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И.В.
Арнольд
Стилистика.
Современный
английский
язык.
Учебник для вузов. – М.: Флинта,
Наука, 2005. – С. 88 – 98.
Ю.М.
Скребнев
Основы
стилистики
английского
языка. Учебник для вузов. –
М.: Астрель, АСТ, 2003. – С.
7; 77 – 120.
Л.П. Єфімов Стилістика
англійської
мови.
–
Вінниця:
Нова
книга,
2004. – С. 11 – 12; 34 – 84.
Изобразительные средства языка
–
все виды образного употребления слов,
словосочетаний, фонем, объединяя все
виды переносных наименований общим
термином
«тропы».
Они
служат
описанию и являются лексическими.
Сюда входят такие типы переносного
употребления слов и выражений как
метафора,
метонимия,
гипербола,
литота, ирония, перифраз, синекдоха,
антономасия,
олицетворение,
аллегория, эпитет, оксюморон
.
Выразительные
средства,
или
фигуры речи,
не создают образов, а
повышают выразительность речи и
усиливают ее эмоциональность при
помощи
особых
синтаксических
построений: инверсия, риторический
вопрос, параллельные конструкции,
контраст,
повтор,
полисиндетон,
анадиплозис, тавтология.
Изобразительные
средства
–
парадигматические,
основаны
на
ассоциации выбранных автором слов и
выражений с другими близкими им по
значению и потому потенциально
возможными, но не предоставленными в
тексте словами, по отношению к
которым им отдано предпочтение.
Выразительные
средства
–
синтагматические,
основаны
на
линейном расположении частей и
эффект их зависит от расположения.
Тропы
выполняют
экспрессивную
функцию,
а
выразительные
синтаксические
средства
могут
участвовать в создании образности,
изображении.
Стилистический прием
– намеренное
и сознательное усиление к-л типической
структурной и / или семантической
черты языковой единицы (нейтральной
или
экспрессивной),
достигшее
обобщения и типизации и ставшее
таким образом порождающей моделью.
При
таком
подходе
основным
дифференциальным
признаком
–
намеренность или целенаправленность
употребления
к-л
элемента,
противопоставляемая
его
существованию в системе языка.
Тематические
стилистические
средства
– отражение в литературном
произведении
выбранного
участка
действительности.
Expressive
means
are
employed in spheres of speech
that aim to impress: poetry,
fiction,
oratory,
colloquial
speech.
Stylistic
devices
– the
features collectively affecting
the stylistic quality of the text.
Paradigmatic syntax
: ellipsis,
aposiopesis, nominative s-ces,
repetition,
tautology,
polysyndeton, inversion.
Types of syntactic connection
:
detachment, subordination and
coordination, parenthesis.
Figures
of
replacement
(tropes
): figures of quantity
(hyperbole,
meiosis)
and
figures of quality (metaphor,
metonymy,
irony,
allusion,
personification,
antonomasia,
allegory).
Expressive means
of a
language are those phonetic,
lexical, morphological and
syntactic units and forms
which
make
speech
emphatic.
Introduce
connotational
(stylistic,
non-denotative)
meanings
into utterances.
Stylistic devices (tropes,
figures of speech)
are not
language phenomena. They
are formed in speech and
most of them don`t exist out
of context. Are grouped into
phonetic,
lexico-semantic
and syntactic types.
Phonetic EM and SD:
rhythm,
alliteration,
assonance, onomatopoeia.
Lexico-semantic EM and
SD
(Figures
of
Substitution):
Figures
of
Quantity
(hyperbole,
meiosis,
litotes),
Figures of Quality
(metonymy,
synecdoche,
periphrasis,
euphemism;
metaphor,
epithet,
antonomasia,
personification; irony).
Figures of Combination
:
Figures of identity
(simile,
synonyms);
Figures
of
contrast
(oxymoron,
antithesis);
Figures
of
inequality
(climax,
anticlimax, zeugma, pun).
Syntactic EM and SD:
Reduction of the s-ce model
(ellipsis, nominative s-ce,
aposiopesis,
asyndeton,
parceling);
Extension of the
s-ce
model
(repetition,
enumeration,
tautology,
polysyndeton, parallelism);
Change
of
word-order
(inversion,
detachment);
Transposition
of
s-ce
meaning
(rhetoric questions
and other variants).

А.Н. Мороховский, О.П.Воробьева, Н.И.Лихошерст, З.В.Тимошенко Стилистика английского языка.
