Situation 1. Paula Smith, a British guide of the Ukrainian students in London is going to visit Ukraine. She is interested in information on Ukraine. Answer her questions on geographical position, history, natural resources of Ukraine.

Situation 2. A student of the Law faculty is taking an exam in the Constitutional Law of Ukraine. He has difficulty with the question about the political structure of Ukraine. The teacher asks him questions and helps to reveal the question about the political system of Ukraine.

Situation 3. A young businessman has a possibility to invest money in the development of our country. He is interested in Ukrainian industry. Prove him that investing money in the development of industry will give a profit. Tell him about the main industrial centres of Ukraine.

Useful expressions: I’d like to say a few words about – я б хотів сказати декілька слів про … ; As I know – як відомо; I think that – я думаю що; Quite on the contrary – навпаки; Certainly – звичайно; (Could) Can I ask you – чи можу я вас запитати;

I want to give a few examples to prove it – я б хотів навести декілька прикладів,щоб довести це; As far as I know – наскільки мені відомо; I am interested in – мене цікавить; What can you say about – що ви можете сказати про …; You are welcome – будь ласка; Thank you – дякую .

VIII. Comprehension

Listen to the text C. Be sure that you know the following words and word combinations.

the core – центр

remnants – залишки

medieval church - середньовічні церкви

scenic city - живописне місто

vegetation – рослинність

to resemble - бути схожим

residents – жителі

Galicia - Галичина

Principality of Galicia-Volhynia - галицько-волинське князівство

Mickiewicz square – площа Міцкевича

Horodetska Street – вулиця Городецька

The Lychakiv Cemetry – Личаківське кладовище

The Janiv Cemetry – Янівське кладовище

Vysoky Zamok – Високий замок

St.Nickola’s Church – церква Святого Миколая

The Chapel of Three Saints – Церква Трьох Святих

Byzantine Romanesque Style - візантійсько-романський стиль

Renaissance architecture - - архітектура доби Ренесанс

Lviv

Lviv, the historical capital of Galicia and Western Ukraine, and after Kyiv, the second cultural, political, and religious center of Ukraine. By population it is the seventh-largest city in Ukraine.

Lviv was founded in the mid-13th century by Prince Danylo Romanovych near Zvenyhorod which had been named after his son Lev. In 1260s, Lviv became the capital of the Principality of Galicia-Volhynia. It stretched as far as the Poltva River.

Today Lviv has an area of 155 sq km. The core is the city of the 14th to 18th centuries. The core is densely built up with tall stone buildings, many of them in their original style. The most imposing part of Lviv includes Shevchenko prospect, Mickiewicz square, and Horodetska street, with many public buildings, hotels, cafes, stores and banks in 19th- and 20th-century styles.

Lviv is a very scenic city with a varied vegetation. There are a lot of picturesque parks in the city. The Lychakiv Cemetery, which contains some famous monuments to noted Ukrainian and Polish residents of Lviv, and the Yaniv Cemetery with other 200 graves of fighters for Ukraine's independence, resemble parks.

The oldest monument in Lviv consists of the foundation and walls of St. Nickolas's Church, built by Prince Lev Danylovych in the 13th century. The remnants of Vysoky Zamok date back to the 13th century. There is a great number of the medieval churches built in the Byzantine Romanesque style in Lviv.

Lviv is the only city in Ukraine that still has some original Renaissance architecture. The finest examples of the style are the Dominican Church and the Chapel of Three Saints and some other buildings.

The main monuments in the city ore to A.Mickiewicz, I.Franko, V.Stefanyk, I.Fedorovych.

Lviv is the leading scientific and cultural center of western Ukraine. It has a number of research institutes with high reputation, higher educational establishments, theaters and libraries.

