Файл: Кочуров Геоэкология - экодиагностика и эколого-хозяйственный анализ территории.pdf

wlh fZl_jbZevgh_ b g_fZl_jbZevgh_ ijhba\h^kl\h >hkm]h\Zy nmgdpby - wlh

hl^uo b jZa\e_q_gb_ DmevlmjgZy nmgdpby - wlh h[jZah\Zgb_ b \hkiblZgb_

LZdhc \ZjbZgl jZa\blby ]hjh^kdhc kj_^u iha\hebl m\yaZlv ^_yl_evghklv jZa

ebqguokem`[]hjh^ZgZhkgh\_\aZbfghcdhhi_jZpbbbihfhsbqlh^Z_l\ha

fh`ghklv wdhghfblv kj_^kl\Z b kha^Z\Zlv mkeh\by ^ey jZa\blby q_eh\_dZ b

m^h\e_l\hj_gby_]hihlj_[ghklb 

Wdheh]by ]hjh^Z ^he`gZ \dexqZlv bamq_gb_ b ZgZeba ]hjh^kdhc kj_^u

dZd^bgZfbqghc]_hwdhkhpbhkbkl_fuh[t_^bgyxs_ch[jZah\Zl_evgu_kljmdlm

jujZaebqgh]hihjy^dZbihdZau\Zxs_cl_fkZfufkeh`ghklvbgnhjfZpbhg

guok\ya_c\^Zgghckbkl_f_<lZdhfkemqZ_g_h[oh^bfh\aZbfgh_khljm^gbq_

kl\h h[jZah\Zl_evguo kljmdlmj hj]Zgh\ mijZ\e_gby b khpbZevgh]h a\_gZ - k_

fvb\gZijZ\e_gbbnhjfbjh\Zgbykbkl_fuihemq_gby-hkfuke_gby-aZdj_ie_

gbykhpbZevgh-wdheh]bq_kdboagZgbcmf_gbcbgZ\udh\<Z`gufa\_ghfwlhc

kbkl_fuy\ey_lky\aZbfh^_ckl\b_h[jZah\Zl_evguohj]ZgbaZpbc\uihegyxsbo

hij_^_e_ggu_ nmgdpbb rdheZ wdheh]bq_kdbc p_glj <MA iha\heyxsbo ih

wlZighnhjfbjh\Zlvwdheh]bq_kdh_khagZgb_^_l_cb\ajhkeuo 

<hajh`^_gb_^_ij_kkb\gh]hp_gljZ;_j_agbdbihlj_[m_lhkh[h]hijZ\h

\h]hklZlmkZwdheh]bq_kdh]hh[hkgh\ZgbyghjfZlb\h\bj_]eZf_glZpbbohayc

kl\_gghc^_yl_evghklbZlZd`_jZajZ[hldmj_]bhgZevghciheblbdbbgl_]jbjh

\Zgghc\h[s_jhkkbckdbcbfbjhohayckl\_ggucbgl_j_ku 

LjZgknhjfZpby khpbZevgh-wdhghfbq_kdhc kbkl_fu ];_j_agbdb b i_j_

oh^gZkhpbZevgh-wdheh]bq_kdb[_ahiZkgh_jZa\blb_\hafh`ghijb\uiheg_gbb

ke_^mxsbomkeh\bc 

J_ZebaZpbxijhp_kkh\jZa\blby];_j_agbdb^he`gZ\uihegblvki_pb

Zevghih^]hlh\e_ggZydhfZg^Znhjfbjm_fZyZ^fbgbkljZpb_c]hjh^Z^eyj_r_

gbyaZ^Zqmklhcqb\h]hjZa\blby 

DhfZg^Z^he`gZijhoh^blvki_pbZevgh_h[mq_gb_kh\j_f_gguff_lh

^Zf jZajZ[hldb b j_ZebaZpbb bggh\Zpbhgguo ijh_dlh\ \ukhdhc khpbZevghc

agZqbfhklbgZ_^bghcf_lh^heh]bq_kdhc[Za_ 

Ijh]jZffZmklhcqb\h]hjZa\blby];_j_agbdb^he`gZij_^klZ\eylvkh

[hcdhfie_dkijh_dlh\h[t_^bg_gguo_^bghcp_e_\hcaZ^Zq_c 

