ВУЗ: Не указан
Категория: Не указан
Дисциплина: Не указана
Добавлен: 30.07.2024
Просмотров: 332
Скачиваний: 0
!,/$+<"1"($"* ,%.0</,$*/.0$ .//0<"0.0<5?@"4 ./&$. >"&$3$(% !,/$+<"1"($- ,%.0</,$*/.0$ D0/4 ./&$ 1/&:(% !,"<);%0'
.//0<"0.0<5?@5? <"&$3$(5 1&- Ag2S.
>.&53%" E J-Cl- <"&$3$(5 !,/$+<"1"($- ,%.0</,$*/.0$ AgCl <</1-0
<5,%<("($" 8",(.0%:
61AgCl # aAg! "aCl , |
|
(2.6) |
||
E # const ! 0,059lg 61Ag! / aCl , |
(2.7) |
|||
E # const |
$ |
0,059lg a . |
(2.8) |
|
|
|
|
Cl |
|
H&- E J-Cd2+ < 5,%<("($" 8",(.0% <2&?3%?0 /9% !,/$+<"1"($- ,%.0</,$*/.0$ 1&- Ag2S $ CdS.
H&- D&"20,/1/< . 0<",1)*$ *"*9,%(%*$ */:(/ /#"($0' /,$"(0$,/</3(/ 2/DBB$#$"(0 ."&"20$<(/.0$ $+ <"&$3$()
.//0<"0.0<5?@$6 !,/$+<"1"($4 ,%.0</,$*/.0$. O%2, ,/1%($1 – $/() *";%?0 /!,"1"&"($? 9,/*$1/< . E J (% /.(/<" AgSAg2 S <<$15 (%&$3$- ,%<(/<".$-:
SCN ! AgBr(> ) % AgSCN(> ) ! Br .
I9,%+/<%($" 0<",1)6 ,/1%($1% $ 9,/*$1% .","9,% (%3$(%"0.- 0/71%,
2/71% !,/$+<"1"($" %20$<(/.0"4 .//0<"0.0<5?@$6 |
|
$/(/< |
|
1/.0$7%"0 |
||||||||
<"&$3$() .//0<"0.0<5?@"7/ !,/$+<"1"($- ,%.0</,$*/.0$. |
|
|
|
|||||||||
1 |
|
aSCN |
|
61(Ag2SCN ) |
1"10 |
12 |
|
& 2 |
|
|
||
|
|
# |
|
# |
|
# |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
pot |
|
|
|
|
13 |
. |
(2.9) |
||||
|
|
aBr |
|
61(AgBr) |
|
|
|
|||||
|
KA B |
|
|
5,25 "10 |
|
|
|
|
O%2$* /9,%+/*, */:(/ /:$1%0', 30/ /02&/("($" 7,%15$,/</3(/4 +%<$.$*/.0$ /0 &$("4(/4 (%3("0.- !,$ .//0(/;"($$ %20$<(/.0"4 SCN $
Br - $/(/<, ,%<(/* 2.
34
4+"&!$".+ ,+,-$(". 0 2!)%,+$"!5 ,('$%6+
J0$ *"*9,%() 9)&$ !,"1&/:"() <"(7",.2$* 6$*$2/* F5(7/,/*. > 2%3".0<" JM> $.!/&'+/<%&$ !/,/;2$ *%&/,%.0</,$*)6 ("/,7%($3".2$6
./&"4, <2&?3"(()" < !/&$*",(5? *%0,$#5. > 2%3".0<" .<-+5?@"7/ *%0",$%&% 9)& $.!/&'+/<%( !/&$.$&/2.%(. /1",:%($" JM> ./.0%<&-&/ /2/&/ 50%. > 2%3".0<" *%0,$#) $.!/&'+/<%&$ .$&$2/(/<)" 2%5352$,
!/&$<$($&6&/,$1 (F>X) $ 0",*/!&%.0$(2$. F/ *"6%($+*5 1"4.0<$- D0$ *"*9,%() (" /0&$3%?0.- /0 %(%&/7$3()6 *"*9,%( $+ .!,"../<%(()6 !/,/;2/<)6 1$.2/<. 8% 2/("# 7,%B$0/</7/ .0",:(- (%(/.-0 .&/4 *%&/,%.0</,$*/4 ("/,7%($3".2/4 ./&$. H&- 7$1,/B/9$+%#$$ !/<",6(/.0$ 7,%B$0/</7/ .0",:(- "7/ /9,%9%0)<%?0 0"B&/(/*, % +%0"* <.0%<&-?0 < !&%.0$2/<)4 2/,!5.. 8"/,7%($3".25? ./&' (%(/.-0 (% 0/,"# 7,%B$0/</7/
.0",:(- $ <0$,%?0 .0"2&-((/4 !%&/32/4.
