Файл: electrods.pdf

X*#$( !#D(4F+-J$ ($"(#!$%4F"-J D(E&%H"(#$F (relative error, er).

L(E&%H"(#$F, 3%4%""*, "* !#$!""(% +"*5%"!%:

er = e/ Z,

.($(&-J 5*#$( '0&*C*J$ ' D&(@%"$*7 (percentage relative error; er (%).

L(4-5*J$ -8"(C%"!%8 '%4!5!"0 ($"(#!$%4F"(6 D(E&%H"(#$! "* 100%.

H(%8*()D'(B)-(%$5 (precision). >$%D%"F )4!+(#$! 8%C3- "%+*'!#!808! &%+-4F$*$*8! !+8%&%"!6 *"*4!+*, D(4-5%""08! D&! !#D(4F+('*"!! G.#D%&!8%"$*4F"(6 8%$(3!.! D&! (E('(&%""07 -#4('!,7.

X%8 8%"FH% #4-5*6"*, D(E&%H"(#$F G.#D%&!8%"$*, '4!,JM*, "* &%+-4F$*$, $%8 $(5"%% 3*""*, 8%$(3!.*. %&* '(#D&(!+'(3!8(#$! – #$*"3*&$"(% ($.4("%"!%.

I$14(,!,)! (deviation; d). T*+"!@* 8%C3- "*)4J3*%8(6 '%4!5!"(6 ! *&!28%$!5%#.!8 #&%3"!8 '0)(&.!, . .($(&(6 ("* D&!"*34%C!$:

di = xi ( x .

?*!B,!! #*)2-!$)"!%1(!, %*!B,&& '!4)"),# (arithmetic mean, average, x ). >-88* '#%7 +"*5%"!6 #%&!! "*)4J3%"!6, 3%4U""*, "* 5!#4( "*)4J3%"!6 (!+8%&%"!6, *"*4!+('):

x*xi

=n .

L&%3%40 #-88!&('*"!, ($ 1 3( n.

?$#,B#*$,(! ($14(,!,)! (standard deviation). N)(+"*5%"!%W S –

'0)(&(5"(% #$*"3*&$"(% ($.4("%"!%, ! [ - #$*"3*&$"(% ($.4("%"!%.

N@%"!'*%$#, .*. D(4(C!$%4F"06 .'*3&*$"06 .(&%"F '%4!5!"0, D(4-5*%8(6 D&! 3%4%"!! #-880 .'*3&*$(' &*+"(#$%6 '#%7 G4%8%"$(' '0)(&.! ! #&%3"%E( G$(6 '0)(&.! "* 5!#4( #$%D%"%6 #'()(30 (5!#4( !+8%&%"!6 8!"-# %3!"!@*). T*##5!$0'*J$ D( #4%3-JM%6 2(&8-4%W

19

!"!8*4F"(% 5!#4( "*)4J3%"!6, .($(&(% "%()7(3!8( 34, D(4-5%"!, D&!%84%8(6 (@%".! #$*"3*&$"(E( ($.4("%"!,, &*'"( 6.

6)%8!*%)& (variance; V !4! [2). 1'*3&*$ #$*"3*&$"(E( ($.4("%"!,.

I$,(%)$!45,(! %$#,B#*$,(! ($14(,!,)! (rolative standard deviation; sr !4! [r). >$*"3*&$"(% ($.4("%"!%, 3%4%""(% "* #&%3"%%

'0)(&.!W

s sr ' x .

?0(B)-(%$5 (repeatability). >$%D%"F #(E4*#('*""(#$!, D(4-5%""07 D&! D(8(M! (3"(E( ! $(E( C% 8%$(3* !4! !3%"$!5"(E( *"*4!+!&-%8(E( 8*$%&!*4* ' (3!"*.('07 -#4('!,7 ((3!" ! $($ C% !#D(4"!$%4F, $($ C% D&!)(&, $* C% 4*)(&*$(&!, ! "%+"*5!$%4F"0% !"$%&'*40 8%C3- !+8%&%"!,8!). %&* #7(3!8(#$! – #$*"3*&$"(% ($.4("%"!% #7(3!8(#$!

(repeatability standard deviation).