Exercise 1. Find the right ending of the sentence:

1. Lviv was founded …

1. in the 15^th century by Prince Danylo Romanovych

2. in the 10^th century by Yaroslav the Wise

3. in the 13^th century by Prince Danylo Romanovych

2. Lviv became the capital of the Principality of Galicia-Volhynia in …

a) 1260s

b) 1564s

c)1263s

3. The most imposing part of Lviv includes:

1. Shevchenko square, Mickiewich street, Horodetsky prospect

2. Shevchenko prospect, Mickiewich square and Horodetska Street

3. Shevchenko street and Mickiewich square

4. The oldest monument in Lviv consists of …

1. the walls of St.Peter’s Church

2. the foundation and walls of St.Nickolas’s church

3. the Chapel of Three Saints

5. The remnants of Vysoky Zamok date back to …

1. the 15^th century

2. the 13^th century

3. the 16^th century

6. Lviv is …

1. the center of ship-building and textile industry

2. the leading scientific and cultural center of western Ukraine

3. the leading scientific and cultural center of eastern Ukraine

Exercise 2. Agree or disagree with the following statements

1. Lviv, the historical capital of Galicia and Western Ukraine, and after Kyiv, the second cultural, political, and religious center of Ukraine.

2. By population it is the first largest city in Ukraine.

3. Today Lviv has an area of 200 sq.km.

4. Lviv is the only city in Ukraine that still has some original Renaissance architecture.

5. The main monuments in the city are to Ushakov, T.Shevchenko, B.Khmelnitsky.

Exercise 3. Ask questions to get these answers.

1.In the mid-13th c.

2. St. Nickolas's Church.

4. 4. Vysoky Zamok.

5. Renaissance architecture.

6. To A.Mickiewicz, I.Franko, V.Stefanyk, I.Fedorovych.

Exercise 4 . Put the sentences of the text into the logical order. Retell the text.

1. Lviv was founded in the mid-13th century by Prince Danylo Romanovych

2. The most imposing part of Lviv includes Shevchenko prospect, Mickiewicz square, and Horodetska street.

3. Today Lviv has an area of 155 sq km.

4. The oldest monument in Lviv consists of the foundation and walls of St. Nickolas's Church.

5. There are a lot of picturesque parks in the city.

6. Lviv is the only city in Ukraine that still has some original Renaissance architecture.

7. Lviv is the leading scientific and cultural center of western Ukraine

8. The main monuments in the city ore to A.Mickiewicz, I.Franko, V.Stefanyk, I.Fedorovych.

Exercise 5. Tell about any Ukrainian city which you have ever visited.

IX . Supplementary

Text D The Constitution of Ukraine

The adoption of a new constitution of Ukraine on the 28th of June, 1996, became an important event in the life of the people of Ukraine. Our country has long-standing constitu­tional traditions. The first Constitution of Ukraine was written by hetman Pylyp Orlyk in 1710. Being the first constitution in Europe, it was notable for its profound democracy. The expe­rience of the Ukrainian People's Republic (1918) played a sig­nificant role in the constitutional process. The constitution of the Ukrainian People's Republic approved by the Centralna Rada is the embodiment of the statehood principles of Ukraine.

On the 24th of October, 1990, the constitutional commis­sion was appointed by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. The draft constitution was written during the first stage of its preparation (1990—1993). It was logically and juridically com­pleted during the second stage (1994—1996). The draft consti­tution was published and went through nation-wide discussion. On the 28th of June, 1996, the Constitution was confirmed by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Common to all mankind prin­ciples of democracy are embodied in the Constitution. The ba­sic economic, social, cultural, public and political rights are guaranteed by the Constitution. According to the Constitution, Ukraine is a sovereign, independent, democratic, social and ju­ridical state. Territorial integrity and inviolability of Ukraine are proclaimed in the Constitution.

The power in Ukraine belongs to people. It is exercised through democratic elections and referendums and by state gov­ernment bodies and self-government institutions. The form of state government is a republic. The head of the state is the president. The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine is the highest legis­lative body in the country. The principles of economic, political and ideological multiformity are proclaimed in the Constitution. All citizens have equal rights. People are proclaimed to be the greatest social value in Ukraine. These and other regulations are successively developed in the chapters of the Constitution. The best national traditions are embodied in the Constitution, which creates the legal bases of regulation of social relations.