– К.: Вища школа, 1991. – С. 43-49; 70 – 198.
Выразительное средство
– маркированный член стилистической или функционально-
стилистической оппозиции, имеющий инвариантное значение и относящийся к плану языка
(образуются благодаря парадигматическим отношениям между элементами языка, объединяемых
ассоциациями по сходству, но различающихся по к-л другим признакам; парадигма создается на
основании сходства и различия денотативного значения слов, входящих в данную парадигму).
Стилистический прием
– образуется в речи благодаря синтагматическим отношениям,
которые возникают между речевыми единицами в тексте или высказывании между стилистически
маркированными и немаркированными единицами речи.
Выразительное средство
:
языковые элементы различных уровней, которые являются стилистически маркированными в
пределах данного языкового уровня;
закреплено
стилистическое
значение,
которое
обусловлено
парадигматическими
отношениями элементов одного уровня.
Стилистический прием
:
способы комбинации речевых единиц низшего уровня в пределах единицы более высокого
уровня;
стилистическое значение возникает в контексте некой речевой единицы, обусловлено
синтагматическими отношениями между единицами одного или разных уровней.
Стилистические приемы использования средств на морфологическом уровне
(части речи, категории
залога и наклонения).
Стилистические приемы и выразительные средства на синтаксическом уровне
:
Выразительные средства синтаксиса
:
Редукция исходной модели (эллипсис, умолчание, номинативные предложения, бессоюзие);
Экспансия исходной модели (повтор, перечисления, тавтология, полисиндетон, эмфатические
конструкции, вставные предложения);
Изменение порядка компонентов исходной модели (инверсия, дистантность, обособление).
Стилистические приемы синтаксиса:
Взаимодействие синтаксических структур в контексте (параллелизм, хиазм, анафора,
эпифора); Транспозиция значения синтаксических структур в контексте (риторический
вопрос);
Транспозиция значения способов связи (парцелляция, сочинение вместо подчинения и
наоборот).
Стилистические приемы семасиологии
:
1.
Фигуры замещения
, стилистически значимые способы сочетания в синтагматической
последовательности значений единиц одного уровня, в том числе и выразительных средств в
пределах единицы другого, более высокого уровня.
Фигуры замещения:
Фигуры количества (гипербола, мейозис, литота);
Фигуры качества (метонимия, синекдоха, перифраз, эвфемизм; метафора, эпитет,
антономазия, персонификация, аллегория; ирония).
2.
Фигуры совмещения
– совокупность стилистических приемов, или стилистически значимых
способов сочетания в синтагматической последовательности лексических единиц одного
уровня, в том числе и выразительных средств, в пределах единицы другого, более высокого
уровня.
Фигуры совмещения:
Фигуры тождества (сравнение);
Фигуры противоположности (антитеза, оксюморон);
Фигуры неравенства (нарастание, разрядка, каламбур, зевгма).

Л.П. Єфімов Стилістика англійської мови. – Вінниця: Нова книга, 2004. – 239 c.
Expressive means
of a language are those phonetic, lexical, morphological and syntactic units and forms
which make speech emphatic. Introduce connotational (stylistic, non-denotative) meanings into utterances.
Stylistic devices (tropes, figures of speech)
are not language phenomena. They are formed in speech and
most of them don`t exist out of context. Are grouped into phonetic, lexico-semantic and syntactic types.
Phonetic EM and SD: rhythm, alliteration, assonance, onomatopoeia.
Lexico-semantic EM and SD (Figures of Substitution):
Figures of Quantity
(hyperbole, meiosis, litotes),
Figures of Quality
(metonymy, synecdoche, periphrasis,
euphemism; metaphor, epithet, antonomasia, personification; irony).
Figures of Combination
:
Figures of identity
(simile, synonyms);
Figures of contrast
(oxymoron, antithesis);
Figures of inequality
(climax, anticlimax, zeugma, pun).
Syntactic EM and SD:
Reduction of the s-ce model
(ellipsis, nominative s-ce, aposiopesis, asyndeton, parceling);
Extension of the s-
ce model
(repetition, enumeration, tautology, polysyndeton, parallelism);
Change of word-order
(inversion,
detachment);
Transposition of s-ce meaning
(rhetoric questions and other variants).
