VII. Дополните предложения, выбрав соответствующие фразы из правой колонки:

Lay boards for bagged car­go (близко друг к другу). This flooring made of wide boards (не помешает цир­куля- ции воздуха). The type, sizes and quality of dunnage should be cho­sen (до начала погрузки). Heavy packages may (сло­мать и сместить подстил­ку). The first tier of boards should be laid (поперек судна). The upper tier of boards should be arranged (вдоль судна). Send any residue of a pre­vious cargo (на палубу). Bottom bags may be sagged because of (плохо уложен­ной подстилки). Lay а (целый ряд) оf bags on a flooring. (Освободите) a space on the bottom of hold No 2.

I. prior to the commence­ ment of loading II. close together III. will not prevent air circulation IV. athwartships V. break and misplace the dunnage. VI. fore and aft VII. badly laid dunnage VIII. on deck IX. complete tier X. clear

VIII. К следующим предложениям подберите соответствующие определения из пра-

вой колонки:

Different stevedoring materials used for protecting cargoes from damage. The ship’s officer who is responsible for the safety of cargo. The man who is usually in charge of any cargo work. A number of dockers working in the hold at the same time. The process of taking cargoes in the holds. The process of extracting cargoes out of the holds. The process of proper placing general cargoes within a hold space.

I. stevedore II. gang III. loading IV. unloading V. cargo officer VI. dunnage VII. stowage

IX. Используя образец, попросите другое лицо не совершать на­званного действия:

Образец. We want to load this heavy lift on tweendeck.

Don’t load this heavy lift on tweendeck.

1. 
   He is going to leave stained boards in the hold.
   
2. 
   The bilges are full of some liquid with bad odour. Shall we stow packages here?
   
3. 
   The separation materials are badly damaged. Shall we use them?
   
4. 
   Five bags are sagged between the boards and torn a little. Shall we lift them up?
   
5. 
   There is no good flooring in the hold. Shall we lay a tier of bags here?
   

X. Переведите на английский язык:

1. 
   Подстилочный материал защищает груз от повреждения.
   
2. 
   Постоянный настил достаточен для обычных грузов, при условии, что он сухой, чистый и без масляных пятен.
   
3. 
   Подстилка должна быть прочной.
   
4. 
   Подстилка с пятнами может запачкать груз.
   
5. 
   Следует избегать подстилки, имеющей неприятный запах.
   
6. 
   Доски, рейки, картон, брезент, маты и фанера лучше все­го подходят для подстилки под груз.
   
7. 
   При укладке мешкового груза доски надо укладывать близко друг к другу, чтобы избежать провисания мешков меж­ду ними.
   
8. 
   Мешки могут разорваться из-за провисания.
   
9. 
   Для генерального груза пригодны почти все типы деревян­ных досок и реек.
   
10. 
    Грузовые моста, имеющие разную форму, вес и размеры, могут сломать и сместить ранее уложенную подстилку.
    

---

XI. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. 
   What is dunnnging used for?
   
2. 
   What materials are classified as "dunnage”?
   
3. 
   What does the use of a particular dunnage material de­pend on?
   
4. 
   What does dunnaging protect cargoes from?
   
5. 
   What kind of dunnage is used with a bagged cargo?
   
6. 
   What kind of dunnage is used with bale and general car­goes?
   
7. 
   Why does general cargo often break and misplace the pre­viously laid dunnage?
   
8. 
   What does the term “a liberal supply” of dunnage mean?
   
9. 
   Why should double dunnage sometimes be laid?
   
10. 
    How is the first tier of dunnage arranged?
    
11. 
    How is the upper tier of dunnage arranged?
    

XII. Выучите диалоги:

Диалог № 1

Cargo Officer. — Which hold will you load first of all?

Stevedore. — Hold No 3.

С. O. — According to the cargo plan ordinary cargoes are to be stowed there. Are you satisfied

with the dunnage laid?

S. — We needn’t special dunnaging since the ordinary cargoes don’t call for it. Permanent

ceiling is quite sufficient. Is it proper­ly cleaned?

С. O. — Surely, it is. I have just inspected the hold myself. Everything is all right.

S. — Then remove the boards laid on the permanent ceiling and send them on deck. We’ll use

the boards as liberal supply of dunnage in other compartments if we need.

C. O. — O’key! We’ll do it.

Диалог № 2

Stevedore. — We have five heavy pieces over ten tons each. Have you got any wooden bearers

(опоры) and thick boards for dunnaging?

Cargo Officer. — We have. But lay bearers directly over floors (флоры), please. Avoid placing

them between frames.

S. — Do you consider us to be novices?! We have a great deal of experience in loading heavy

lifts, so don’t worry. My dockers will dispose the weight over as many floors as possible.

С. O. — Sorry! I am sure, you will do it in the best way.

S. — Everything will be all right. We’ll stow the pieces as compactly as possible and all vacant

spaces will be tightly packed with suitable packages.

С. O. — Thank you, sir!