2.3. =>9 / ?#,2#7# 7!7:'.%.7#
"&"20$<(/.0' :$12$6 *"*9,%( /!,"1"&-"0.- < !",<5? /3","1' D2.0,%2#$/(()*$ .</4.0<%*$ /,7%($3".2/4 B%+). > 2%3".0<" JM> !,$*"(-"0.- $/(//9*"(($2. I( 1/&:"( 51/<&"0</,-0' .&"15?@$* 0,"9/<%($-*:
Q(" ,%.0</,-0'.- < </1";
Q/9,%+/<)<%0' !,/3(/" ./"1$("($" . !/0"(#$%&/9,%+5?@$* $/(/*;
Q/9&%1%0' .!/./9(/.0'? 9).0,/ /9*"($<%0'.- $/(%*$ . ,%.0</,/*.
5@".0<5?0 2%0$/(/- $ %($/(//9*"(($2$.
> 2%3".0<" 2%0$/(//9*"(($2/< !,$*"(-?0 ./&$ . 2,5!()*$ /,7%($3".2$*$ %($/(%*$, (%!,$*",:
35
R – O |
O |
R – O |
S |
|
|
P |
|
P |
|
R – O |
O |
R – O |
S |
> |
H$%&2$&B/.B%0 H$%&2$&1$0$/B/.B%0
O"0,%B"($&9/,%0
R – 57&"</1/,/1()4 ,%1$2%&.
=/&' %($/(//9*"(($2/< <)!/&(-?0 ./&$ . 2,5!()*$ 7$1,/B/9()*$
2%0$/(%*$, (%!,$*",:
|
|
+ |
|
R2N |
NR2 |
|
+ |
|
R |
R |
C |
|
|
N
R R
O"0,%%&2$&%**/($4
NR2
K,%.$0"&' 0,$B"($&*"0%(/</7/ ,-1%
2
N
Fe
N
3
I,7%(/*"0%&&$3".2$4 2/*!&"2.
36
=%..*/0,$* !,$(#$! 1"4.0<$- :$12/4 *"*9,%() (,$.. 2.3).
>(";($4 |
Y$12%- |
>(50,"(($4 |
</1()4 |
*"*9,%(% |
</1()4 |
,%.0</, |
|
,%.0</, |
|
S |
|
A+ |
A+ |
A+ |
B+ |
B+ |
B+ |
X- |
R- |
X- |
|
AR |
|
|
BR |
|
|
|
|
=$..2.3. |
6"*% :$12/4 *"*9,%() |
> /,7%($3".2/* ,%.0</,$0"&" S (%6/1$0.- ./&' AR ($&$ BR). > 1%((/* .&53%" 2,5!()4 /,7%($3".2$4 %($/( R- (",%.0</,$* < </1" $ (" */:"0 <)40$ +% !,"1"&) *"*9,%(). P7/ !,$.50.0<$" < /,7%($3".2/4 B%+" (" !/+</&-"0 </40$ < *"*9,%(5 /1(/$*"((/ . ($* +%,-:"(()* %($/(%* X-.
