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Index 531

colonial power. See also American

Congregational Union of England

Cornwallis, Charles Cornwallis, first

colonies, rebellion of; British

and Wales (1831) 169

marquis 173, 257, 427

Empire, the; imperialism; India,

“congress system” 150

coronation of monarch 307

colonial

Connolly, James 169–170, 196

Elizabeth II 85

beginnings 56

Conrad, Joseph 170

corporation 173

challenge to 65–68

conscription 74, 75, 90, 110–111,

Corporation Act (1661) 39, 165, 321

decline of 83, 91

170, 384, 422

Corporation Act (1828) 191

diaspora in 19th century, effect of

press gang 345

Cort, Henry 173

61–62

Conservative and Unionist Party

council 173, 174, 308, 330, 335,

dominion 192

170, 287

344, 345. See also privy council

growth of 56–58

Conservative Party 84, 89, 170

Council of Four 75

height of power (19th century)

Churchill, Winston 79

Council of the March 299

62–65

Disraeli, Benjamin 190

Council of Tribunals 175

policy development 58

emergence of 63

country party 174

colony 167

Heath, Sir Edward 241

county 173–174, 374

Combination Acts 55, 167–168, 341,

Macmillan, Harold 92, 295

county court 174, 175

396

Major, John 170

coupon election 76

commission 168

post-1945 status 84–85

court party 174

Commission for Ecclesiastical Causes

Tamworth Manifesto (1934)

courts of law 174–177. See also Ap-

42

391

peal, Court of; Augmentations,

commission of inquiry 168

Lord Salisbury 118

Court of; Chancery, Court of; Com-

Committee of Both Kingdoms 168,

Thatcher, Margaret 94, 143, 170,

mon Pleas, Court of; Criminal Ap-

404

393–394

peal, Court of; Exchequer, Court

common law 168–169, 206, 283–284

constable 131, 170, 300, 343

of; First Fruits and Tenths, Court

barrister 120

Constable, John 171

of; General Surveyors, Court of;

Blacksone, Sir William 125–126

constitution 171, 308

High Court of Justice; King’s

Coke, Sir Edward 166

Constitution, U.S., Bill of Rights in

Bench, Court of; Old Bailey; Re-

combinations acts 168

124

quests, Court of; Session, Court of;

courts 250, 277, 379

constitutional government, Magna

Star Chamber; Wards, Court of

“forms of action” 424

Carta as symbol of 296. See also

admiralty 101, 169, 244, 273

habeas corpus 235

Magna Carta (1215)

assize 112, 181

law reports 284, 285

Continental Congress of American

attorney 114

Common Market 91–92, 209. See

colonies 105, 185

bailiff 117

also European Economic Commu-

“Continental System” of Napoleon

barristers 114, 120, 176, 260

nity (EEC)