Text E Ukrainian Music

The real development of musical education in Ukraine be­gan in the 19th century with the opening of a music school in Kyiv in 1868. In 1883, it became a music high school. Such schools were opened in other towns as Odesa, Poltava, Kharkiv. Conservatories were opened in Kyiv and Odesa in 1913. The music and drama school was founded in Kyiv in 1904 by M Lysenko. In a year the M. Lysenko Music Institute was opened in Lviv. They played an important part in the training of national musicians.

The best representatives of the Ukrainian musical culture were well-known artists as the conductor 0. Koshyts, the sing­ers S. Krushelnytska, M. Sadovska, the composers K Stetsenko and L. Revutsky. The first permanent opera theatre in Ukraine was opened in Odesa in 1809. The Kyiv and Kharkiv opera companies were organized later.

The Drama Theatre (1882) greatly influenced the develop­ment of Ukrainian music. From the beginning of the 19th cen­tury the Ukrainian theatre was associated with folk song and dance culture. Folk music became an important dramatic com­ponent in the plays of this period ("Natalka Poltavka", "Nazar Stodolya", etc.) National opera developed under the influence of the Ukrainian music-drama theatre.

The choir activities of M Lysenko, which continued during almost his entire musical career, played an important part in the history of Ukrainian choral culture. He conducted the stu­dents' choir of Kyiv University.

The most consistent followers of the traditions set by M. Lysenko were the composers Stetsenko, Stepovy and Leontovych.

Many famous Russian composers, such as M. Glinka, P. Tchaikovsky, M. Musorgsky, wrote music on Ukrainian themes.

Text F Ukrainian literature

The great body of Ukrainian oral literature attained its ze­nith in the 16th century with the Cossack epic songs, the "dumy". The first books printed in Ukrainian were translations of the Gospels (16th century). Early books were usually relig­ious, but a grammar appeared in 1596 and a dictionary in 1627. Ukrainian cultural life of the 17th century centered around the Kyivan academy, established in 1633. The out­standing poet and philosopher of the 18th century was Hryhory Skovoroda (1722- 1794). A leading figure in the Ukrain­ian literary revival of the early 19th century was Ivan Kotlyarevsky (1769-1838), whose travesty of the 'Aeneid" and operetta "Natalka Poltavka" are major works of Ukrainian classical literature. Classicism predominates also in the writ­ings of the novelist Hrytsko Kvitka-Osnovyanenko (1778-1843) and in the plays of Vasyi Gogol.

Interest in folklore and ethnography is represented in the works of Levko Borovykovsky (1806—-1889) and Ambros Mellynsky (1814—1870), poets of the Kharkiv romantic school.

With the founding in the 1830s of a University in Kyiv, the capital became once again the cultural centre of Ukraine. The leading scholar of the period was the historian Mykola Kostomarov (1817- 1885).

The poet Taras Shevchenko was the great figure of Ukrain­ian romanticism, which predominates in the dramatic works of Mykhailo Starytsky (1840- 1904), Marko Kropyvnytsky (1840- 1910) and Ivan Tobilevych (1845-1907).

Realism in Ukrainian prose found expression in the works of Borys Hrinchenko (1863- 1910) and Ivan Nechuy-Levytsky (1838- 1918) and in the naturalistic tales of Marko Vovchok (1838-1907).

Modern Ukrainian literature is represented by the outstand­ing writer Ivan R-anko and the poetess Lesia Ukrainka. Mas­ters of impressionist prose were Mykhailo Kotsyubynsky (1864-1913) and Vasyi Stefanyk (1871 - 1936).

The novelist Olha Kobylyanska (1868- 1942) and the novelist and political writer Volodymyr Vynnychenko were among the major literary figures of the early 20th century.

