Переведите термины:

limber spar bulk hatch double water wooden hold

I. ceiling II. bottom III. beam IV. head V. tight VI. board VII. flooring VIII. capacity

VIII. Переведите на русский язык:

1. 
   Spar ceiling comprises portable wooden battens fitted to the inner edges of the frames.
   
2. 
   Spar ceiling is made up of boards and arranged either hori­zontally or vertically.
   
3. 
   Spar ceiling is attached to the frames by angle brackets.
   
4. 
   The purpose of wooden sheathing is to prevent packages of cargo from protruding beyond the inner edges of the frames and so becoming damaged by moisture which may collect on the side of the ship.
   

---

7. 
   Ответьте на вопросы:
   

1. 
   What do you call a “hold”?
   
2. 
   Are all the ship’s holds of the same capacity?
   
3. 
   By what are the holds separated from each other?
   
4. 
   How many holds has a typical dry-cargo vessel?
   
5. 
   What do the bilges serve to?
   
6. 
   How may the water collected in the bilges be removed?
   
7. 
   What are the bilges covered with to protect them from corrosion?
   
8. 
   What do limber boards serve to?
   
9. 
   What is the double bottom covered with?
   
10. 
    What do you call “spar ceiling”?
    
11. 
    What is “spar ceiling” used for?
    
12. 
    What’s the shape of a hatch coaming?
    
13. 
    What do you call “hatch coaming”?
    
14. 
    How many hatches has each hold?
    

7. 
   Выучите диалоги:
   

Диалог № 1

Stevedore. — Let me inspect hold No 1, please.

Cargo Officer. — You| are welcome!

S. — The wooden flooring is partly damaged and two limber boards are missing.

С. O. — I’ll tell our carpenter to repair the flooring and to install the limber boards on their

proper places.

S. — Thank you!

Диалог № 2

Stevedore. — Excuse me, but I can’t load the cargo in hold No 3 since the bilges are half

filled with some liquid evidently leaked from the previous cargo.

Cargo Officer. — Let me see! Oh! Indeed! I’ll ask our watch engineer to pump them out. It

will be done in 20 minutes.

S. — I’ll come in half an hour.

Диалоr № 3

Stevedore. — Second officer, please, come down into hold No 4. There is much water

condensated on metal bulkheads. It’s completely impossible to load bales of

cotton there.

С. O. — Then load cotton in hold No 3 and we’ll dry up and ventillate this hold properly.
§ 4. HATCH COVERING
When the cargo work is over, it is necessary to cover the ship’s hatches. Hatches may be covered either with wooden hatchboards or with other special covering systems. Despite the covering sys­tem used, the hatchbeams should be fitted into sockets riveted to the inner side of the coamings. The hatchbeams serve to support the hatch covers. It takes much time to close or open the hatches by wooden hatchboards since this work of covering is done by manpower. Quick operating hatch covers permits the opening or closing of covers in as little time as two minutes per hatch. The handling operations are simple and safe. The covers are hauled over runways by wires attached to winches. Some types of hatch coves are formed of hinged sections, in one or several pairs, and are specially suitable to big hatchways or the wide open­ings as found in ore carriers. The hinged sections fold up “con­certina” fashion and are stowed at the ends of the hatchway. Where space is restricted at the hatch ends, a side rolling system is introduced, thwartships from the holds.

The use of the modern form of hatch coverings has the follow­ing advantages:

1. 
   Quick working.
   
2. 
   Reduced cargo handling time.
   
3. 
   Better use of the space.
   
4. 
   Elimination of damage due to the presence of coamings.
   

Saving of time is at least 75% of the time devoted to hand­ling hatch covers of the old type. After finishing loading and be­fore leaving the port, it is obligatory to cover the hatches with tarpaulins to ensure watertightness.
ПРИМЕЧАНИЯ
hatch covering system – система закрытия грузовых люков

despite the covering system used – независимо от применяющейся системы закрытия

hatchbeams should be fitted into sockets – зд. бимсы должны вставляться в пазы

riveted to the inner side of the coamings – приклёпанные на внутренней части комингсов

---

by manpower – вручную

the handling operations – зд. обращение с системой закрытия

as little time as 2 minutes – занимает только две минуты

per hatch – на люк

to fold up "concertina” fashion – складывать в виде гармошки

a side roiling system – система скольжения лючин на роликах по боко-

вым направляющим

saving of time – экономия времени

hinged sections – секции, соединённые шарнирами

thwartships – поперёк
СЛОВА, ОБЯЗАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ДЛЯ АКТИВНОГО УСВОЕНИЯ:

to cover, to serve, to support, to permit, per, safe, to handle, runways, to attach, winch, hinge, advantage, damage, to ensure, to restrict.
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

1. 
   Образуйте существительные от следующих глаголов при помо­щи суффиксов -ment, -tion:
   

1. 
   to attach. 2. to restrict. 3. to introduce. 4. to reduce. 5. to eliminate. 6. to devote
   

2. 
   Определите, к какой части речи относятся следующие слова:
   

1. watertightness, 2. wooden, 3. attachment, 4. special, 5. po­werful, 6. quickly,

7. quick, 8. suitable. 9. presence.