Bonaparte 171, 314

Channel Islands 177

Common Pleas, Court of 114, 169,

conventicle 171

common law 250, 277, 379

174, 244, 273, 321

Conventicle Act (1664) 40, 165, 171

ecclesiastical courts 196–197

Common Prayer, Book of. See Book

convention 171

England and Wales 174–175

of Common Prayer

Convention of London (1840) 388

eyre 210

Common Sense by Thomas Paine

convention parliament 38, 171, 186,

grand jury 231, 273

333

194, 290, 309, 355

House of Lords 250–251

Commonwealth of England 38, 132,

convocations 171

Ireland 176–177, 197, 262

169, 236, 362, 404

Cook, Captain James 115, 130,

Isle of Man 177

Commonwealth of Nations 134

171–172, 172

jury 273

Commonwealth Relations Office

cooperative movement 172, 259,

law reports 284, 285

217

291, 331, 359, 419

magistrates 175, 181, 231, 251,

communism 300

copyhold 172, 219, 281

295, 340, 347

Communist Party of Great Britain

copyright 172

Northern Ireland 177

84, 379

corn laws 107, 172–173, 228

petty sessions 175, 273, 340

community charge (1989) 343, 394

Anti-Corn Law League 55, 107,

quarter sessions 175, 340, 349

commutation 169, 394

166, 173, 304

rulings 171

comprehensive education 199

repeal of 51, 55, 63, 107, 170,

Scotland 175–176

comprehensive school 89

173, 230, 351, 363

solicitor 379–380

Congregationalists 169, 256

tariffs and 392

year books 285, 426

532 Great Britain

covenant 177

Daily Mail 322

Defense of the Seven Sacraments, The by

Covenanters (Scotland) 145, 157,

Daily Mirror 322–323

Martin Luther 23

177, 194, 237, 272, 310, 414

Daladier, Edouard 78, 108, 154

deficit spending 284

Coverdale, Miles 124, 178, 208

Dalhousie, James Ramsay, first mar-

Defoe, Daniel 186–187

Cranfield, Lionel 178

quis 183

de Gaulle, Charles. See Gaulle,

Cranmer, Thomas, archbishop of

Dalrymple, James (Lord Stair). See

Charles de

Canterbury 24, 129, 178, 208,

Stair, James Dalrymple, first viscount

de heretico comburendo (1382, 1401)

302, 357

Danby, Thomas Osborne 183

187

cricket 178

Danelaw 4

De Lesseps, Ferdinand 202, 388

Crimean War (1854–56) 56–57,

Danes 4

democracy, British 84, 95

147, 178–179, 359, 363

genealogy 503

depression 187, 256, 268, 331, 397.

Criminal Appeal, Court of 107–108,

Darby, Abraham 183

See also Great Depression

179

Darien 184, 337

Derby, Edward Stanley, 14th earl of

Criminal Investigation Department

Darnley, Henry Stewart, earl of 184,

(prime minister) 187

343

268, 286, 300–301, 310, 312, 358

Desmond Rebellion (1579–83) 188,

criminal law 179, 284, 338, 360. See

darts 184

214, 330

also Old Bailey

Darwin, Charles 184, 184–185

de Valera, Eamon 76, 167, 188, 233,

Cripps, Sir Stafford 179, 221

Darwin, Erasmus 185

263, 264

crofter 176, 179–180, 245

Das Kapital by Karl Marx 300

Devereux, Robert, earl of Essex 166,

Crofter’s Act (1886) 180

Davies, John 185

209, 313, 324, 370

Cromer, Evelyn Baring, first earl 180

Davies, Richard 124, 185

Devereux, Walter, earl of Essex 209

Cromwell, Oliver 37–38, 39, 157, 169,

Davitt, Michael 185, 263

devolution 188, 342, 368–369

178, 180–181, 193, 194, 207, 260,

Davy, Sir Humphrey 185

Devonshire, William Cavendish,

262, 272, 276, 281, 286, 290, 291,

debt. See national debt

fourth duke of (prime minister)

296, 300, 317, 347, 355, 384, 404

Decartes, René 208

188

Cromwell, Thomas 24, 26–27, 162,

Declaration of Breda (1660) 38, 132,

Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria

178, 181, 192, 208, 222, 243, 346,

157

272–273

369

Declaration of Independence, U.S.

Diana, princess of Wales 86, 158,

crop rotation in 18th century 48–49

(1776) 185

188–189, 204

Crown. See monarchy; prerogative,

Declaration of Rights (1689) 186,

diaspora in 19th century 61–62

royal; specific monarchs

308, 350, 380, 414

Dickens, Charles 189

Crown Cases Reserved, Court of 179

declarations of indulgence 40, 41,

“Diggers” (1649) 418

crown colony 167

157, 186, 228, 352, 367, 371, 389

Dilke, Charles 189

Crown Court 181, 244

Declaratory Act (1977) 105

Dillon, John 189

Crown Jewels 396

declaratory acts (1720, 1766) 186,

“Diplock” courts 177

Crystal Palace (Great Exhibition of

231, 262, 344, 359, 384

disarmament 160, 189–190, 221,

1851) 58–59, 59, 181, 232

decline and devolution of Empire

241, 285, 363

Culloden, Battle of (1746) 52, 181,

since 1945 83–96, 207

disestablishment 190, 197, 207

182, 293, 313

domestic politics 83–87

dispensing power 190

Cumberland, William Augustus 182

economics 83–87, 90–91

Disraeli, Benjamin (prime minister)

