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ought to + перфектный ин- |
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– |
– |
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финитив – что-то было не |
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сделано, но должно было: |
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следовало бы. You ought to |
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have helped him. – Тебе бы |
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следовало помочь ему. |
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Предложение |
Вежливые просьбы |
Угроза |
Ненужность |
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shall – в вопросах, перево- |
can, could (более вежливый). |
shall That day shall come. – |
Needn’t + перфектный |
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дится инфинитивом следую- |
Can you pass me the salt? – Не |
Этот день придет. You shall |
инфинитив – зря, не к |
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щего за ним глагола Shall I |
могли бы вы передать соль? |
suffer. – Ты будешь страдать. |
чему было. We needn’t |
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read? – Мне читать? |
have waited for so long. – |
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Мы зря прождали так |
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долго. |
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– |
will, would (более вежливый). |
– |
– |
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Would you please pass the salt? – |
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Не могли бы вы передать соль? |
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Совет |
Инструкции, приказания, |
Сомнение, |
Запрет |
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обязанность |
недоверчивость |
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ought to, should (предпочти- |
must (предпочтительнее) – |
can’t, couldn’t (большая сте- |
mustn’t = be not to – |
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тельнее) – следует. You should |
должен (для настоящего и бу- |
пень) не может быть (непер- |
нельзя, запрещено. Visi- |
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see a doctor. – Вам следует |
дущего действия). I must leave |
фектный инфинитив относит |
tors mustn’t feed animals |
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сходить к врачу. |
the building by midnight. – Я |
предложение к настоящему или |
in the zoo. – Посетите- |
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должен покинуть здание до |
будущему, перфектный – к |
лям нельзя кормить жи- |
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полуночи. |
прошлому). He can’t be so old. – |
вотных в зоопарке. |
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Для выражения прошедшего |
Не может быть, что он так |
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действия используется have to. |
стар. He couldn’t have told the |
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Did you have to write a dicta- |
truth. – Не может быть, что- |
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tion? – Ты должен был писать |
бы он сказал правду. |
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13 |
диктант? |
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14 |
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have to – должен по обстоятельствам: вы- |
– |
may not – не смей. You may not go |
нужден, приходится. I have to work hard. – Я |
swimming. – Не смей плавать. |
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вынужден много работать. |
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– |
be to – должен по расписанию, договоренно- |
– |
shouldn’t – слабый запрет. You |
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сти. When is the wedding to be? – Когда долж- |
shouldn’t swim in the cold river. – |
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на состояться свадебная церемония? |
Тебе не следует плавать в холод- |
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ной реке. |
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– |
need – нужно Do you need to work so hard? – |
– |
– |
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Тебе на самом деле надо работать так мно- |
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го? В вопросе говорящий надеется на отрица- |
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тельный ответ. Need she go there? – А ей туда |
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нужно идти? |
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Моральное долженствование |
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– |
– |
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ought to (предпочтительнее), |
– |
– |
– |
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should – следует. You ought to |
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be polite. – Вы должны быть |
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вежливы (вам следует быть |
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вежливыми). |
Основные формы глагола
I |
II |
III |
IV |
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Infinitive |
Past Indefinite |
Participle II |
Participle I |
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to translate |
translated |
translating |
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to write |
translated |
written |
writing |
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Present |
Future Indefinite |
Perfect |
Passive Voice |
Continuous |
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Indefinite |
wrote |
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He translates |
I shall translate |
I have trans- |
The text is translated |
We are translating |
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We translate |
lated the text |
by the students |
the text |
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Active Voice (действительный залог)
Indefinite |
Continuous |
Perfect |
Perfect Continuous |
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am |
have |
have |
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Present |
V, Vs |
is + Ving |
+ Ved, V3 |
+ been + Ving |
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are |
has |
has |
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I write |
I am writing |
I have written |
I have been writing |
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Я пишу (часто) |
Я пишу (сейчас) |
Я написал |
Я пишу (уже час, с двух часов) |
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(уже, только что) |
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was |
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Ved, V2 |
+ Ving |
had + Ved, V3 |
had + been + Ving |
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Past |
were |
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I wrote |
I was writing |
I had written |
I had been writing |
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Я написал (вчера) |
Я писал (вчера, в 3 часа, когда |
Я написал (вчера, к 3 часам, |
Я писал (уже 2 часа, когда он |
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он вошел) |
до того как…) |
пришел) |
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Future |
will + V |
will + be + Ving |
will + have + Ved, V3 |
will + have + been + Ving |
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I’ll write |
I’ll be writing |
I’ll have written |