Stylistic Lexicology
Stylistic Lexicology
deals with words which make up people`s lexicon. The majority of English words are:
neutral – form the lexical backbone of all functional styles, they are understood and accepted by all
English-speaking people; being the main source of synonymy and polysemy, they easly produce and
stylistic variants (mouse, child, kid, infant, parent, father, daddy).
Terms belong to particular sciences, used mostly in the scientific functional style; they`re
monosemantic, have no synonyms (approbation, anomaly, interpretation, definition, vector, leg of a
triangle).
Poetic words – create poetic images and make speech elevated.
Obsolete words have gone completely out of usage but they`re still recognized by the native speakers
(thee, thy, thine, methinks = it seems to me, nay = no).
Archaic words belong to OE and are not recognized nowadays.
Barbarisms and foreignisms have the same origin; they`re borrowed from other languages (French,
Latin) (protégé, a propos, beau monde, de novo, alter ego, datum).
Neologisms – newly born words (network, server, e-mail, site message).
Common colloquial vocabulary – familiar words and idioms used in informal speech and writing and
unacceptable in polite conversations:
Jargonisms – non-standard words used by people of certain asocial group to keep their intercourse
secret (candy – cocaine, snifter – a cocaine addict, candy man – drug seller).
Professionalisms – term-like words, are used and understood by members of a certain trade or
profession (scalpel, carburetor).
Dialecticisms – words used by people of a certain community living in a certain territory.
Slang – non-standard vocabulary understood and used by the whole nation; vulgar, obscene words –
a part of slang (money – moo, oof, boot, lettuce, green goods, hay, bean, rubbish, salad, soap, sugar,
iron, etc.).
Idioms – fixed phrase which is only meaningful as a whole.
Morphological Stylistics
The main notion is the
transposition
– a divergence between the traditional usage of a neutral word and its
situational / stylistic usage. Morpholoigical EM`s and SD`s:
Nouns form antonomasia and personification (he`ll never be a Shakespeare; snows, sands, waters).
Articles are used uncommonly (a Brown, a silly Jane, the John).
Verbs form lexical EM`s and SD`s (so it be; it is time I went).
Adjectives – epithets, comparison, attributes (crazy bicycle, tremendous achievements, idiotic shoe-
laces, red colour, the most Italian car, beautifuller).
Pronouns (it`s me, him, her, them, us).
Phonetic and Graphic EM`s & SD`s.
Rhyme – the accord of syllables in words (fact – attract, mood – intrude, news – refuse).
Rhythm – a recurring stress pattern in poetry.
Instrumentation – the act of selecting and combining sounds in order to make utterances expressive
and melodic.
Alliteration – repetition of consonants (She sells sea shells on the sea shore).
Assonance – repetition of vowels (the rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain).
Onomatopoeia – a combination of sounds, imitating natural sounds (cock-a-doodle-doo).
Punctuation: the full stop, the comma, brackets, tha dash, the exclamation mark, the interrogative
mark, the hyphen, the colon, the semicolon, the apostrophe, capital letters, text segmentation, a
paragraph, chapters / sections, a heading.
Stylistic semasiology. Lexico-semantic SD`s.
Figures of Substitution:
1.
Figures of Quantity
(hyperbole, meiosis, litotes),
2.
Figures of Quality
(metonymy, synecdoche, periphrasis, euphemism; metaphor, epithet, antonomasia,
personification; irony).
Hyperbole – a deliberate exaggeration of a certain quality of an object or phenomenon (to be
scared to death; to give the world to do smth.; to beg a thousand pardons);
Meiosis – a deliberate diminution of a certain quality of an object or phenomenon (to be the drop
of water; a cat-size pony; to be situated in one minute from here; he is a real microbe).
Litotes – a specific variant of meiosis (to be not without sense of humour; to be not unreasonable,
not impossible).
Metonymy – is the transference of a name of one object to another object based upon the principle
of contiguity of the two objects. Lexical metonymy: table`s leg, teapot`s nose, hand, a hand (a
worker), grave (death)); Contextual metonymy (the other voice shook his hand; to be followed by
a pair of heavy boots).
Synecdoche – naming the whole object by mentioning part of it / using the name of the whole
object to denote a constituent part of this object (the hall; the school; the blue suit; the museum).
Periphrasis – the replacement of a direct name of a thing or phenomenon by the description of
some quality of this thing or phenomenon. Logical periphrasis is based upon one of the inherent
properties of the object (weapons – instruments of destruction; love – the human weakness);
Figurative periphrasis is based upon metaphor or metonymy (to marry – to tie the knot; money –
root of evil).