Curragh mutiny (1914) 182, 219, 263

European Community involve-

63, 64, 170, 190–191, 191, 297,

Curzon of Kedleston, George

ment versus Empire 89–92, 207

306, 338, 359, 378, 388, 427

Nathaniel Curzon, first marquis

monarchy, decline of 85–86

disruption (Church of Scotland

182, 250

reviving nations 92–95

schism, 1843) 153, 191, 219

custom 283

social change 87–89

Dissenters 137–138, 191, 198, 365,

customs and excise 182

21st century 95–96

371, 379, 389, 394, 402

Cymmrodorion Society 202

decolonization 83, 91, 93–94

dissenting academies 191, 198

Cyprus 182

Dee, John 186

dissolution of Parliament 192, 347

D

defectors 306

dissolution of the monasteries (16th

Defence of the Realm Act (1914) 74,

century) 114, 181, 191–192, 309,

“Dáil” courts 176

186, 422

404

Dáil Éireann 167, 183, 233, 283,

defender of the faith (fidei defensor)

distribution of wealth 89

369, 391

23, 186

divine right 192

Index 533

divinity of kings 277 divorce

court 244, 273

by mutual consent (instituted 1969) 89

royal family (late 20th century) 86, 188, 204

“doctrine of lapse” 183

domestic politics since 1945 83–87 Dominicans 309

dominion 192, 195 Donne, John 192

Douglas-Home, Sir Alec (prime minister) 85, 192–193, 250

Dover, Treaty of (1670) 40, 183, 193, 195, 209

Dowding, Hugh 193 Downing, Sir George 193 Downing Street 193

D’Oyly Carte Opera Company 149 Drake, Sir Francis 152, 193, 204,

220

“drawing and quartering” 398

Dreadnought 193

Dresden, bombing of (World War II) 240

Dreyfus case 212 Drogheda 38, 193, 400 Drury, Sir Thomas 193

Drury Lane Theatre 193–194, 222, 374

Dryden, John 194

Dual Alliance of 1893 (France/ Russia) 70

Dublin 73, 106, 194, 196

Dudley, John, duke of Northumberland. See Northumberland, John Dudley

Duffy, Sir Charles Gavan 427 duke, rank of 194, 196, 338 Dumbarton Oaks conference (1944)

82

Dunbar, Battle of (1650) 194 Duncan (king of Scotland) 5 Dundas, Henry. See Melville, Henry

Dundas

Dundee, John Graham 194, 277 Dunkirk 134, 194–195, 310 Durham, John George Lambton, first

earl of 195, 407 Durham Report 195, 407

Dutch Wars (1652–74) 40, 104, 126, 195, 363

duties on foreign and domestic products 182

Dyer, Reginald, Brigadier General 105 dynamite war 195, 382

E earl, rank of 196, 338 early Britain 3–10, 206

enclosure 205–206 feudalism 212 14th-century crises 8–10 land tenure 212, 282 monarchy 307–308 Normans and Angevins 4–8 origins 3–4

eastern front (World War I) 71 “Eastern Question” 178–179 Easter Rebellion (1916) 72, 106, 149, 167, 170, 188, 196, 263, 265–266, 352, 376. See Irish

Republican Brotherhood

East India Company 65, 110, 122, 139, 143, 159, 165, 183, 196, 240, 252, 257, 258, 329, 352