3. 
   Выберите из скобок наиболее подходящие по смыслу слова:
   

1. 
   obligatory (a—obvious; b—necessary; с—important)
   
2. 
   several (а—special; b—many; с—some)
   
3. 
   to support (a—to maintain; b—to suppose; c—to transport)
   
4. 
   to permit (a—to perform; b—to omit; c—to allow)
   
5. 
   to attach (a—to apply; b—to rivet; с—to fasten)
   
6. 
   quickly (a—immediately; b—quietly; с—specially)
   
7. 
   to finish (a—to begin; b—to find; с—to end)
   
8. 
   due to (a—owing to; b—devoted to)
   

4. 
   Справедливы ли следующие утверждения?
   

Если да, ответьте "It’s right”, если нет, ответьте “It’s wrong”:

1. 
   The hatchbeams should be fitted into sockets riveted lo the outer side of the
   

coamings.

2. 
   Hatches may be covered only with wooden hatchboards.
   
3. 
   The hatch covers serve to support the hatchbeams.
   
4. 
   The modern system of hatch covering permits to close or to open the hatch in as
   

little time as two minutes per hatch.

5. 
   If space is restricted at the hatch ends, a side rolling system is used.
   
6. 
   The use of the modern system of hatch coverings increases cargo handling time.
   
7. 
   Handling hatch covers of the old type saves 75% of the time devoted to the
   

hatch covering of the modern type.

8. 
   The tarpaulines ensure watertightness of the holds.
   
9. 
   The use of the modern hatch coverings eliminates the da­mage to cargo.
   

5. 
   Закончите предложения, выбрав недостающие слова и выра­жения из колонки:
   

The ship’s hatches are covered only after the cargo work… Hatches are usually covered with… The hatch covers are supported by… It takes 2 minutes… Runways are attached to winches… Modern hatch coverings have many… The hatches are covered with tarpaulins to ensure…

I. wooden hatchboards II. hatchbeams III. to cover a hatch IV. advantages V. is over VI. by wires VII. watertightness

---

VI. Переведите предложения. Запомните значение слова per:

1. 
   The passenger train travels 100 kilometers per hour.
   
2. 
   It takes two minutes per hatch to open or close the covers.
   
3. 
   Light travels 300000 kilometers per second.
   
4. 
   The rate of loading is 1200 tons per weather working day.
   

VII. Составьте диалоги, подставляя соответствующие слова и выражения из ко-

лонки 1 и 2 вместо слов, выделенных в об­разце:

Образец.

• 
  How much does it take you to close hatches if you use quick operating
  

hatch covers?

• 
  It takes us 2 minutes.
  

1	2
to open the hatches by manpower to get to London on board ship from Leningrad to do your home task in English	2 hours 30 minutes 7 days

VIII. Определите глагольную форму с -ing:

а) герундий

б) причастие

в) отглагольное существительное

1. 
   Quick opening takes little time.
   
2. 
   The opening of the hatch covers is not difficult.
   
3. 
   The handling operations are simple.
   
4. 
   The work of covering the hatches is done by manpower.
   
5. 
   After finishing loading it is necessary to cover the hatches with tarpaulins.
   

6. 
   They are opening the hatchways.
   
7. 
   The dockers are stowing cargo packages on deck.
   

IX. Переведите на английский язык:

1. 
   Закройте грузовые люки.
   
2. 
   Люки обычно закрываются или деревянными лючннами, или секциями, соединен-
   

ными шарнирами.

3. Закрывайте люки трюмов 1 и 2.

4. 
   Независимо от системы закрытия, люки следует покры­вать брезентом.
   
5. 
   Сколько времени занимает у вас закрытие люков вруч­ную?
   
6. 
   Мы затрачиваем 2 минуты на закрытие каждого люка
   
7. 
   Используя современную систему закрытия люков, мы эко­номим 75% времени.
   
8. 
   На сколько вы уменьшаете время обработки грузов?
   
9. 
   После окончания погрузки закроите люки брезентами — это обеспечит нужную
   

водонепроницаемость.
X. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. 
   What are the hatchbeams used for?
   
2. 
   What kind of work is done by manpower after finishing loading?
   
3. 
   How are the covers hauled over runways?
   
4. 
   To what kind of ships are hinged sections more suitable?
   
5. 
   What system of hatch covering is used when space is restric­ted at the hatch ends?
   
6. 
   What are the advantages of the modern hatch covering system?
   
7. 
   What is the percentage of saving time when you use the modern covering system com
   

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