Диалог № 3

Cargo Officer.— We have everything ready to commence load­ing the sugar under Shipping Order No 25 into hold 3. The hold has been cleaned, and the necessary dunnage is down there. Will you tell your men to distribute it over all bottom of the hold? I’ve just been there and noticed that in some places the dunnage is too thin. We don’t want the cargo to get wet.

Stevedore. — Yes, sir! I’ll immediately see to it. Anything else before we start?

С. O. — According to the cargo plan the whole lot under this Shipping Order is to be stowed

together in the fore part of the lower hold.

S. — Don’t worry Mr. Mate, I have seen the cargo plan and I’ve instructed my men accordingly. I have a request to you, Sir. It’s too dark over there below, and it may slow down the work so, please arrange cluster lights.

С. O. — All right! Our electrician will fix cluster lights in a few minutes. He will be through by

the time the first lift goes down.

S. — Thank you!

---

§ 16. DAMAGE TO CARGO
Considerable damage to cargo may result if due care is not paid to its handling. Lack of care at port of loading may result in damage such that, though the effect is not immediately appa­rent, the results may begin to show during the voyage as damage may occur not only to the specific consignment, but also to other cargo with which it is stowed.

The following are some of the more obvious examples of da­mage owing to bad handling:

1. 
   Inefficient and improper slinging.
   

Case goods should be arranged more or less in like sizes be­fore slinging. Heavy cases should not be slung with light cases. Canvas slings should be used for bagged goods rather than rope slings.

For very small packages wire net slings are preferable.

With some classes of goods, as for example, bags of cement, cases of fruit, butter, edible goods, etc., the use of trays is the best method of handling and slinging. In all cases of slinging due attention should be given to the weight of the cargo in the sling. Excessive loads cause undue stress which apart from damage to lifting gear, may also result in crushing packages at the bottom and sides of the sling.

2. 
   The use of cargo hooks.
   

This practice is a frequent source of damage. The use of hooks is generally regarded as almost essential for heavy bulky cases, but they mustn’t be used with any bales of cotton, bagged cargo and drums of liquids.

3. 
   Crushing.
   

Damage to cargo from crushing is mainly due to lack of care in stowing. Incorrect use of wooden dunnage, unsuitable space allocations of cargo, insufficient attention paid to the type of cargo being loaded and to the order of stowage, are potential factors causing damage from this source. Heavy bulky packages slowed over and with fragile packages will produce undue stress upon the latter and, with the motion of the ship, may cause them to collapse. Fragile packages are considerably less liable to damage from crushing if they are given tween deck stowage, where more efficient compactness of stow is possible.

Wooden dunnage, badly laid, is often the cause of crushing damage.

Light packages should be stowed on top of each other.

4. 
   Cargo Gear.
   

Much damage to cargo results from slings contacting with hatchcoamings, bulwarks and obstructions within a hold. This is due, in no small measure, to careless winch work. Thoughtless acceleration and retardation of winch speed cause breakage of packages.

The following are some of the more important precautions which must be observed with all types of derrick rigging and cargo gear:

1. 
   All gear including derricks and attachments must be regu­larly and efficiently lubricated.
   
2. 
   All wires and ropes must be in good condition. They should be free from frays or brakes, not deformed and not unduly worn.
   
3. 
   All shackles, hooks, blocks and pins should be of the same safe working load as the derrick they serve.
   
4. 
   In no circumstances should a derrick be overloaded.
   
5. 
   Careful winch handling is very important. Inconsistent rates of acceleration when heaving up and lowering cause great stress upon all the gear.
   

ПРИМЕЧАНИЯ
to show – зд. проявляться

to pay due attention (to pay due care) – уделять надлежащее внимание

... such that, though ... – такой, что хотя ...

lack of care – недостаток осторожности (небреж­ность)

the effect is not immediately apparent – действие проявляется не сразу

damage through bad handling – повреждение из-за плохой обра­ботки (обращения)

may also result in ... – может также привести к ...

heavy bulky cases – объемистые, громоздкие ящики

may cause them to collapse – может вызвать их раздавливание

are considerably less liable to damage – значительно меньше подвергается повреждению

---

this is due in no small measure ... – это обусловлено не в меньшей сте­пени ...

careless winch work – небрежная работа лебедки

thoughtless acceleration – необдуманное ускорение

derrick rigging – оснастка лебедки

cargo gear – грузовые приспособления

to heave up – поднимать
СЛОВА, ПОДЛЕЖАЩИЕ АКТИВНОМУ УСВОЕНИЮ
apparent, to handle, handling, due care, lack of care, (o result in, damage, to occur, improper slinging, to arrange, edible goods, lifting gear, to collapse, to crush, to accelerate, to retard, to lubricate, rate, to heave up, to lower.
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
I. Выберите соответствующие предлоги или наречия (in, with, to, from, upon):