EC. See European Community ecclesiastical courts 196–197 economic planning agencies 86 economics. See also specific economists

British capital in 19th century 60 deficit spending (John Law) 284 depression. See depression; Great

Depression

18th-century Britain 49–52, 54–55

the Empire 56–58, 60

Enlightenment 47–48 15th-century Britain 17–18 finance since 1945 93

free trade. See free trade International Monetary Fund

276

Keynes, John Maynard 276 laissez faire economics 51, 63,

246, 281, 297

peacetime economy post–World War I 76–77

post-1945 years 83–87, 90–95 radicalism 351

reform, economical 197, 340 sterling, efforts to maintain 91 21st century 96

World Bank 276

World War II, effect of 82

Eden, Anthony (prime minister) 84, 197, 295

Edgar (king of Wessex and Northumbria) 4

Edgehill, Battle of (1642) 157, 163, 197, 209

Edgeworth, Maria 197 Edinburgh 175, 198

Edinburgh Philosophical Society 275 education 198–200. See also Cam-

bridge University; charity schools; grammar schools; Open University; Oxford University; Sunday schools; universities

comprehensive education 199 dissenting academies 191, 198 elementary education 217 Elizabethan age 31–32 history 198–200 20th-century reform 88–89 universities 403

Education Act (1870) 217, 227 Education Act (1944) 88, 141, 198 Edward I (king) 7–8, 28, 212, 346,

367

Edward II (king) 8, 9

Edward III (king) 8, 9, 194, 200, 398 Edward IV (king) 14, 19, 200–201,

360, 365, 393, 410

Edward V (king [uncrowned]) 201, 357

Edward VI (king) 22, 28, 201, 243, 372

Edward VIII (duke of Windsor [king]) 99, 201, 201–202, 225

abdication crisis 99, 204, 225 Edward the Confessor, (Anglo-

Saxon king) 4, 322, 389, 413 EEC. See European Economic Com-

munity Egypt 202, 334

imperial action in 67, 101, 227 withdrawal from 91

18th-century Britain 45–55, 207 argricultural revolution 48–49 Enlightenment 46–48 monarchy 308

social change 52–55 trade and industry 49–52

Eire 202 eisteddfodau 202

El Alamein. See Alamein, Battle of El (1942)