Ijh]jZffZb\_kvdhfie_dk\aZbfhk\yaZgguoijh_dlh\^he`gubf_lv

kh[kl\_ggmxkbkl_fmmijZ\e_gbybbgnhjfZpbhgghcbijZ\h\hcih^^_j`db 

Ijh]jZffZjZa\blby]hjh^Z^he`gZ\dexqZlvbggh\Zpbhggmx^_yl_ev

ghklvh[_ki_qb\ZxsmxbgnhjfZpbhggh_l_ogbdh-l_ogheh]bq_kdh_hj]ZgbaZ

pbhggh-wdhghfbq_kdh_bkhpbZevgh_jZa\blb_ 

F_oZgbafhfhj]ZgbaZpbbbbg\_klbjh\Zgbyijhp_kkh\jZa\blbybbg

gh\Zpbcy\eyxlkynhg^ubhj]ZgbaZpbhggh-wdhghfbq_kdb_f_oZgbafunhg^h

khijy`_ggh]hlbiZhkgh\Zggu_gZijbgpbiZog_dhff_jq_kdh]hg_ijb[uevgh

]hg_aZ\bkbfh]hbkihevah\ZgbynbgZgkh\uobfZl_jbZevguoj_kmjkh\ 

LZdmx ijh]jZffmfh`gh hlg_klbdkljZl_]bq_kdhcbgbpbZlb\_lZddZd

__agZq_gb_ijbh[j_lZ_lh[s_gZpbhgZevgucoZjZdl_j 

LZdbfh[jZahfkh\j_f_ggu_bggh\Zpbhggu_ijhp_kkukem`Zli_j_oh^m

ljZ^bpbhggh]hbg^mkljbZevgh]hh[s_kl\Zdihklbg^mkljbZevghfm]^_\hkijh

ba\h^kl\m[m^_lih^\_j]Zlvky\i_j\mxhq_j_^vkZfq_eh\_db\dhg_qghfkq_l_

khpbmf b hdjm`ZxsZy _]h kj_^Z Wlh iha\hebl hlh^\bgmlv gZ dZdhc-lh kjhd

gZ^\b]Zxsmxky khpbZevgh-wdheh]bq_kdmx dZlZkljhnm Gh qlh[u dZd fh`gh

jZgvr_ ijhbahr_e wlhl i_j_oh^ g_h[oh^bfh aZ^_ckl\h\Zlv hj]ZgbaZpbhggh-

wdhghfbq_kdb_bkhpbZevgu_f_oZgbafu 

<hijhkudijZdlbdmfm 

1. 

QlhlZdh_bggh\Zpbhggucijhp_kk" 

2. 

DZdbf h[jZahf bggh\Zpbhggu_ ijhp_kku hdZau\Zxl \ebygb_ gZ j_

r_gb_wdheh]bq_kdboijh[e_f" 

3. 

K q_f k\yaZg i_j_oh^ hl bg^mkljbZevgh]h d ihklbg^mkljbZevghfm

h[s_kl\m" 

4. 

GZah\bl_ ijbf_ju bggh\Zpbhgguo wdheh]bq_kdb hjb_glbjh\Zgguo

ijh_dlh\ 

5. 

AgZgb_ b bkiheg_gb_ hkgh\hiheZ]Zxsbo ijbgpbih\ b ]jZfhlgZy b

k\h_\j_f_ggZy ih^]hlh\dZ h[s_kl\Z d aZdhghf_jguf kf_gZf nZa

jZa\blby 

IJBJH>GU?D:>:KLJU-BGNHJF:PBHGG:YHKGH<:

MIJ:<E?GBYIJBJH>HIHEVAH<:GB?F 

<JhkkbckdhcN_^_jZpbb^_ckl\mxlke_^mxsb_]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_dZ^Z

kljua_f_evguce_kghc\h^gucaZiZkuihe_aguobkdhiZ_fuo=ADb^jm]b_

MdZaZggu_ dZ^Zklju \\h^ylky ^ey mq_lZ ijbjh^guo j_kmjkh\ b bo dZq_kl\Z

Ihfbfh ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo dZ^Zkljh\ ijbjh^guo j_kmjkh\ bf__lky jy^ ^jm]bo