('$(*&!-(%$5 (reproducibility). >$%D%"F #(E4*#('*""(#$! "%+*'!#!807 &%+-4F$*$(', D(4-5%""07 D&! D(8(M! (3"(E( ! $(E( C% 8%$(3* !4! !3%"$!5"(E( *"*4!+!&-%8(E( 8*$%&!*4*, "( D&! &*+"07 -#4('!,7 (&*+"0% !#D(4"!$%4!, D&!)(&0, 4*)(&*$(&!! ! (!4!) #D-#$, &*+4!5"0% !"$%&'*40 '&%8%"!. %&* D('$(&,%8(#$! – #$*"3*&$"(% ($.4("%"!% D('$(&,%8(#$! (reproducibility standard deviation).

T%+-4F$*$0 *"*4!+* D&%3#$*'4,J$ ' '!3% E&*"!@0 3('%&!$%4F"(E( !"$%&'*4*.

A*#,)7= B('!*)$!45,(/( ),$!*'#4# (confidence levels about the mean). >!88%$&!5"0% E&*"!@0 3('%&!$%4F"(E( !"$%&'*4* (±#) 34, (@%".! #&%3"%E(, ' .($(&(6 # '%&(,$"(#$FJ 1-, D(D*3*%$ 8*$%8*$!5%#.(% (C!3*"!%

20

(#&%3"%% E%"%&*4F"(6 #('(.-D"(#$!). X!#4%""(% +"*5%"!% # &*##5!$0'*J$ D( -&*'"%"!JW

C ' tp,- S , n

E3%, t&,\ – $*)4!5"(% +"*5%"!% t-.&!$%&!, >$FJ3%"$* 34, 3('%&!$%4F"(E( -&('", 1-, ! 5!#4* #$%D%"%6 #'()(30 \.

6('!*)$!45,=: ),$!*'#4 (confidence interval) (D!#0'*%$#, .*.

x . C .

J)%4( %$!8!,!: %'(F(B= (degrees of freedom; - ). >$*$!#$!5%#.*, '%4!5!"*, D(.*+0'*JM*, 5!#4( D%&%8%""07, .($(&0% 8(E-$ )0$F D&!#'(%"0 D&(!+'(4F"( D&! 7*&*.$%&!#$!.% '0)(&.!. K "*!)(4%% D&(#$(8 #4-5*%, .(E3* 80 !8%%8 n !+8%&%"!6 (*"*4!+(') ! (3!" !##4%3-%806 D*&*8%$& (#&%3"%% +"*5%"!%), - ' n (1.

.*('!,5 B('!*)$!45,(: '!*(&$,(%$) (confidence level).

K%&(,$"(#$F $(E(, 5$( (C!3*%8*, '%4!5!"* !##4%3-%8(E( D*&*8%$&* 4%C!$ '"-$&! "%.($(&(E( !"$%&'*4*. /&('%"F 3('%&!$%4F"(6 '%&(,$"(#$! 8(C%$ )0$F '0&*C%" ' '!3% 5!#4* 8%C3- 0 ! 1 !4! ' D&(@%"$*7. K *"*4!$!5%#.(6 7!8!! &%.(8%"3-%$#, !#D(4F+('*$F -&('%"F 3('%&!$%4F"(6 '%&(,$"(#$!,

&*'"06 0,95. K "%.($(&07 #4-5*,7 -&('%"F 3('%&!$%4F"(6 '%&(,$"(#$! 3!.$-%$#, $&%)('*"!%8 #!$-*@!!.

>%$(",)1) 8(/*!+,(%$!: ' )(,(-!$*))

Q 9#$(5"!.*8! D(E&%H"(#$%6, #',+*""07 # !#D(4F+('*"!%8 #*8!7 G4%.$&(3(', ()05"( ,'4,J$#,:

•"%D&*'!4F"*, E&*3-!&('.*,

•"%3(#$*$(5"06 .("$&(4F $%8D%&*$-&0.

:"*4!$!. 8(C%$ ()"*&-C!$F G$! D(E&%H"(#$! ! -#$&*"!$F !7 ' 7(3% *"*4!+*.

21

Q L(E&%H"(#$!, #',+*""0% # #*8!8 *"*4!+!&-%808 &*#$'(&(8.

98%""( ("! 5*M% '#%E( D&!'(3,$ . "%D&*'!4F"(8- &%H%"!J. Y#4! D&!&(3* *"*4!+!&-%8(E( &*#$'(&* ' (#"('"(8 !+'%#$"*, $( 8%$(3!.- *"*4!+* 8(3!2!@!&-J$ $*., 5$()0 -8%"FH!$F !4! !#.4J5!$F D(E&%H"(#$F.

