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К подлежащему

Who has already studied chemis-

Who has already studied chemistry

Who will have already studied

try at the university?

at the university?

chemistry by next year?

Специальный

What have I already studied at the

What had I already studied at the

What will I have already studied

university? What have I already

university? What had I already

by next year? What will I have

done at the university? Where

done at the university? Where had I

already done by next year? By

have I studied chemistry?

studied chemistry?

what time will I have studied

chemistry?

Альтернативный

Have I already studied chemistry

Had I already studied chemistry or

Will I have already studied

or economics at the university?

economics at the university? Had I

chemistry or economics by next

Have I already studied or taught

already studied or taught chemistry

year? Will I have already studied

chemistry at the university? Have

at the university? Had I already

or taught chemistry by next year?

I already studied chemistry at the

studied chemistry at the university

Will I have already studied

university or college?

or college?

chemistry by next year or month?

Разделительный

I have already studied chemistry

I had already studied chemistry at

I will have already studied chem-

at the university, haven’t I?

the university, hadn’t I?

istry by next year, won’t I?

ASPECT

Simple

Progressive

Perfect

Perfect Progressive

MEANING

a common aspect

a process

priority

priority + process

When?

At what time?

By what time?

Since what time?

usually, often, always, sel-

ever, never, just, already,

since 3p.m., for a long

Period of time

dom, every day (week,

now, at the moment

nor ... yet, by 3p.m.

time, for a month...

month, year)

Present

+

V, Vs

am / is / are + Ving

have / has + Ved, V3

have / has been + Ving

?

do, does… V

inversion

inversion

inversion

–

do / does + not + V

am, is, are + not + Ving

have, has + not + Ved, V3

have/has not been + Ving

Вид

Действительный залог

Страдательный залог

Вспомогательный глагол

Смысловой глагол

Вспомогательный глагол

Смысловой глагол

Indefinite

–

to I

to be

III

to ask – спросить, спрашивать

(вообще)

to be asked – быть спрошенным

, спрашиваемым

(вообще)

Обозначает действие, которое происходит одновременно с действием, выраженным глаголом в личной

форме

Continuous

to be

IV

–

–

to be asking – спрашивать (все еще, в какой-нибудь

–

определенный момент)

Обозначает длительное действие, которое происходит

одновременно с действием, выраженным глаго-

лом в личной форме

Perfect

to have

III

to have been

III

to have asked – спросить,

спрашивать (уже, до че-

to have been asked – быть

спрошенным (уже, до

го-то, раньше)

чего-то, раньше)

Обозначает действие, предшествующее действию,

выраженному глаголом вличной форме

Perfect

to have been

IV

–

–

Continuous

to have been asking –

спрашивать (в течение от-

–

резка времени, до определенного момента)

Обозначает длительное действие, предшествующее

действию, выраженному глаголом в личной

форме

Инфинитив с частицей «to»

Инфинитив без частицы «to»

to agree

соглашаться

let

позволять

to appear

появляться

make

делать

to decide

решать

see

видеть

to expect

ожидать

hear

слышать

to hope

надеяться

feel

чувствовать

to plan

планировать

had better

(Вы) бы лучше

to promise

обещать

would rather

(я) предпочёл бы

to refuse

отказываться

can (cannot) afford

не мочь себе позволить

Вид

Действительный залог

Страдательный залог

Вспомогательный глагол

Смысловой глагол

Вспомогательный глагол

Смысловой глагол

Indefinite

–

IV

being

III

asking – «спрашивание»,

спрашивать

being asked – будучи спрошен (-

ным)

Выражает действие, одновременное с действием,

выраженным глаголом-сказуемым (в настоящем, прошед-

шем или будущем)