534 Great Britain

Eldon, John Scott 202

Equal Pay Act (1975) 420

factory acts 198, 211, 359, 372

Eldorado 351–352

Erasmus 23

Fairfax, Sir Thomas 211, 300, 319

Eleanor of Aquitaine 6

“erastian” reformation 207

Faisal, king of Iraq 305

electoral reform 354–355

Erskine, Thomas 208–209

Falklands War (1982) 85, 92, 394

electromagnetic waves, discovery of

esquires 223

Fascist movement in Italy (1922) 77

351–352

Essays Concerning Human Understand-

Fashoda incident (1898) 180, 211–212

“eleven plus” exam 88

ing (1690) by John Locke 46

Fawcett, Dame Millicent 212

Elgar, Sir Edward 202–203

Essex, earls of 166, 209, 313, 324

Fawkes, Guy 212

Elgin, Thomas Bruce, seventh earl of

euro 209

Fenian Brotherhood 141, 185, 196,

203

European Atomic Energy Commis-

212, 263, 264, 265

Elgin marbles 203

sion (EAEC) 209

Fenian Office 382

Eliot, George (Mary Ann Evans) 203

European Coal and Steel Commu-

feudalism 212

Eliot, Sir John 203

nity (ECSC) 91, 209

Fianna Fáil party 188, 376

Eliot, T. S. 203

European Community (EC) 209

fief 212

Elizabethan age 29–32

Britain’s EC involvement versus

Fielding, Henry 131, 213

Elizabeth I (queen) 22, 29–32, 30,

the Empire, post-1945 89–92,

15th-century Britain 11–19

138, 203–204, 208, 243, 285, 296,

94, 207, 209

agriculture 17

300, 313, 323, 352, 357, 362, 366,

European Convention of Human

church in 16–17

372, 409, 413

Rights 124

class definitions 18

birth 20

European Court of Justice 209

economics of 17–18

Church of England and 22, 237

European Economic Community

gentry, rise of 18

English Renaissance under 29,

(EEC) 143, 207, 209, 241, 256,

intellectual development 18

31, 355

264, 296, 392, 394

literature 17

mother. See Anne Boleyn, queen

evangelical 164, 209, 366

lordship in 11–14

reign of 22–23, 29–32

evangelical reformers of early 1800s

monarchs in 14–16

Spanish Armada and 22, 29–31,

54, 164, 199, 311, 372, 415

new monarchy 15, 308

109–110

Clapham Sect 164, 415

nobility and peasantry 18

via media approach to the church

Evening News 322

political power, strengthening

22, 29

evolution, Darwin’s theory of

of 18–19

Elizabeth II (queen) 85–86, 158,

184–185

social and economic changes

204, 205, 273, 308–309, 418

exchange rate mechanism (ERM) of

16–19

emergency powers 300

EEC 296

towns and cities 17

emigration in 19th century, effect of

exchequer 209, 398, 409

trade 17

61–62

Exchequer, Court of 26, 175, 244,

war 11–16

Emmet, Robert 205

273

Fifth Monarchy Men 213

Empire, the. See British Empire, the

exclusion crisis 40, 157, 209–210,

Filmer, Sir Robert 213

enclosure 205–206, 414

269, 324, 364, 372, 414

finance since 1945 93

Engagement, the (Charles I/Scots

excommunication 210

Finch, Daniel. See Nottingham,

treaty) 206, 237, 283

explorers (16th century) 23

Daniel Finch

England, history of 206–207

Explosive Substances Act (1883) 195

Finch, Sir John 213

chronological history 431–487

exports. See imports and exports

Fire of London (1666) 213, 318,

English Bible 24, 124

extradition 210

339, 365, 424

English language 207

eyre 210

first Balkan War 70

English Reformation 23–29, 161,

F

First Fruits and Tenths, Court of

207–208, 243, 279, 354–355, 399

(1540) 26

English Renaissance 29, 31, 355

Fabian Society 211, 254, 333, 373,

“first past the post” system 84

Enigma machine 81, 401–402

379, 411, 412

Fisher, John, execution in 1535 24

Enlightenment 46–48, 208

factories. See also manufacturing;

Fisher, John Arbuthnot Fisher, first

entente 208, 233, 421

trade unions

baron 213–214

Entente Cordiale (1904) 65, 208,

growth during industrial revolu-

Fisher, St. John 208, 214, 222

212, 282

tion 50–52, 51

Fitzgerald, earls of Desmond 188,

Entente with Russia (1907) 208,

workplace reforms (early 1800s)

214

233

51, 351

Fitzgerald, earls of Kildare 214, 262

Index 535

Fitzgerald, Lord Edward 214–215 FitzRoy, Henry 215

Five Knights’ case 217, 235, 340 Five-Mile Act (1665) 40, 165 Fleming, Sir Alexander 215 Fletcher, Andrew 215

flight of the earls (1607) 215, 328 Flodden, Battle of (1513) 21, 28,

215, 268, 399

Football Association 216 football (soccer) 216–217 Forbes, Duncan 217

forced loan 163, 217, 340, 370 foreign affairs

the Empire 64–68

World War I, British involvement in 70–71

Foreign and Commonwealth Office 306

Foreign Office 217, 247, 369 Forster, E. M. 127, 217 Forster, William E. 217 Fortescue, Sir John 217–218 Fourteen Points 74 14th-century Britain 8–10 “Fourth Party” 159

