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F/0"(#$%& .0"2&-((/7/ D&"20,/1% /!$.)<%"0.- 5,%<("($"*G |
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E # const ! 0,059lg a |
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! . |
(2.3) |
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> .&%7%"*/" const <6/1-0 <"&$3$() !/0"(#$%&/< |
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> +%<$.$*/.0$ /0 (%+(%3"($- .0"2&-(()" D&"20,/1) $*"?0 ,%+(5? B/,*5 $ ,%+*", (/0 2,/;"3()6 .0",:"('2/<, 1&- <<"1"($- < /01"&'(5? 2&"025, 1/ !,/3()6 ;%,$2/< ,%+*",/* 10-15 ** !,$ $+*","($$ < !/0/2").
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E*"?0.- .0"2&-(()" $/(/."&"20$<()" D&"20,/1) 1&- $+*","($- 2/(#"(0,%#$4 Na+, Li+, K+ $ Ag+.
K/*$..$- ELFMK ,"2/*"(15"0 $.!/&'+/<%0' !/(-0$" /9 /9,%+#%6
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>(";($4 |
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>(50,"(($4 |
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D&"20,/1 |
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D&"20,/1 |
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.,%<"("($- |
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.,%<("($- |
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>(";($4 |
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0,1 C HCl |
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,%.0</, |
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>(50,"(($4 |
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0"2&-((%- |
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F/,$.0)4 |
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*"*9,%(% |
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!,$!/4 |
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Ag/AgCl |
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0"2&-((%- |
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*"*9,%(% |
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0"2&-(()4 D&"20,/1 |
K/*9$($,/<%(()4 .0"2&-(()4 D&"20,/1 |
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=$.. 2.2. ,8-35<.0<$0"&'()4 D&"20,/1 |
F",<$3()4 .0%(1%,0()4 /9,%+"# ,8 (primary pH standard). J0/ <"@".0</ 1/&:(/ /0<"3%0' .&"15?@$* 2,$0",$-*: </.!,/$+</1$*/.0' !,$7/0/<&"($- < <)./2/3$.0/* ./.0/-($$; 1/.05!(/.0' < 2%3".0<"
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29
!,$7/0/<&"(()" $+ ("7/ ,%.0</,) 1/&:() 9)0' 5.0/43$<)*$ 1&$0"&'(/"
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7$1,/B0%&%0 2%&$-, % < 2%3".0<" !",<$3(/7/ /9,%+#% .,%<("($- – "7/ 0,05 C ,%.0</,, ,8 D0/7/ ,%.0</,% (reference value pH standard, RVS) /9/+(%3%?0 ,8RVS, % $+*",-?0 < -3"42" 9"+ :$12/.0(/7/ ./"1$("($-. J0$ <"&$3$() ,8 !,$ ,%+&$3(/4 0"*!",%05," (!/ ;2%&" N"&'.$-) < </1" !,$<"1"() < 0%9&.2.1.
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O%9&$#% |
2.1. |
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-#,'+10.".0. 2."#3 4'# '.5"#$%&6 0!74!'.08'.6 |
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t, ûC |
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pH |
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t, ûC |
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pH |
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t, ûC |
pH |
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0 |
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4,000 |
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35 |
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4,018 |
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65 |
4,097 |
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5 |
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3,998 |
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37 |
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4,022 |
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70 |
4,116 |
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10 |
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3,997 |
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40 |
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4,027 |
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75 |
4,137 |
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15 |
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3,998 |
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45 |
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4,038 |
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80 |
4,159 |
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20 |
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4,001 |
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50 |
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4,050 |
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85 |
4,183 |
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25 |
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4,005 |
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55 |
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4,064 |
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90 |
4,21 |
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30 |
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4,011 |
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60 |
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4,060 |
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95 |
4,24 |
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8%,-15 . 52%+%(()*$ 0",*$(%*$ ELFMK ,"2/*"(15"0.- 0",*$(
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30
$+ <"@".0<, 2/0/,)" 1/&:() /0<"3%0' 2,$0",$-*: </.!,/$+</1$*/.0' !,$7/0/<&"($- < <)./2/3$.0/* ./.0/-($$, 5.0/43$</.0' ,%.0</,/< /!,"1"&"((/" <,"*-.
1+2#%+.3&,(( 45678 9# #$"&*,&% "&-.+.(/ 9"( (*%+"+.(( "0.//:;".. &.&<(!. =(%((. – 2005. – >.60, ?11. – @. 1220 – 1225.
2.2. 9"!20'+,& / 0*!',&7# 7!7:'.%.7#
8"2/0/,)" !&/6/ ,%.0</,$*)" ./&$ !,$ 2/*(%0(/4 0"*!",%05," /9&%1%?0 $/((/4 !,/</1$*/.0'? $ .!/./9() <.05!%0' < $/(//9*"(()" <+%$*/1"4.0<$- (% *":B%+(/4 7,%($#" 0<",1/" <"@".0<//</1%. J0/ !,$</1$0 2 /9,%+/<%($? *":B%+(/7/ !/0"(#$%&%, 2%2 $ < .&53%"
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!"!#$%&'())%*+%+ ,+,-$(".