dZ^Zkljh\dZ^Zkljf_ebhjZlb\gh]hkhklhygbyhjhrZ_fuobhkmr_gguoa_f_ev

ijhfukeh\ucdZ^Zkljb^j 

=hkm^Zjkl\_gguc a_f_evguc dZ^Zklj =AD hij_^_ey_lky dZd ³kbkl_fZ

g_h[oh^bfuok\_^_gbcb^hdmf_glh\hijZ\h\hfj_`bf_a_f_evbojZkij_^_

e_gbbihkh[kl\_ggbdZfa_feba_fe_\eZ^_evpZfa_fe_ihevah\Zl_eyfbZj_g

^ZlhjZfa_f_evdZl_]hjbyfa_f_evdZq_kl\_gghcoZjZdl_jbklbd_bgZjh^ghoh

ayckl\_gghc p_gghklb´ ih^e_`Zsbo ³h[yaZl_evghfm ijbf_g_gbx ijb ieZgb

jh\Zgbbbkihevah\Zgbya_f_evijbbobatylbbbij_^hklZ\e_gbbijbhij_^_

e_gbbieZl_`_caZa_fexijh\_^_gbba_fe_mkljhckl\Zhp_gd_ohayckl\_gghc

^_yl_evghklbbhkms_kl\e_gbb^jm]bof_jhijbylbck\yaZgguokbkihevah\Zgb

_fbhojZghca_f_ev´klA_f_evgh]hdh^_dkZJN 

A_f_evguc dZ^Zklj nhjfbjm_lky gZ [Za_ fgh]h e_l ^_ckl\h\Z\r_c \

[u\r_fKKKJkbkl_fu]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]hmq_lZa_f_evb^he`gZh[_ki_qb\Zlv

g_h[oh^bfmxij__fkl\_gghklvbkhojZgghklvbgnhjfZpbbhdhebq_kl\_bdZq_

kl\_a_f_evbboijZ\h\hfiheh`_gbb 

Kh\j_f_ggZy kljmdlmjZ k\_^_gbca_f_evgh]hdZ^ZkljZij_^klZ\e_gZ

ke_^mxsbfh[jZahfK\_^_gbyhijbjh^ghfiheh`_gbba_f_ev\dexqZxlmq_l

dZq_kl\Zbdhebq_kl\Zkhklhygbybbaf_g_gbya_f_evK\_^_gbyhohayckl\_g

ghf iheh`_gbb a_f_ev \dexqZxl [hgblbjh\dm ihq\ b wdhghfbq_kdmx hp_gdm

a_f_ev Z lZd`_ l_ogheh]bq_kdb_\hafh`ghklb m]h^bc<k\_^_gby hijZ\h\hf

iheh`_gbba_f_ev\oh^ylmq_ldhebq_kl\Za_f_evj_]bkljZpbya_fe_ihevah\Z

gbcbijZ\h\h]hj_`bfZa_f_ev 

Hj]ZgbaZpbhggZy kljmdlmjZ=AD hij_^_ey_lky kljmdlmjhc Dhfbl_lZ JN

iha_f_evgufj_kmjkZfba_fe_mkljhckl\mJhkdhfa_fdhlhjZyk\yaZgZ\k\hx

hq_j_^vkb_jZjob_cbkihegbl_evguohj]Zgh\\eZklblZ[e 

JZchggucmjh\_gvy\ey_lkykZfuf\Z`gufa\_ghf\kljmdlmj_=ADlZd

dZdbf_ggha^_kvijhbkoh^blnhjfbjh\Zgb_dZ^Zkljh\hcbgnhjfZpbbba\k_]h

fgh]hh[jZabyihlhdh\i_j\bqguo^Zgguo 

DZ^Zklj\h[eZklguoj_kim[ebdZgkdbodjZ_\uobhdjm`guoa\_gvyoZ

lZd`_ dZ^Zklj gZ mjh\g_ Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb h[jZam_lky \ hkgh\ghf iml_f

]_g_jZebaZpbbbZ]j_]ZpbbjZchgguo^Zgguob^Zgguoh[eZklgh]hbj_kim[eb

dZgkdh]hmjh\gy 

LZ[ebpZ 

Hj]ZgbaZpbhggZykljmdlmjZ=hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]ha_f_evgh]hdZ^ZkljZ 

=ADJN 

Jhkdhfa_f 

=ADj_kim[ebdbh[eZklb 

djZyhdjm]Z 
 
 
 