1. 
   Pay due cаге ... handling fragile cargoes.
   
2. 
   Improper handling usually results ... damage to cargo packages.
   
3. 
   Arrange case goods more or less … like sizes.
   
4. 
   Don’t sling heavy cases ... light cases.
   
5. 
   Avoid damage to cargo ... crushing.
   
6. 
   Heavy packages may produce excessive stress ... fragile packages.
   

II. Какое слово является лишним по смыслу в каждой группе:

а—immediately, b—slowly, с—at once, d— on the spot

a—apparent, b—convenient, с—evident, d—obvious

a—to crush, b—to collapse, с—to repair, d—to destroy

a—to observe, b—to regard, с—to retard, d—to watch

to heave up, b—to lower, с—to raise, d—to lift
III. Образуйте термины и переведите их на русский язык:

bulk

solid goods

liquid cargo

edible
IV. При помощи префиксов -im, -in, -un образуйте прилага­тельные с отрицатель

ным значением и переведите их:

1—efficient; 2—due; 3—proper; 4—suitable; 5—consistent; 6—correct
V. Образуйте глаголы от следующих прилагательных и переве­дите их:

1—considerable; 2—resultant; 3—following; 4—preferable; 5—regular; 6—accelerating; 7—leaky; 8—weak.
VI. Справедливы ли следующие утверждения? Если да, ответьте ‘‘It’s right”,

если нет — “It’s wrong”.

1. 
   There will be no damage to cargo if due care is paid to its handling.
   
2. 
   Heavy cases may be slung together with light cases.
   
3. 
   Damage to cargo from crushing is due to careless handling.
   
4. 
   Careful winch work leads to considerable damage to cargo.
   
5. 
   Thoughtless acceleration and retardation of winch speed does not cause breakage of packages.
   
6. 
   Cargo gear may have some frays and brakes.
   
7. 
   Sometimes it is possible to overload derricks.
   
8. 
   All lifting gear must be lubricated irregularly.
   

VII. Выберите из скобок слово, наиболее подходящее по смыслу:

1. 
   For bagged goods (а—canvas slings; b—wire slings) are used.
   
2. 
   The best method of slinging packages of edible goods is the use of (a—trays; b—canvas slings).
   
3. 
   While slinging cargo packages due attention should be gi­ven to their (a—size; b—weight).
   
4. 
   Excessive loads cause (a—due; b—undue) stress on the der­rick.
   
5. 
   For small packages (a—canvas slings; b—wire nets) are preferable.
   

VIII. Переведите следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на особенности пе-

ревода страдательного залога

---

:

1. 
   The Chief Stevedore was sent for.
   
2. 
   The Cargo Officer was called for.
   
3. 
   The cargo plan was referred to.
   
4. 
   Improper slinging of case goods has been taken notice of.
   
5. 
   Special attention was paid to the handling of fragile cargo.
   
6. 
   In all cases of slinging due attention should be given to the weight of the cargo in the sling.
   
7. 
   Edible goods are always influenced by the goods with strong and offensive odour.
   

IX. Переведите следующие предложения:

1. 
   Недостаток осторожности в порту погрузки может повлечь за собой (to result in) повреждение груза.
   
2. 
   До застропки, ящичный груз следует подбирать более или менее одинаковых размеров.
   
3. 
   Не застропливайте тяжелые грузовые места вместе с лег­кими.
   
4. 
   Используйте брезентовые стропы для застропки мешковогс груза.
   
5. 
   Мешки с цементом, ящики с фруктами, продовольствен­ные грузы следует укладывать на лотки.
   
6. 
   Обращайте надлежащее внимание на вес груза при застропке.
   
7. 
   Чрезмерный вес может вызвать излишнюю нагрузку на подъемные механизмы.
   
8. 
   Крюки не должны использоваться при погрузке мешкового груза, кип с хлопком и бочонков с жидкостями.
   
9. 
   Повреждение груза, вызванное сдавливанием, обусловливается небрежностью при укладке и неправильным использова­нием деревянной подстилки.
   
10. 
    Тяжелые и громоздкие грузовые места, уложенные вместе с хрупкими грузовыми местами, могут вызвать их сплющивание.
    

X. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. 
   What will happen if you don’t pay due care to proper stowa­ge of cargo pieces?
   
2. 
   What are the examples of damage caused by improper handling?
   
3. 
   Is the effect of damage always apparent?
   
4. 
   How are case goods arranged while slinging?
   
5. 
   With what kinds of goods are canvas slings used?
   
6. 
   Is it a good practice to use hooks when slinging bagged cargoes?
   
7. 
   In what cases do you use cargo hooks?
   
8. 
   Does the stevedore strictly keep (придерживается) to the cargo-plan while loading?
   
9. 
   What may happen to cargo packages when they suffer (под­вергаются) undue stress?
   
10. 
    How are fragile packages handled?
    
11. 
    What will happen if you don’t pay care to acceleration and retardation of winch speed?
    
12. 
    What important precautions will you observe with all types of derrick rigging and cargo gear?
    

XI. Выучите диалоги no частям:
ПРИМЕЧАНИЯ
what’s wrong? – что случилось?

over there – вон там

to get wet – подмокнуть

to get damp – отсыреть

trace – след

feeling dry – зд. наощупь сухие

true enough – совершенно справедливо

lump – ком

later the bags could have dried – позже мешки могли высохнуть

in such a state – в таком состоянии

on the part – со стороны

I’ll be forced – я буду вынужден

---

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