</9/1(/ !","6/1-0 7,%($#) B%+ 0/&'2/ 2%0$/() M+ $ >+. > /0&$3$" /0 *"*9,%( . 0<",1)*$ $/(//9*"(($2%*$ (% /.(/<" 2,$.0%&&$3".2$6 ./&"4 < :$12$6 *"*9,%(%6 /,7%(/B$&'()" (7$1,/B/9()") $/(//9*"(($2$ (R- < (%;"* !,$*",") !/1<$:(). K,/*" 0/7/, 9/&"" !/1<$:()*$ < :$12$6 *"*9,%(%6 (!/ .,%<("($? . 0<",1)*$) .0%(/<-0.- /9*"($<%?@$".- . </1()* ,%.0</,/* $/() M+ $ >+. F,$ !","6/1" $+ </1(/7/ ,%.0</,% < /,7%($3".2$4 $/() M+ $ >+ 53%.0<5?0 < (".2/&'2$6 !,/#"..%6: /($ 0",-?0 !/&(/.0'? $&$ 3%.0$3(/ 7$1,%0(5? /9/&/325 (!,/#".. 1"7$1,%0%#$$),
./&'<%0$,5?0.- /,7%($3".2$* ,%.0</,$0"&"* (!,/#".. ./&'<%0%#$$),
<+%$*/1"4.0<5?0 . %($/(%*$ R- (!,/#".. %../#$%#$$) $ !","*"@%?0.- <(50,$ *"*9,%(). >." D0$ !,/#"..) <&$-?0 (% <"&$3$(5 *"*9,%((/7/
37
!/0"(#$%&%, $ $*"((/ $6 <%,'$,/<%($" !/+</&-"0 #"&"(%!,%<&"((/ </+1"4.0</<%0' (% ."&"20$<(/.0' :$12/4 *"*9,%().
=%..*/0,$* < 2%3".0<" !,$*",% E J (% $/( %2+.
Y$12/.0(/4 E J - 9)& ./+1%( < 1967 7. C"*9,%() D0$6 D&"20,/1/< !,"1.0%<&-&$ ,%.0</, 2%&'#$"</4 ./&$ 1$-(-1"#$&B/.B%0% < 1$-(-
/20$&B"($&B/.B%0" (,$.. 2.4).
=$.. 2.4. K/(.0,52#$- 2%&'#$4."&"20$<(/7/ D&"20,/1% . :$12/4 *"*9,%(/4G
1 – <(";($4 ,%.0</,; 2 – !/,$.0%- *"*9,%(%; 3 – 6&/,$1.","9,-()4 D&"20,/1
.,%<("($-; 4 – <(50,"(($4 </1()4 ,%.0</,; 5 – ,"+",<5%, 1&- :$12/7/ $/(//9*"(($2%; 6
– .&/4 :$12/7/ $/(//9*"(($2%
Z%*"(% /,7%($3".2/7/ ,%.0</,$0"&- !,$</1$0 2 $+*"("($? $/((/4
."&"20$<(/.0$ D&"20,/1%. 8%!,$*",, $.!/&'+/<%($" (-1"2%(/&% <*".0/ 1$-
(-/20$&B"($&B/.B/(%0% /9".!"3$<%"0 ,%<(5? ."&"20$<(/.0' !/ /0(/;"($? 2 $/(%* Ca2+ $ Mg2+. J0/ !/+</&-"0 $.!/&'+/<%0' 1%(()4 D&"20,/1 1&- /!,"1"&"($- :".02/.0$ </1).
J&"20,/1(/%20$<()" <"@".0<% *"*9,%() <("1,-?0 < F>X – *%0,$#5.
I9)3(/ $.!/&'+5?0 .&"15?@$" $/(/B/,) (,$.. 2.5):
38
•2%0$/(//9*"(($2 – 2%&'#$"<5? (II) ./&' 9$.(9$.(4-(1,1,3,3-
0"0,%*"0$&950$&)-B"($&B/.B/,(/4 2$.&/0) (TTOR);
•("40,%&'()4 !","(/.3$2 (PO8 – 1001).
|
$/(//9*"(($2 |
|
("40,%&'()4 !","(/.3$2 |
|
|
Me |
O |
|
|
|
N |
R |
O |
|
O |
|
O |
||
|
O |
Me O |
|
PCa2+
|
O- |
Me O |
|
R |
O |
|
O |
|
O |
||
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
N |
|
Me |
O |
|
|
TTOR |
|
PO8-1001 |
=$.. 2.5. E/(/B/,), ."&"20$<()" !/ /0(/;"($? 2 2%&'#$?
K/*!&"2.//9,%+5?@$* 2/*!/("(0/* -<&-"0.- %($/( B/.B/,/,7%($3".2/4 2$.&/0). E/(/B/, PO8-1001 (%+)<%?0 ("40,%&'()* !","(/.3$2/*. [$7%(1 ("40,%&"(, % 2/*!&"2. . Ca2+ ("."0 !/&/:$0"&'()4 +%,-1.
F,/#".. </+($2(/<"($- !/0"(#$%&/< !,"1.0%<&"( (% ,$.. 2.6.