=ADjZchgZ 

=hkdhfbl_liha_f_evgufj_

kmjkZf 

ba_fe_mkljhckl\mj_kim[ebdbh[

eZklbdjZyhdjm]Z 

Dhfbl_liha_f_evgufj_kmjkZfb

a_fe_mkljhckl\mjZchgZ 

Nhjfbjh\Zgb_ kh\j_f_gghc kbkl_fu =AD [Zabjm_lky gZ kh[ex^_gbb

lj_o hkgh\guo mkeh\bc  \_^_gb_ =AD gZ gh\hc aZdhgh^Zl_evghc hkgh\_ 

hkhagZgb_ =AD dZd kbkl_fu bgnhjfZpbhggh]h h[_ki_q_gby j_]mebjh\Zgby

a_f_evguohlghr_gbc\mkeh\byojughqghcwdhghfbdbi_j_oh^d\_^_gbx

=AD \ Z\lhfZlbabjh\Zgghf j_`bf_ k bkihevah\Zgb_f gh\_crbo l_ogbq_kdbo

kj_^kl\bbgnhjfZpbhgguol_ogheh]bc 

=hkm^Zjkl\_gguc e_kghc dZ^Zklj =ED KlZlv_c  ³Hkgh\e_kgh]haZ

dhgh^Zl_evkl\Z Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb ³ mklZgh\e_gh qlh ³]hkm^Zjkl\_gguc

e_kghcdZ^Zkljb]hkm^Zjkl\_ggucmq_le_kgh]hnhg^Z\_^mlky^eyhj]ZgbaZpbb

jZpbhgZevgh]hihevah\Zgbye_kgufnhg^hf\hkijhba\h^kl\ZhojZgubaZsb

lu e_kh\ kbkl_fZlbq_kdh]h dhgljhey aZ dhebq_kl\_ggufb b dZq_kl\_ggufb

baf_g_gbyfb e_kgh]h nhg^Z b h[_ki_q_gby hj]Zgh\ bkihegbl_evghc \eZklb

aZbgl_j_kh\Zgguoij_^ijbylbcmqj_`^_gbchj]ZgbaZpbcb]jZ`^Zgk\_^_gby

fbhe_kghfnhg^_´ 

Hij_^_ey_lky lZd`_ qlh =ED b ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguc mq_l e_kgh]h nhg^Z

³kh^_j`blkbkl_fmk\_^_gbchijZ\h\hfj_`bf_e_kgh]hnhg^Z_]hdhebq_kl

\_gghfbdZq_kl\_gghfkhklhygbb^_e_gbbgZ]jmiiue_kh\bdZl_]hjbbaZsb

s_gghklb Z lZd`_ _]h wdhghfbq_kdmx hp_gdm b ^jm]b_ ^Zggu_ g_h[oh^bfu_

^ey\_^_gbye_kgh]hohayckl\Zbhp_gdbj_amevlZlh\ohayckl\_gghc^_yl_evgh

klb\e_kghfnhg^_´ 

=ED \_^_lky ih \k_f e_kZf]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h e_kgh]h nhg^Z ih _^bghc

kbkl_f_gZhkgh\_fZl_jbZeh\e_khmkljhckl\Zbg\_glZjbaZpbbZwjhlZdkZpbbb

^jm]boh[ke_^h\Zgbce_kh\ 

K\_^_gbyh[baf_g_gbyoijhbkr_^rbo\khklhygbbe_kh\\ghkylky_`_

]h^gh\mq_lgmx^hdmf_glZpbxij_^ijbylbyfbmqj_`^_gbyfbbhj]ZgbaZpby

fb gZ dhlhju_ \haeh`_gh \_^_gb_ e_kgh]h ohayckl\Z Hij_^_e_gh lZd`_ qlh

=ED\oh^bl\khklZ\e_kgh]hfhgblhjbg]Z 

>hdmf_glZpby=ED\_^_lky]hkm^Zjkl\_ggufhj]Zghfe_kgh]hnhg^ZJN

gZ hkgh\_ ^Zgguo ij_^klZ\ey_fuo ih^\_^hfkl\_ggufb _fm hj]ZgZfb fbgb

kl_jkl\Zfb ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggufb dhfbl_lZfb b \_^hfkl\Zfb \\_^_gbb dhlhjuo