Euphemism – used to replace an unpleasantly sounding word / word-combination (God – lord,
heaven; to die – to be gone, to be no more, to go west, to join the majority, to pass away; idiots –
mentally abnormal).
Metaphor – the result of transference of the name of one object to another object based upon
similarity of the objects (time passes; the fire flashed from his eyes being able to melt the glasses).
Epithet – attributes which describe objects expressively (loud ocean; glorious sight; helpless
loneliness; blank face; tremendous pressure; heart-burning desire; do-it-yourself command; go-to
devil request; head-to-toe beauty; I-don`t-want-to-do-it feeling).
Antonomasia – the identification of human beings with things which surround them (John is a real
Romeo/ Snake/ the Napoleon).
Personification – the speaker ascribes human behaviour, thoughts, and opinions to inanimate
objects (Lie / Love is a strange creature).
Allegory – is antonomasia used in the whole text.
Irony – breaking the principle of sincerity of speech (favoured country, noble illustration).

Stylistic semasiology:
Figures of Combination:
1. Figures of identity
(simile, synonyms);
2.
Figures of contrast
(oxymoron, antithesis);
3. Figures of inequality
(climax, anticlimax, zeugma, pun).
Simile – the comparison of two objects having smth in common (as, as if, as though, like, so, to
resemble).
Synonyms (John – he – the man – the victim - …)
Oxymoron – the combination of words which are semantically incompatible (adj + N; adv + adj: hot
snow, pleasantly ugly).
Paradox – a ststement appears to be self-contradictory, but contains smth of a truth (Cowards die
many times before their death).
Antithesis – an oxymoron realized in a phrase (the age of withdon, the age of foolushness; a happy,
healthy man).
Climax (Gradation) – the arranging of the utterance so that each subsequent component of it
increases significance, importance or emotional tension of narration (I`m sorry, so very sorry, so
extremely sorry).
Anticlimax – the arranging of the utterance so that each subsequent component of it decreases
significance, importance, emotional tension of narration (he cried, no doubt he`s been eating raw
onions).
Zeugma – consists of three constituents: the basic word stands in the same grammatical but different
semantic relations to a couple of adjacent words; the basic word combined with the first adjacent
word forms a phraseological word-combinaton; the same basic word combined with the second
adjacent word forms a free word-combination (Freddy got out of bed and low spirits).
Pun – a play of words (Is she engaged? – She`s already married. / Carry on, but Peter never ate
carrion).
Stylistic syntax
Syntactic SD:
1. Reduction of the s-ce model
(ellipsis, nominative s-ce, aposiopesis, asyndeton, parceling);
2. Extension of the s-ce model
(repetition, enumeration, tautology, polysyndeton, parallelism);
3.
Change of word-order
(inversion, detachment);
4. Transposition of s-ce meaning
(rhetoric questions and other variants).
Ellipsis – such a syntactic structure in which there is no subject, predicate or both (To the disco; The
staff).
Nominative s-ce – one-member structure, having no subject, no predicate (April).
Aposiopesis (Break) – the sudden break of the narration (If you go on like this … ( - )).
Asyndeton – the omission of conjunctions.
Polysyndeton – the reprtition of conjunctions.
Parceling – the splitting of s-ces into smaller parts separated by full stops (Sally found John.
Yesterday. In the pub.).
Repetition (I`m very, very, very sorry):
Anaphora – the repetition of the first element of each syntactic structure (Each… Each…);
Epiphora – the repetition of the final element (… a case like that. … a case like that.);
Framing – the initial part of a language unit is repeated at the end of this unit (Poor Mary. …….
Poor Mary.).
Linking or reduplication – the repetition of the final component at the beginning of the sequential
syntactic structure (… that dreadful occurance. Tat dreadful occurance…).
Chiasmus – a reversed parallel construction (The lail must have been the infirmary, the infirmary
might have been the jail).
Enumeration (There were cows, hens, goats, peacocks, sheep in the village).
Tautology – unintentional repetition (The name of my informant, the name of my informant, the
name escapes me).
Parallel constructions – construction built according to the same syntactic pattern (The cock was
crowing. The stream was flowing. The small birds twitter. The lake doth glitter.).
Inversion – the intentional change of the word-order (In came Jack. Little chances Benny had).
Detachment – a s-ce component independent from the word it refers to (There was a girl. I liked her
name, Linda.).
Rhetoric questions - question requiring no answer.