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./.0/$0 $+ !&%.0$(2$ */(/2,$.0%&&% LaF3 . 1/9%<2%*$ Eu (II) 1&- !/<);"($- D&"20,/!,/</1(/.0$ *"*9,%(). "&"20$<(/.0' 0%2/4 *"*9,%() /9".!"3$<%"0.- .0,/"($"* 2,$.0%&&$3".2/4 ,";"02$. > *"*9,%(" $+ */(/2,$.0%&&% LaF3 $/() F /9&%1%?0 <)./2/4 !/1<$:(/.0'?,
!","1<$7%-.' < 2,$.0%&&$3".2/4 ,";"02" ./7&%.(/ .6"*": LaF3 + <%2%(.$- (1),2%) S LaF2+ + F .
31
H/9%<&"($" EuF2 5<"&$3$<%"0 2/&$3".0</ <%2%(.$4 $, .&"1/<%0"&'(/,
!,/</1$*/.0'.
F/0"(#$%& D&"20,/1% &$("4(/ +%<$.$0 /0 lgaF < $(0",<%&" 2/(#"(0,%#$4 100 – 106 */&'/1*3. T/&"" 3"* 1000-2,%0()" $+9)02$ 7%&/7"($1- $ 1,57$6 $/(/< (" *";%?0 /!,"1"&"($?. I!,"1"&"($? *";%?0 $/() 8+, 2/0/,)" . F--$/(%*$ /9,%+5?0 ("1$../#$$,5"*)" ./"1$("($-, (% 2/0/,)" D&"20,/1 (" 1%"0 /02&$2%.
H+ + 3F- U HF + 2F- U HF 2 + F- U HF32
F/D0/*5 %20$<(/.0' .</9/1()6 F -$/(/< . 5*"(';"($"* ,8 !/($:%"0.-.
M($/() I8- *";%?0 /!,"1"&"($?, 0%2 2%2 (% !/<",6(/.0$ D&"20,/1% /9,%+5"0.- La(OH)3, ,%.0</,$*/.0' 2/0/,/7/ ./$+*",$*% . ,%.0</,$*/.0'? */(/2,$.0%&&% LaF3.
> ,"+5&'0%0" ,"%2#$$:
LaF3 + 3OH- U La(OH)3 + 3F-
/.</9/:1%"0.- /!,"1"&"((/" 2/&$3".0</ F-- $/(/<. F/D0/*5 0%2/4 D&"20,/1 */:"0 ,%9/0%0' < /7,%($3"((/4 /9&%.0$ ,8. =%9/3$4 1$%!%+/( ,8 E J-F-
&":$0 < $(0",<%&" ,8 5,5 – 6,5, ./+1%<%"*)4 %#"0%0()* $&$ #$0,%0()* 95B",/*.
E/() Al3+, Fe3+ *";%?0 /!,"1"&"($? <.&"1.0<$" /9,%+/<%($-
!,/3()6 B0/,$1()6 2/*!&"2./< %($/((/7/ 0$!% [AlF6]3-, [FeF6]3- $ 1,. H&- 5.0,%("($- *";%?@"7/ <&$-($- 2%0$/(/< *"0%&&/< 2 %(%&$+$,5"*/*5 ,%.0</,5 1/9%<&-?0 .$&'()4 2/*!&"2.//9,%+/<%0"&', (%!,$*", JHOM.
32
/$+&&!0("".+ %1 2!$!3#( ,+,-$(".
> 2%3".0<" D&"20,/1(/%20$<(/7/ <"@".0<% (JM>) !,$*"(-?0 ("/,7%($3".25? ./&', $*"?@5? $/((5? !,/</1$*/.0' !,$ 2/*(%0(/4 0"*!",%05," Ag2S. F/,/;2//9,%+()4 Ag2S &"72/ .!,"../<%0' < *"6%($3".2$ .0%9$&'()" *"*9,%() < B/,*" 0/(2$6 1$.2/<. C"*9,%(% $+
Ag2S $.!/&'+5?0.- 1&- /9(%,5:"($- 2%2 Ag+, 0%2 $ S2-.
F/1<$:()* $/(/* < D0/4 *"*9,%(" -<&-"0.- $/( Ag+.
V5<.0<$0"&'(/.0' 2 S2--$/(5 /!,"1"&-"0.- !,/$+<"1"($"* ,%.0</,$*/.0$
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E # const ! 0,059lgaAg! ,
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E # const |
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0,059 |
lg aS2 |
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2 |
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71" |
const$ # const ! 0,059lg K61Ag S . |
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2 |
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C"*9,%(), $+7/0/<&"(()" |
!,"../<%($"* .*"."4 |
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,%+&$3()6 ./&"4, !,"1.0%<&"() < 0%9&. 2.2. |
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O%9&$#% 2.2. )!7:'.%& %. +/%+*! /7!/!; 4+'+<2+* |
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I!,"1"&-"*)4 $/( |
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/.0%< *"*9,%() |
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Cl (Br , I ) |
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Ag2 S |
AgCl |
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CN |
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Ag2 S |
AgI |
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Cd 2! |
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Ag2 S CdS |
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Pb2! |
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Ag2 S PbS |
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Cu2! |
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Ag2 S CuS |
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(2.4)
(2.5)
!/,/;2/<
>/ <."6 D0$6 .&53%-6 !",<$3()* -<&-"0.- /02&$2 *"*9,%() (% $/(
Ag+. V5<.0<$0"&'(/.0' !/ /0(/;"($? 2 1,57$* $/(%* /!,"1"&-"0.-
33