V K4!,"!% !(""(6 #!40 &*#$'(&* "* D(.*+*"!, D&!)(&* 8(C%$ ,'4,$F#, D&!5!"(6 !#.*C%"!, &%+-4F$*$* *"*4!+*.

Q*#.!&('*"!% ' 7(3% *"*4!+* 8(C%$ D&!'%#$! . D("!C%"!J #'()(3"( (D&%3%4,%8(E( '%M%#$'* ! . +*"!C%""(8- &%+-4F$*$- *"*4!+*.

QL(#$(&(""!% '%M%#$'* 8(E-$ ,'!$F#, D&!5!"(6 D(4-5%"!, +*'0H%""07 &%+-4F$*$('. 98%%$ +"*5%"!% #D(#() -3*4%"!, 8%H*JM!7 '%M%#$' !+ *"*4!+!&-%8(E( &*#$'(&*. =%()7(3!8( &*##8($&%$F '#% D&(@%##0, D&(!#7(3,M!% ' G4%.$&(7!8!5%#.(6 ,5%6.%. =*D&!8%&, 34,

-3*4%"!, !+ "!$&*$"07 &*#$'(&(' Cl--!("(' "*3( 3()*'!$F !("0 Ag+. =( !+

&*#$'(&(' #(4%6 8%3! Cl--!("0 G$!8 #D(#()(8 -3*4!$F "%4F+,, $... Ag+

'+*!8(3%6#$'-%$ # 9>O-Cu2+.

Y#4! !+'%#$"* .("@%"$&*@!, 8%H*JM%E( '%M%#$'*, &%+-4F$*$0 *"*4!+* 8(C"( #.(&&%.$!&('*$F "* %E( '4!,"!% # D(8(MFJ .(G22!@!%"$* #%4%.$!'"(#$!.

IFK)! 8(/*!+,(%$) #,#4)D#

N"! "*!)(4%% 5*#$( '(+"!.*J$ ' D&*.$!.% *"*4!+* ! #'(6#$'%""0 '#%8 $!D*8 G4%.$&(3('.

VD E. :-+ 0-, -?/,%-*,:A0=B 8%->)%)+

L&!5!"*: D4(7(6 G4%.$&!5%#.!6 .("$*.$, '0#07*"!% &*#$'(&*,

+*D(4",JM%E( G4%.$&(3 #&*'"%"!,. L(G$(8- G4%.$&(30 #&*'"%"!, #4%3-%$ &%E-4,&"( D&('%&,$F ! 3(4!'*$F #(($'%$#$'-JM!8! &*#$'(&*8!.

VF,-?/,039<-,(3 8). ? 0-3

L(.*+*"!, D&!)(&* '#U '&%8, "*7(3,$#, "* "-4% (!4! )4!+.(8 . "%8- +"*5%"!!), 3*C% .(E3* G4%.$&(3 "% D(E&-C%" ' &*#$'(&. O$( #'!3%$%4F#$'-%$

22

( .(&($.(8 +*80.*"!! ' !+8%&!$%4F"(6 @%D!. L(#$(,""(%, "( "% &*'"(% "-4J D(.*+*"!% #'!3%$%4F#$'-%$ () ()M%6 D($%&% G4%.$&(3(8 5-'#$'!$%4F"(#$! ! #%4%.$!'"(#$!.

V6)*,%3 G:,.*%)1)/ @;+(*+-*,:A0)(*-

L($%"@!*4 G4%.$&(3* D%&%#$*U$ D(35!",$F#, -&*'"%"!J =%&"#$*. O$( 8(C%$ )0$F '0+'*"( D('&%C3%"!%8 8%8)&*"0. =%()7(3!8( D&('%&!$F $(5"(#$F '0D(4"%"!, 8%$(3!.! *"*4!+* ! D&*'!4F"(#$F D&!E($('4%"!,