gZoh^ylky e_kZ ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggufb hj]ZgZfb e_kgh]h ohayckl\Z j_kim[ebd

djZ_\h[eZkl_cbih^\_^hfkl\_ggufbbfe_khohayckl\_ggufbij_^ijbylbyfb 

Hp_gdZe_kh\^he`gZijh\h^blkyihml\_j`^_gguff_lh^bdZfH^gZdh

lZdZyhp_gdZijZdlbq_kdbg_ijh\h^blky\\b^mlh]hqlhf_lh^bdZhp_gdb

e_kh\hdhgqZl_evghg_^hjZ[hlZgZbg_ml\_j`^_gZ 

KhklZ\ ^hdmf_glZpbb =ED mklZgZ\eb\Z_lky ^bnn_j_gpbjh\Zggh ih

mjh\gyfmijZ\e_gbye_kgufohayckl\hf<hj]ZgbaZpbyogZdhlhju_\haeh`_gh

\_^_gb_e_kgh]hohayckl\Z\khklZ\^hdmf_glZpbb=ED\oh^yl 

-

lZdkZpbhggu_hibkZgbykhklZ\e_ggu_ijbe_khmkljhckl\_Zihe_kZf

]^_hghg_ijh\_^_gh-ijbbg\_glZjbaZpbbZwjhlZdkZpbbb^jm]boh[ke_^h\Z

gbyoe_kh\ 

-

e_khdZ^Zkljh\Zydgb]Ze_kh\ 

-

^hdmf_glZpby_^bgh\j_f_gguoi_jbh^bq_kdbo]hkm^Zjkl\_gguomq_lh\

e_kh\gZoh^ysboky\\_^_gbbhj]ZgbaZpbb 

Hij_^_e_ghqlhk\_^_gbyhiehsZ^yoa_f_ev\e_khdZ^Zkljh\uodgb]Zo

^he`gukhhl\_lkl\h\Zlv^Zggufa_f_evghdZ^Zkljh\uodgb] 

=hkm^Zjkl\_gguc\h^gucdZ^Zklj=<Dhij_^_ey_lkydZd³k\h^^Zgguo

h\h^guoh[t_dlZoh[bo\h^guoj_kmjkZobkihevah\Zgbb\h^guoh[t_dlh\h

\h^hihevah\Zl_eyo´kl<h^gh]hdh^_dkZJN 

<h^gucdZ^ZkljlZd`_dZdba_f_evgucnhjfbjm_lkygZ[Za_fgh]he_l

^_ckl\mxs_ckbkl_fu]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]hmq_lZih\_joghklguobih^a_fguo\h^

ij_^mkfZljb\Zxs_]hhij_^_e_gb_bnbdkZpbx\mklZgh\e_gghfihjy^d_dheb

q_kl\ZbdZq_kl\Z\h^guoj_kmjkh\bf_xsbokygZ^Zgghcl_jjblhjbb 

>Zggu_=<Dy\eyxlkyhkgh\hc^eyijbgylbyj_r_gbcijbmijZ\e_gbb\

h[eZklbbkihevah\ZgbybhojZgu\h^guoh[t_dlh\ 

<_^_gb_ =<D hkms_kl\ey_lky ki_pbZevgh miheghfhq_gguf ]hkm^Zjkl

\_gguf  hj]Zghf  mijZ\e_gby  bkihevah\Zgb_f  b hojZghc \h^gh]h nhg^Z k

mqZklb_f ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h hj]ZgZmijZ\e_gby\h[eZklb ]b^jhf_l_hjheh]bb b

fhgblhjbg]Zhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uihih\_joghklguf\h^Zfb]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h