8% 7,%($#" ,%+1"&% *"*9,%(%/,%.0</, !,/$.6/1$0 ,%+1"&"($" +%,-1/<, !,$</1-@"" 2 /9,%+/<%($? *":B%+(/7/ !/0"(#$%&%.
F>X *"*9,%(%
CaL2 % Ca2! ! 2L
\ P |
C":B%+(%- |
|
!/<",6(/.0' |
||
|
Ca2!aq
>/1%
=$.. 2.6. F,/#".. </+($2(/<"($- !/0"(#$%&/<
> .&53%" /9,%+/<%($- 2/*!&"2.% 2%&'#$- . B/.B/,/,7%($3".2/4 2$.&/0/4 !,/$.6/1$0 !",",%.!,"1"&"($" $/(/< Ca2+ /0(/.$0"&'(/
39
*":B%+(/4 7,%($#). J0/0 !,/#".. /!,"1"&-"0.- 7$1,%0%#$"4 Ca2+. /
.0/,/() *"*9,%() (% *":B%+(/4 7,%($#" /.0%?0.- /0,$#%0"&'(/ +%,-:"(()" 7,5!!) &$7%(1%. F,/$.6/1$0 ,%+1"&"($" +%,-1/<, 2/0/,/" !,$</1$0 2 B/,*$,/<%($? *":B%+(/7/ !/0"(#$%&%.
2.4. =+%/!"!20#*%&! @"!20'+,& %. +/%+*! #+%+1+'+*
>/+*/:(/.0' $.!/&'+/<%($- *%2,/#$2&$3".2$6 ./"1$("($4 – !,$,/1()6 %(0$9$/0$2/< < 2%3".0<" JM> < :$12$6 *"*9,%(%6 9)&% 5.0%(/<&"(% 0"B%("2/* $ $*/(/* < 19667. E*$ 9)& !/&53"( !%0"(0 (% $.!/&'+/<%($" <%&$(/*$#$(% $ 1,57$6 %(0$9$/0$2/< 2%2 JM> < *"*9,%(%6 E J. C%2,/#$2&$3".2$" !,$,/1()" $ .$(0"0$3".2$" ("40,%&'()" !","(/.3$2$ /9,%+5?0, 2%2 !,%<$&/, 2/*!&"2.) . .//0(/;"($"* &$7%(1 -
2%0$/( 1:1. I.(/<()* .</4.0</* D0$6 ./"1$("($4 2%2 !","(/.3$2/< $/(/< -<&-"0.- .!/./9(/.0' /9,%+/<)<%0' .0,5205,5 . &$!/B$&'(/4 /9/&/32/4 $ !/&-,(/4 <(50,"(("4 !/<",6(/.0'?. >(50,"((-- !/&/.0' $/(/B/,% 1/&:(% $*"0' *"("" 12, % !,"1!/30$0"&'(/ 5 – 8 2//,1$(%#$/(()6 #"(0,/<.
0,5205,% /9,%+5?@"7/.- 2/*!&"2.% 1/&:(% 9)0' 1/.0%0/3(/ :".02/4, 30/ 1/.0$7%"0.- +% .3"0 "" 5.$&"($- <(50,$*/&"25&-,()*$ </1/,/1()*$
.<-+-*$. I1(%2/ :".02/.0' .0,5205,) (" 1/&:(% 9)0' .&$;2/* 9/&';/4,
0%2 2%2 < !,/0$<(/* .&53%" $/(()4 /9*"( 951"0 !,/$.6/1$0' . ("1/.0%0/3(/4 .2/,/.0'?.
E/(/B/,) – /,7%($3".2$" <"@".0<%, /.5@".0<&-?@$" !","(/. 2%0$/(/< @"&/3()6 $ @"&/3(/-+"*"&'()6 *"0%&&/< $&$ NH!4 3","+ 9$/&/7$3".2$" *"*9,%().
$(0"+$,/<%(()" %#$2&$3".2$" ("40,%&'()" !","(/.3$2$,
!,"1(%+(%3"(()" < /.(/<(/* 1&- $.!/&'+/<%($- < D&"20,/1%6, ."&"20$<()6 2 $/(%* 1<56<%&"(0()6 *"0%&&/< (/0(/;"($" &$7%(1 – *"0%&& <
40