#$*"3*&$"07 &*#$'(&(', D%&%3 $%8, .*. 5$(-4!)( D&%3D&!"!8*$F. =*D&!8%&,

#$%.4,""0% G4%.$&(30, D(3'%&EH!%#, '0#07*"!J, ()05"( ()4*3*J$ D4(7!8! 7*&*.$%&!#$!.*8!. X$()0 '(##$*"('!$F !7 #'(6#$'*, G4%.$&(3 D(E&-C*J$ "* 12 - 15 5 ' &*#$'(& HCl c C(HCl) = 0,01 8(4F/383. L&! D&(3(4C!$%4F"(8 !#D(4F+('*"!! D('%&7"(#$F $'U&307 8%8)&*" $-#."%%$ ! D(.&0'*%$#, #%$FJ @*&*D!". K )(4FH!"#$'% #4-5*%' #'(6#$'* $*.!7 8%8)&*" 8(C"( '(##$*"('!$F D(4!&('.(6 ' #(($'%$#$'!! # !"#$&-.@!%6.

L&! "%D&%&0'"(8 .("$&(4% D&!&(3"07 !4! #$(5"07 '(3 8(C%$ D&(!+(6$! +*E&,+"%"!% 8%8)&*"0. O$( D&%D,$#$'-%$ 3(#$-D- #'%C%E( &*#$'(&* . G4%.$&(3- ! '4%5U$ +* #()(6 D($%&J 5-'#$'!$%4F"(#$!. L(#4% -3*4%"!, +*E&,+"%"!, D*&*8%$&0 G4%.$&(3(' ' )(4FH!"#$'% #4-5*%' '(##$*"*'4!'*J$#,.

VD /,1:,00), ;(* 0)+:,0-, 8)*,02- :

L&!5!"0 G$(E( ,'4%"!, $% C%, .($(&0% D("!C*J$ 5-'#$'!$%4F"(#$F G4%.$&(3*. Y#4! ' #$*"3*&$"(8 &*#$'(&% G4%.$&(3 &*)($*%$ "(&8*4F"(, * ' *"*4!+!&-%8(8 &*#$'(&% -#$*"('4%"!% D($%"@!*4* +*8%34,%$#,, $(,

'%&(,$"(, *"*4!+!&-%80% &*#$'(&0 #(3%&C*$ 8%H*JM%% '%M%#$'(.

VH%,IJ 8). ? 0-I

%34%""06 3&%62 ' (3"(8 "*D&*'4%"!! 5*M% '#%E( '0+'*" !+8%"%"!%8 $%8D%&*$-&0 *"*4!+!&-%8(E( &*#$'(&*. YE( D&!5!"(6 8(C%$ )0$F ! "%3(#$*$(5"(% D%&%8%H!'*"!%. N#"('"(6 D&!5!"(6 3&%62*,

'%&(,$"(, ,'4,%$#, $%D4(, '03%4,%8(% G4%.$&(3'!E*$%4%8 8*E"!$"07 8%H*4(.. T%.(8%"3-%$#, D(8%M*$F $%D4(!+(4!&-JM!6 8*$%&!*4 8%C3-

.(&D-#(8 8%H*4.! ! *"*4!+!&-%808 &*#$'(&(8.

23

11.1*.!% 8%$(30 (@%".! .(G22!@!%"$(' #%4%.$!'"(#$! !+'%#$"0?

L(5%8- 5*M% '#%E( !#D(4F+-J$ 8%$(3 #8%H*""07 &*#$'(&('?

12.X$( $*.(% E&*3-!&('(5"*, 7*&*.$%&!#$!.*? K .*.!7 D&%3%4*7 ("* "*7(3!$#,?

13.X$( $*.(% .&-$!+"* E&*3-!&('(5"(6 7*&*.$%&!#$!.!? 1*.!% 2*.$(&0 '4!,J$ "* %% '%4!5!"-?

14.?*6$% D(",$!% D&%3%4* ()"*&-C%"!,. L&%34(C!$% #D(#()0 %E(

(@%".!.

15.1*.!% 2*.$(&0 '4!,J$ "* '%4!5!"- D&%3%4* ()"*&-C%"!,?

16.L%&%5!#4!$% 2*.$(&0, '4!,JM!% "* '&%8, ($.4!.* 9>O.

17./.*C!$% !#$(5"!.! D(E&%H"(#$%6 ' !("(8%$&!!.

18.L&%34(C!$% #D(#()0 (@%".! D&*'!4F"(#$! &%+-4F$*$(' *"*4!+* !("(8%$&!5%#.(E( (D&%3%4%"!,.