hj]ZgZmijZ\e_gbybkihevah\Zgb_fbhojZghcg_^jihih^a_fguf\h^Zf 

< qZklghklb \h^gu_ j_kmjku hp_gb\Zxlky ih ke_^mxsbfihdZaZl_eyf

j_kmjkuj_qgh]hklhdZ-h[sb_bf_klgu_]h^h\u_h[t_fukj_^g_fgh]he_lgb_

h[_ki_q_gghklvxbih^a_fgu_\h^u-wdkiemZlZpbhggu_ijh]gha

gu_j_kmjkubjZa\_^Zggu_aZiZku<hp_gdmj_kmjkh\ih^a_fguo\h^^hihegb

l_evgh p_e_khh[jZagh \dexqZlv \ukhdhfbgbjZebah\Zggu_ khehgh\Zlu_ -10 

]ebkhe_gu_-]eih^a_fgu_\h^udZdj_a_j\\h^hh[_ki_q_gbygZk_e_

gbybgZjh^gh]hohayckl\Zdhlhju_fh]ml[ulvbkihevah\Zguihke_bobkdmk

kl\_ggh]hhij_kg_gby 

Ihfbfhhp_gdbZ[khexlguoihdZaZl_e_ch[t_fh\jZkoh^h\_kl_kl\_g

guo \h^guo j_kmjkh\ \Z`gh_ agZq_gb_ bf__l hlghkbl_evgZy oZjZdl_jbklbdZ

l_jjblhjbZevghch[_ki_q_gghklb\h^gufbj_kmjkZfbmqblu\ZxsZykl_i_gvb

wnn_dlb\ghklvohayckl\_ggh]hbkihevah\Zgbyihke_^gboZlZd`_dZq_kl\h\h^

bbojhev\kbkl_f_ijbjh^guodhfie_dkh\ 

Mq_l \ebygby Zgljhih]_gguo nZdlhjh\ nhjfbjh\Zgby ih\_joghklgh]h

klhdZih^ \ha^_ckl\b_fdhlhjuo \ihke_^gb_]h^ugZ[ex^Z_lkykbkl_fZlbq_

kdh_kgb`_gb_j_qgh]hklhdZhkms_kl\ey_lky \ ijhp_kk_hij_^_e_gbykj_^g_

fgh]he_lgbo oZjZdl_jbklbd j_qgh]h klhdZ ijb\_^_gbb=<DHkgh\gufbnZd

lhjZfbohayckl\_gghc^_yl_evghklbhdZau\Zxs_c\ebygb_gZj_qghc

klhdy\eyxlkya_fe_^_eb_`b\hlgh\h^kl\hbijhfure_ggh_ijhba\h^kl\h 

DZ`^uchl^_evgucdZ^Zkljijbjh^gh]hj_kmjkZ^he`_g[ulvkhklZ\ghc

qZklvx\k_ckbkl_fuijbjh^guodZ^Zkljh\IhegZy\aZbfhk\yaZgghklv\k_o

ijbjh^guo dZ^Zkljh\ b wnn_dlb\gh_ j_r_gb_ \hijhkh\ bgnhjfZpbhggh]h

h[_ki_q_gbymijZ\e_gbyijbjh^gufbj_kmjkZfb^hklb]Z_lkyijbkha^Zgbb

kbkl_fuijbjh^guodZ^Zkljh\H^gZdh\gZklhys__\j_fydZdlZdh\hckbkl_

fudZ^Zkljh\ijbjh^guoj_kmjkh\g_kms_kl\m_l?keb]h\hjblkyhg_clhdZdh

ijhklhc kmff_ hl^_evguo dZ^Zkljh\ kljmdlmjgh b nmgdpbhgZevgh g_ k\yaZg

ghc 

<f_kl_kl_fkqblZ_lkyqlhkbkl_fZdZ^Zkljh\ijbjh^guoj_kmjkh\-dZ

q_kl\_gghgh\Zyklmi_gvh[h[s_gbybj_]bkljZpbb^Zgguohijbjh^guoj_kmj

kZo ;Zabjmykv gZ ijbgpbiZo kbkl_fgh]h ih^oh^Z dZ^Zkljh\Zy bgnhjfZpby

^he`gZ ij_^mkfZljb\Zlv dhfie_dkgh_ b jZpbhgZevgh_ bkihevah\Zgb_ ijbjh^

guoj_kmjkh\kh]eZkh\Zgb_h[sbobqZklguoaZ^ZqgZjZaguomjh\gyomijZ\e_

gbykh]eZkh\Zgb_djbl_jb_\bihdZaZl_e_cmq_lZijbjh^guoj_kmjkh\bodZq_

kl\_gghcoZjZdl_jbklbdbbwdhghfbq_kdhchp_gdbb^jAZfdh\Hlkx^Z