Many Ukrainian writers were killed or deported by the Soviet regime during the 1930s, among them the dramatist Mykola Kulish (1892-1934), the humorist Ostap Vyshnya, and the theorist of neoclassicism Mykola Zerov.

One of the leading writers of the proletarian age, Mykola Khvylyovy (1893 - 1933) proposed the reorientation of Ukrain­ian literature toward the West. Important writers who survived the purges of the 1930s include the master of subjective verse Maksym Rylsky, the necromantic poet Mykola Bazhan, the lyric poet Pavlo Tychyna, the dramatist Oleksandr Komiychuk, and the novelist Oles Honchar.

Text G Science and technology in Ukraine

For a long time science in Ukraine developed as a part of the scientific efforts of the former Soviet Union. However, it had its own Academy of Sciences, founded in 1918 by Hetman Skoropadsky. Since 1994 it has been called the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

Ukraine has contributed many outstanding scientists to the world. In the 15^th-17^th centuries they were the talented physician Yury of Drohobych and linguists and linguists L.Zyzaniy and P.Berynda. The beginning of the 17^th century was also marked by the creative activity of the prominent linguist M.Smotrytsky whose “Slavic Grammar” became the basis of grammars of many Slavic languages. In the 18^th century the main scientific centre of Ukraine was the Kyivo-Mohyla Academy whose most famous representatives of that time were N. Maksymovich and O.Shumlyansky. The 19^th and 20^th centuries produced such outstanding scientists as the mathematicians M.Ostrogradsky and A. Pohorelov, the linguists O. Bodynsky, A.Potebnya, the historians V.Antonovich, M.Hrushevsky and D.Bahaliy, the orientalist A.Krumsky, the geologist P.Tutkovsky, the physicians V.Obraztsov, M.Strazhesko, V.Filatov, the lawyer M.Vasylenko and many others.

Ukrainians are also proud ofthe fact that only several months after the nucleus of the atom was split by the English physicists G.Cockroft and E.Walton in 1932, the same result was achieved in one of the laboratories of Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology headed by I.Kurchatov and A. Ioffe. It was the first split of an atom in the USSR and a great success of Soviet scientists. Nobel Prize laureate Academician Lev Landau worked for many years, heading the Institute of Physics and Technology. Another Nobel Prize laureate Ilya Mechnicov was born in Kharkiv region, studied in Kharkiv National University and worked there for a long time. The first electronic computing machine in Europe was designed by our countryman S. Lebedev in 1951. The famous astronomer Academisian Mykola Barabashov worked in Kharkiv Observatory and made significant discoveries concerning Mars, Moon and Venis. Ukrainian scientists made their contribution into the development of space explorations. The Southern Machine Building plant and Kharkiv “Khartron” designed and launched hundreds of artificial Earth satellites ncluding the famous “Zenith”.

The world famous Ukrainian scientists are Volodymir Vernadsky and Yevhen Paton.

Volodymyr Vernadsky was the first President of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. He was a prominent naturalist, mineralogist, the founder of geochemistry and biochemistry, the creator of the biosphere theory. Together with Oleksander Fersman he was the first to suggest the use of radioactivity in studying geological processes . He was also the first to estimate the age of the most ancient elements of the Earth surface as being 4,5 billion years old.

Yevhen Paton was an outstanding Ukrainian constructor, famous for his contribution in bridge-building and welding. He studied Engineering in Dresden (Germany) and St.Petersburg, and in 1904 became a professor of Kyiv Polytechnic Institute where he headed the bridge-testing laboratory. Evhen Paton designed over 35 bridges, including the famous bridge across the Dnipro River that was named after him. He is also considered to be the father of electronic welding. The Institute of Electronic Welding the director of which Evhen Paton had been till his very death, developed his theory and mastered the highly productive hidden welding technique which is used world –wide.