25

>(43#) 2. L#79.("+ 3)M 5!0#"$&!7#0.&<#/%&6

/#"/!.!-

T*##8($&!8 ($3%4F"0% '!30 9>O, #(#$*' !7 8%8)&*"0 34, &*#D(+"*'*"!, &*+"(+*&,3"07 .*$!("(' ! *"!("('.

2.1. G#"/!.+ /! /0#%)M""+7& 7#79.("(7&

A(4%% 85 4%$ !+'%#$%" #$%.4,""06 G4%.$&(3 34, !+8%&%"!, &=.

%8)&*"* &=-G4%.$&(3* D&%3#$*'4,%$ #!4!.*$"(% "*$&!%'(% #$%.4(. YE( D(4-5*J$ D&! #D4*'4%"!! #8%#! Al2O3, Na2O ! SiO2. 9+ #D4*'* '03-'*J$ 8%8)&*"- $(4M!"(6 0,3 – 0,4 88. O$!8 ()I,#",%$#, 7&-D.(#$F #$%.4,""07 G4%.$&(3('. L('0H%""(% #(3%&C*"!% Al2O3 ' #$%.4% D&!'(3!$ . -'%4!5%"!J '&%8%"! ($.4!.* D( ($"(H%"!J . Na+, Li+ !4! K+. N3"*.( ' 4J)(8 #4-5*%, #$%.4,""*, 8%8)&*"* #(7&*",%$ $*.C% ! 5-'#$'!$%4F"(#$F D( ($"(H%"!J . &=. %7*"!+8 3%6#$'!, #$%.4,""(E( G4%.$&(3* D(3&()"( D&%3#$*'4%" ' &*)($*7 *.*3%8!.* =!.(4F#.(E( A.L.

>$%.4,""0% 8%8)&*"0 !8%J$ '0#(.(% G4%.$&!5%#.(% #(D&($!'4%"!%,

D(&,3.* N8. X$()0 # !7 D(8(MFJ 8(C"( )04( D&('(3!$F !+8%&%"!,, ("! 3(4C"0 ' "%.($(&(6 #$%D%"! #(7&*",$F #D(#()"(#$F . !(""(6 G4%.$&!5%#.(6 D&('(3!8(#$!. &=-5-'#$'!$%4F"0% #$%.4,""0% G4%.$&(30 "-C3*J$#, .*. ! '#% 7!8!5%#.!% #%"#(&0 ' D&%3'*&!$%4F"(8

.("3!@!("!&('*"!!. O4%.$&(3 #( #$%.4,""(6 8%8)&*"(6 D&%3'*&!$%4F"( '08*5!'*J$ ' 0,1 HCl ' $%5%"!% 1 - 2 5*#('. >%4%.$!'"(#$F 8%8)&*"0 ' ($"(H%"!! !("(' H+ ()-#4('4%"* !7 -5*#$!%8 ' &%*.@!! ()8%"*. K D&(@%##% .("3!@!("!&('*"!, "* D('%&7"(#$! #$%.4* ()&*+-%$#, #4(6 E!3&*$!&('*""(E( E%4,, $(4M!"(6 10-5 – 10-4 88, .($(&06 "%()7(3!8 34, 2-".@!("!&('*"!, 8%8)&*"0. N3"('&%8%""( ()&*+-J$#, #!4*"(4F"0% E&-DD0 (–SiO–H+) "* D('%&7"(#$! #$%.4*. 9("0 "*$&!, ' #4(% E!3&*$!&('*""(E( E%4, +*8%",J$#, "* !("0 '(3(&(3*.

26

!"#$%&'()*$ $+*","($-*$ . $+/0/!%*$ 1/2%+%(/, 30/ $/() H+ 3","+

.&/4 .56/7/ .0"2&% (10-1**) (" !,/6/1-0.

8% ,$.. 2.1 .6"*%0$3".2$ $+/9,%:"(% 6/,/;/ <).5;"((%- *"*9,%(%.

>(50,"(($4 ,%.0</,

=$.. 2.1. 6"*% .0"2&-((/4 *"*9,%()

>/+($2(/<"($" *"*9,%((/7/ !/0"(#$%&% /95.&/<&"(/ (%&$3$"*

.$&'(/ /.(/<()6 7,5!! < ,";"02" 1$/2.$1% 2,"*($-, /9&%1%?@$6 <)./2$*

27