I’ll have been writing |
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Я напишу (завтра) |
Я буду писать (завтра, в 3 часа) |
Я напишу (завтра, к 3 ча- |
Я буду писать (завтра, к тому |
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сам, до того как он придет) |
времени, когда он придет) |
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Passive Voice (страдательный залог) |
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Indefinite |
Continuous |
Perfect |
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am |
am |
have |
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Present |
is + V3 |
is + being + V3 |
+ been + V3 |
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Usually houses are built 8 months |
This house is being built now |
This house has been already built |
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are |
are |
has |
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Обычно дома строят 8 месяцев |
Этот дом строится сейчас |
Этот дом уже построен |
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was |
was |
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+ V3 |
+ being + V3 |
had + been + V3 |
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Past |
were |
were |
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This house was built last year |
When I came last year this house |
This house had been built before I came |
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was being built |
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Этот дом был построен в прошлом году |
Когда я в прошлом году при- |
Этот дом был построен до того, |
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ехал, этот дом строился |
как я приехал |
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Future |
will + be + V3 |
will + have + been + V3 |
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This house will be built next year |
– |
This house will have been already built |
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by January |
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Этот дом будетпостроенв следующем году |
Этот дом уже будет построен к январю |
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Типы вопросов / Types of questions |
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SIMPLE / INDEFINITE / простое время |
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Типы |
Present Simple |
Past Simple |
Future Simple |
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вопросов |
I study chemistry at the university. |
I studied chemistry at the university |
I will study chemistry at |
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last year. |
the university next year. |
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Общий |
Do I study chemistry at the uni- |
Did I study chemistry at the univer- |
Will I study chemistry at the uni- |
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versity? |
sity? |
versity? |
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К подлежащему |
Who studies chemistry at the uni- |
Who studied chemistry at the uni- |
Who will study chemistry at the |
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versity? |
versity? |
university? |
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Специальный |
What do I study at the university? |
What did I study at the university? |
What will I study at the universi- |
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What do I do at the university? |
What did I do at the university? |
ty? What will I do at the universi- |
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Where do I study chemistry? |
Where did I study chemistry? |
ty? Where will I study chemistry? |
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Альтернативный |
Do I study chemistry or econom- |
Did I study chemistry or economics |
Will I study chemistry or eco- |
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ics at the university? Do I study or |
at the university? Did I study or |
nomics at the university? Will I |
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teach chemistry at the university? |
teach chemistry at the university? |
study or teach chemistry at the |
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Do I study chemistry at the uni- |
Did I study chemistry at the univer- |
university? Will I study chemistry |
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versity or college? |
sity or college? |
at the university or college? |
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Разделительный |
I study chemistry at the university, |
I study chemistry at the university, |
I will study chemistry at the uni- |
don’t I? |
didn’t I? |
versity, won’t I? |
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PROGRESSIVE / CONTINIOUS / продолженное время |
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Типы |
Present Progressive |
Past Progressive |
Future Progressive |
вопросов |
I am studying chemistry now. |
I was studying chemistry |
I will be studying chemistry |
yesterday at 5. |
tomorrow from 5 till 7 o’clock. |
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Общий |
Am I studying chemistry now? |
Was I studying chemistry yesterday |
Will I be studying chemistry to- |
at 5? |
morrow from 5 till 7 o’clock? |
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К подлежащему |
Who is studying chemistry now? |
Who was studying chemistry yes- |
Who will be studying chemistry |
terday at 5? |
tomorrow from 5 till 7 o’clock? |
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Специальный |
What am I studying now? What |
What was I studying yesterday at 5? |
What will I be studying tomorrow |
am I doing now? |
What was I doing yesterday at 5? |
from 5 till 7 o’clock? What will I |
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be doing tomorrow from 5 till 7 |
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o’clock? |
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Альтернативный |
Am I studying chemistry or eco- |
Was I studying chemistry or eco- |
Will I be studying chemistry or |
nomics now? Am I studying or |
nomics yesterday at 5? Was I study- |
economics tomorrow from 5 till 7 |
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teaching chemistry now? |
ing or teaching chemistry then? |
o’clock? Will I be studying or |
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teaching chemistry tomorrow |
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from 5 till 7 o’clock? |
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Разделительный |
I am studying chemistry now, |
I was studying chemistry yesterday |
I will be studying chemistry to- |
amn’t I? |
at 5, wasn’t I? |
morrow from 5 till 7 o’clock, |
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won’t I? |
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Типы |
PERFECT / совершенное время |
Future Perfect |
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Present Perfect |
Past Perfect |
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вопросов |
I have already studied chemistry |
I had already studied chemistry at |
I will have studied chemistry by |
at the university. |
the university. |
next year. |
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Общий |
Have I already studied chemistry |
Had I already studied chemistry at |
Will I have already studied |
at the university? |
the university? |
chemistry by next year? |
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