Unit 7

Topic: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Text: The United Kingdom . Geography and Climate.

The Government of Great Britain

Unit 7

Topic: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Text: The United Kingdom . Geography and Climate.

The Government of Great Britain

I.Language

Exercise 1. Vocabulary to be learnt

II. Practice

Exercise 1. Express your agreement with the following statements. Use the phrases: Exactly so Sure(ly ), I agree with you, It is really so, Of course

M

Each session of Parliament is usually opened in the House of Lords by the Queen (King).

1. The red rose is the national emblem of England.

2. Britain’s democratic system of government has provided remarkable political stability.

3. The Lords is made up of hereditary and life peers and peeresses.

4. The British cotton industry is centered in Lancashire.

5. Members of the House of Commons receive a salary for their parliamentary work.

6. The warm currents in the Atlantic Ocean influence the climate of Great Britain.

7. “The Englishman’s home is his castle” is saying known all over the world.

8. In the House of Lords there is the woolsack upon the Lord Chancellor sits as Speaker of the House.

Exercise 2. Object to the following statements as in the model . Use one of the following phrases: On the contrary, It is not quite so; I can’t agree with you, You are wrong

Most of the rivers flow into the Atlantic Sea.

I can’t agree with you. Most of the rivers flow into the North Sea.

Model:

1. The island of Great Britain consists of four main parts.

2. The British Isles are separated from the European Continent by the Atlantic Ocean.

3. The centre of parliamentary power is the House of Lords.

4. The Queen reigns and she rules in Great Britain.

5. There are great forests in the British Isles today.

6. The climate of the British Isles is generally cold.

Exercise 3. Express your surprise and give short affirmative (negative) answers as in the Model.

The House of Commons is elected by an almost universal adult suffrage.

Is the House of Commons really elected by an almost universal adult suffrage?

Yes, it is. No, it is not.

Model :

1. There are high mountains in Great Britain .

2. The Government is formed by the party with majority support in the Commons.

3. Textile and clothing make a substantial contribution to the British economy.

4. Britain forms the greater part of the British Isles.

5. Considerable progress was made in agriculture.

6. There is no place like home, the English say.

Exercise 4. Ask your friend all possible question to the following sentences. Mind tenses.

The Highlands of Scotland occupy most of the country.

Do the highlands of Scotland occupy most of the country?

What part of the country do the highlands of Scotland occupy?

Do the highlands of Scotland occupy most of the country or least of the country?

The highlands of Scotland occupy most of the country, don’t they?

Model:

1. Britain has the largest energy resources in the European community.

2. In 1967 reserves of natural gas were discovered in the North Sea.

3. Britain has to import many raw materials from abroad.

4. The thistle is the national emblem of Scotland .

5. Britain has for centuries lived by its people’s enterprise and the advancement of its overseas trade.

6. Britain is a major world producer of oil, natural gas and coal.

7. The proceedings of both houses of Parliament are broadcast on television and radio.

8. As head of the Government the Prime Minister appoints ministers.

9. In 1998 Britain supported cooperation on environmental protection.

10. General elections to choose MPs must be held at least every 5 years.

Exercise 5. Say it in English .

1. Влітку південно-східна частина Англії найтепліша.

2. Найхолоднішими частинами з усіх є високогір’я Шотландії.

3. Темза – найглибша річка Англії.

4. Королева призначає прем’єр-міністра.

5. Центром парламентської влади є палата лордів.

6. Великобританія небагата корисними копалинами.

7. Одна з найбільш вражаючих речей в Англії, це швидкість з якою погода змінюється навіть на протязі одного дня.

8. Парламентська процедура базується на правилах датованих ще 16 сторіччям.

9. Цей закон був прийнятий ще на початку минулого століття.

10. В минулому році Великобританія експортувала майже половину своєї сільськогосподарської продукції.

11. Продуктивність також різко підвищилась в таких галузях промисловості як машинобудування та електротехніка.