Файл: Развитие форм прошедшего времени в английском языке.pdf

Приложение

The uses of past tenses

Past simple

for single completed action at a specific time

She got married last week.

The Beatles had their first hit, with 'Love Me Do', in 1962.

when talking about a time that is obviously in the past

He was a very difficult child.

For some reason the dinosaurs became extinct.

when talking about relatively long-term situations

At that time we lived in Sussex.

When she was younger she played a lot of basketball.

when talking about finished time periods

I spoke to him about it yesterday.

We went there last year.

sequences of actions

He turned off the TV, locked the back door and went to bed.

She left the shop and crossed the road.

for repeated actions in the past (see note below)

He visited his parents every weekend.

She often popped into the library on her way home.

Past continuous

actions in progress around a certain time

What were you doing at four o'clock yesterday afternoon?This time last week I was just beginning my new job

temporary situations in the past

He was staying with his parents until he could find a place of his own.

It was raining so they decided to stay in.

background events in progress

It was five o'clock and people were rushing home.

The story starts when he was staying with his cousins in the West Country.

longer events in progress interrupted by a short action

We were just sitting down to tea when the doorbell rang.

She was travelling on the metro when she had her purse stolen.

longer events with verbs like wear and carry

She was wearing an Hermès scarf and carrying a Gucci bag.

Past perfect

past events which occurred before another past event

He had already finished college before he made his first CD.

They stayed in the very hotel where they had been on their honeymoon.

events which occurred before the main story, when the story is in the past

She knew she had met him before, somewhere.

She had previously worked as a waitress.

to say the main action happened before something else (here, unusually, it is the later action that is in the past perfect)

It was in the days before the computer had been invented

She left the room before I had finished saying what I had to say.

Past perfect continuous

for longer continuous actions that happened up to a time in the past (and could continue), or shortly befor a time in the past.

We had already been waiting for half an hour.

I had been reading my newspaper and hadn't noticed the time.

for longer continuous actions before something happened in the past.

They had been walking for an hour or so when they saw a small cottage.

He was stopped by the police, even though he hadn't been speeding.

to emphasise that a situation before the main events lasted some time

He had been working there all his life.

It seemed though we had been dancing from dusk till dawn.

to explain a condition in the past

She had been travelling all day so was rather tired.

He had been running and was a bit out of breath.

Other ways of talking about the past – used to and would

As we saw, we can use Past simple to talk about repeated actions and habits and states in the past. If these are no longer true we can also use used to, and if we are talking about a repeated action, rather than a state, we can also use would

At the time I walked to work day.

I used to walk to work every day.

I would walk to work every day.

For states in the past that are no longer true, we can use Past simple and used to, but not would.

He had much longer hair then.

He used to have much longer hair then.

NOTHe would have much longer hair then.

In this case, live and work function like state verbs

She lived and worked in Newcastle at that time.

She used to live and work in Newcastle.

NOT She would live and work in Newcastle.

The structure used to is the Past simple of an old verb use to, which is no longer used. So the negative and question forms are just like any other verb in the Simple past, without the final d.

She used to live in the South of France.

She didn't use to visit Britain much.

Did she use to live in the country?

Didn't she use to write books about life in Provence?

Used to is sometimes referred to as a semi-modal (see below). There's a link below to a post with exercises on used to and would.

REPORTED SPEECH AND SEQUENCE OF TENSES

Косвенная речь и согласование времён

Таким образом, можно использовать следующую схему:

Statements ( утверждения)

Изменение времени глагола в косвенной речи.

Изменение обстоятельств времени места , указательных местоимений при переводе из прямой речи в косвенную.