Fox, Charles James 218, 220, 232, 322, 340, 374

Fox, George 218

Foxe, John 218 fox hunting 218 France

Council of Four 75

Dual Alliance 70

entente. See Entente Cordiale (1904)

wars with 15th-century 11–14 Henry VIII 20–22 Middle Ages 6, 8–9

World War I 71, 73

World War II 79, 80

franchise 218–219, 228, 232–233, 249, 338, 351, 354, 425

Franciscans 309

Francis I (king of France) 21 Franco, Francisco 77

Franz Ferdinand, archduke of Austria, assassination in 1914 70

Frederick V (elector of the Palatine) 34, 44

Free Church of Scotland 153, 191, 219

freehold 172, 219, 281, 425, 426 free tenants 298

free trade 50–51, 63, 133–134, 154, 160, 166, 182, 219, 253, 256, 287, 297, 305, 316, 331, 334, 338, 357, 374, 391

French, Sir John 219, 235

French Revolution of 1789 45, 46, 53

friendly societies 219–220, 311, 411 Friends of the People 220, 232 Frobisher, Martin 220, 324

Frost, John 220

Froude, R. H. 331

Fry, Elizabeth 220

G

Gaelic 153, 221

Irish Gaelic Bible 124 Ossian 331

Gainsborough, Thomas 221 Gaitskell, Hugh 221

Gallipoli campaign 71, 160, 214, 221–222, 422

Gambia, The 222

Gandhi, Mohandas K. 222, 236, 258, 317

Gardiner, Stephen 222, 302 “Garrett Og” 214

Garrick, David 194, 222 Gaulle, Charles de 92 gavelkind 222–223 Gay, John 344

genealogies of sovereigns 503–509 Lancaster, house of 506 Plantagenets 504 Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and Windsor,

house of 509

Saxons, Danes, and Normans 503 Stuart and Hanover, houses of 508 Tudor, house of 507

York, house of 505 General Assembly 223, 345 general election 223 General Eyre 210 “General Ned Ludd” 291

General Strike (1926) 76–77, 160, 201, 223, 396

General Surveyors, Court of (1542) 26

general warrant 223, 322, 416 “Geneva” Bible 124

Geneva Protocol (1924) 77

gentlemen 223–224

gentry class 18, 31, 49, 223–224, 296, 340, 383

Geoffrey of Monmouth 5–6 George I (king) 52, 224 George II (king) 52, 224, 338

George III (king) 52–53, 140, 177, 185, 224–225, 273, 277, 341, 355, 361

mental incapacity 57, 224–225 George IV (king) 57, 225, 315 George V (king) 225

George VI (king) 204, 225 George, duke of Clarence 15 Germanic invaders 3 Germany

Hitler, Adolf 77–80, 108, 154–155, 160, 422–423

naval agreement with (1935) 78 Nazis 77, 78, 81, 160 pre–World War II actions 78–79 reparations 355

royal navy’s race with 69 Triple Alliance (1882) 70 World War I 71–75

World War II 78–80, 79–81 Ghana 226

Ghent, Treaty of (1814) 409 Gibbon, Edward 226, 356 Gibbons, Grinling 226 Gibraltar 226, 271, 359 Gilbert, Humphrey 226, 318

Gilbert and Sullivan 148–149, 226 Girl Guides 226–227

Gladstone, William Ewart (prime minister) 63, 147, 151–152, 170, 190, 227, 227, 239, 265, 277, 287, 303, 306, 337, 360

Glencoe Massacre (1692) 145, 228, 229

Glendower, Owen 12, 18, 228, 242, 324, 336, 339, 407

Glorious Revolution (1688–1707) 41–44, 46, 186, 228

Bill of Rights 124 Ireland, effect in 42–43

Gloucester, Humphrey (duke of) 12, 228, 355

Goderich, Frederick John Robinson, viscount (prime minister) 228–229

Godolphin, Sidney, first earl of (prime minister) 229

Godwin, William 229, 297, 419

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