h^ghba]eZ\guolj_[h\Zgbcdkbkl_f_^Zgguohijbjh^guoj_kmjkZo-g_h[oh

^bfhklvkhihklZ\bfhklbbooZjZdl_jbklbdklhqdbaj_gbyihklZ\e_gguop_e_c

Khhl\_lkl\b_ oZjZdl_jbklbd ijbjh^guo j_kmjkh\ ihklZ\e_gguf aZ^ZqZf h[_k

i_qb\Z_lkybodeZkkbnbdZpb_clZ[edhlhjZye_`bl\hkgh\_mq_lZijbjh^

guoj_kmjkh\ 

Ihkdhevdma_fey-h[sbc[ZabkjZaf_s_gbyijhba\h^bl_evguokbeZ\

hlghr_gbb[bheh]bq_kdboj_kmjkh\lZd`_b]eZ\gh_kj_^kl\hijhba\h^kl\Zlh

a_f_evgucdZ^Zkljkh^ghcklhjhguke_^m_ljZkkfZljb\ZlvdZdh[smxkbkl_fm

k\_^_gbcha_f_evguoj_kmjkZobdZdh[smxijbjh^gmxhkgh\mkbkl_fudZ^Z

kljh\ ijbjh^guo j_kmjkh\ Z g_ lhevdh dZd ki_pbZevgmx kbkl_fm k\_^_gbc h

a_f_evguo j_kmjkZo k_evkdhohayckl\_ggh]h gZagZq_gby < ijhba\h^kl\_gghc

ijZdlbd_a_f_evgucdZ^ZkljqZklhihgbfZ_lkydZddZ^Zkljk_evkdhohayckl\_g

guom]h^bcqlhg_kh\k_f\_jgh<gZklhys__\j_fyml\_j^behkvbmaZdhg_gu

khhl\_lkl\mxsbf aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\hf ihgylby a_f_evguc dZ^Zklj e_kghc

dZ^Zklj\h^gucdZ^ZkljJZajZ[Zlu\Zxlkyb^jm]b_\b^uki_pbZevguodZ^Z

kljh\ ijbjh^guo j_kmjkh\ h^gZdh ihgylb_ k_evkdhohayckl\_gguc dZ^Zklj

hlkmlkl\m_l 

< ihgylb_ a_feb dZd h[t_dlZ a_f_evgh]h dZ^ZkljZ \oh^bl \_kv ijbjh^

gucdhfie_dk\dexqZxsbcihq\mj_ev_nih\_joghklgu_bih^a_fgu_\h^u

eblh]_ggmxhkgh\mjZklbl_evgucb`b\hlgucfbjWlhiheh`_gb_ij_^hij_

^_ey_l g_h[oh^bfhklv jZajZ[hldb gZmqgh h[hkgh\Zgguo j_dhf_g^Zpbc ih

\dexq_gbx \ khklZ\ dZ^ZkljZ [ehdZ ^Zgguo oZjZdl_jbamxsbo khklhygb_ b

baf_g_gb_ijbjh^guol_jjblhjbZevguodhfie_dkh\ih^\ebygb_fZgljhih]_g

guo nZdlhjh\ Z lZd`_ ^hklh\_jghc bg`_g_jgh-wdheh]bq_kdhc b wdheh]h-

wdhghfbq_kdhc bgnhjfZpbb <u^_e_ggu_ ijbjh^gu_ l_jjblhjbZevgu_ dhf

ie_dku^he`gubf_lvwdheh]h-ohayckl\_ggmxhp_gdm\dexqZxsmxhij_^_e_

gbb\b^h\bkl_i_gbZgljhih]_gguogZ]jmahdbmklhcqb\hklbkj_^h-bj_kmjkh

klZ[bebaZpbbijbjh^guodhfie_dkh\dwlbfgZ]jmadZf<k\yabkwlbf\Z`guf

\hijhkhf y\ey_lky k\h_\j_f_gguc mq_l b hljZ`_gb_ \ ^hdmf_glZoijhbkoh^y

sbo baf_g_gbc \ ijbjh^guo dhfie_dkZo GZ[hj ihdZaZl_e_c ^he`_g [ulv

hilbfZevgufbm^h[guf^eyijZdlbq_kdh]hhkms_kl\e_gby 

Kms_kl\_gguffhf_glhfy\ey_lkykhihklZ\bfhklvbk\h^bfhklvdZ^Zkl

jh\uo k\_^_gbc LZddZd mijZ\e_gb_ ijbjh^hihevah\Zgb_f hkms_kl\ey_lky ih