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254 AMERICA IN CLOSE-UP
HEALTH
Running for your Life
A Harvard study links exercise with longevity
T
HE hordes of Americans who roll out
of bed, slip into their Reeboks and run
for an hour in the face of snarling
dogs, potential muggers and hordes of
Americans heading in the opposite direction
on their Schwinn 10-speeds must wonder
sometimes whether it's worth the aggra-
vation. After all, if a rash of recent books and
articles like "The Exercise Myth" can be
believed, the evidence that physical activity
leads to a longer and healthier life is based
on a flawed interpretation of cause and effect.
It isn't that exercise prolongs life, the argu-
ment goes, it's just that people who engage
in sports and active occupations are healthier
in the first place. But the fitness buffs should
not put their rowing machines in dry dock
just yet. According to a long-term study in-
volving nearly 17,000 loyal sons of Harvard,
it now seems that athletic effort is far from a
waste of time. Moderate exercise, said a
report in last week's New England Journal
of Medicine, can add up to two years to a
person's life.
In the mid-1960s Dr. Ralph S. Paffenbarger
Jr. and his colleagues at the Stanford Uni-
versity School of Medicine recruited the
Harvard graduates, 35 to 74, and asked them
to answer detailed questionnaires about their
general health and living habits. Follow-
ups carried out until 1978 showed that
men who expended at least 2,000 calories
per week through exercise had mortality
rates one-quarter to one-third lower than
those burning up fewer calories. The life-
prolonging level of activity cited in the re-
port is the equivalent of five hours of brisk
walking, about four hours of jogging or a
shade more than three hours of squash. More
exercise meant a better chance at a long life
— up to a point. A regimen that burned
more than 3,500 calories tended to cause
injuries that negated most of the benefits
derived from exercise.
Countering disease: During the survey,
1,413 of the men died: 45 percent from heart
disease, 32 percent from cancer, 13 percent
from other "natural causes" and 10 percent
Reeboks: trademark of jogging shoes.
Schwinn W-speed: trademark of racing bicycles.
jogging for health
from trauma. While previous studies in-
dicated that exercise protects against heart
disease, Harvard's is the first to show a
favorable effect of exercise on mortality from
all diseases. As would be expected, smoking,
high blood pressure and a familial history of
death at an early age were associated with
an increased mortality risk. But, according
to the study, exercise played a significant
part in countering even these major factors.
For example, hypertensive men who exer-
cised had half the mortality rate of their
counterparts who remained sedentary.
Among smokers, exercise reduced deaths by
about 30 percent.
Harvard men who were varsity athletes
while in college — and were thus presumed
by the researchers to have been starting out
life with basically strong bodies — had no
advantage over their classmates in terms of
survival rates. Indeed, lettermen who sub-
sequently turned soft and sedentary in-
creased their mortality risk. "It's not the
kind of activity that you did in college .. .
but the amount of contemporary activity
that's associated with the long survival,"
says Paffenbarger.
MATT CLARK with KAREN SPRINGEN
lettermen: people who have been awarded a
letter, the initial of their school, for
outstanding performance especially in sports.
256 AMERICA IN CLOSE-UP
LOUSY AT SPORTS
I ' V E D E C I D E D T O C O M E O U T O F T H E
closet. It is not an easy decision to admit
openly that I really don't like sports. There —
I've said it.
Do y o u k n o w what it's like to be a man w h o
is not a sports fan? W h o not only doesn't care
w h o wins the W o r l d Series but w h o is never
exactly sure which teams are playing? W h o
never, but never, reads the sports section?
I approach this subject with a light touch,
but in truth it has been a problem that has
plagued me for most of my life, particularly
when I was a young b o y . F o r to be a b o y not
interested in sports was, particularly back then,
to run the risk of being thought a homosexual.
As a matter of fact, at an early age, when I
began to face the awful truth that I simply had
no taste for the world of athletics either as
participant or observer, I kept it very quiet.
Could it be that, indeed, I was a " f a i r y " or
reasonable facsimile thereof? ( T h e euphemism
" g a y " came into the language later.)
When I married and my wife became
pregnant, I kept my fingers crossed. "Please
don't make it a b o y . " H e ' l l insist that I play
ball with him, take him to Y a n k e e Stadium and
engage in the sports rituals so necessary for
healthy male bonding. It was a girl, and I was
saved. B u t only for a while. Three and a half
years later, Jonathan was born. W h e n he was 8
years old, I forced the p o o r kid to go to a park
in N e w Y o r k , where I would lob softballs his
way, demanding that he hit them back to me. I
saw, almost at once, that Jonathan had
inherited my disease. He was lousy at sports,
too.
Even after three marriages, three children,
and some in-between love affairs, plus the sure
knowledge that I adore women, I still feel,
from time to time, that, somehow, I must be
lacking in the right male genes.
W h e n I first came to N e w Y o r k in the 1940s,
I had been a newscaster and announcer at a San
Francisco radio station. G o t h a m was tough for
a newcomer. I was hungry, anxious and in need
of work. I auditioned for everything.
O n e day, I was called in by radio station
W O R and told there was an opportunity to
audition for the j o b of host of a panel game.
" W h a t sort of g a m e ? " I asked politely,
although I knew that whatever it was, I would
grab it if I could.
" I t ' s a sports q u i z , " the executive explained.
I felt the blood leave my face.
" W e were hoping to make J a c k D e m p s e y the
h o s t , " he went on, "but when we put a
microphone in front of J a c k ' s face, he froze. So
what we want is for D e m p s e y to sit at your side
to give the program authenticity, but you'll be
the real moderator. W e ' v e lined up the best
sportswriters in the country to be on the panel.
D o you think y o u can handle i t ? "
I agonized. I saw the $ 1 5 0 fee (huge money
back then) fade into the distance. I t o o k a
breath. " A b s o l u t e l y , " I said. "I can certainly
handle a sports q u i z . " I looked the executive
right in the eye.
SPORTS 257
5. continued
Before the audition, I t o o k care to find out
that J a c k D e m p s e y was a former heavyweight
boxing champion. T h e n I tried out and —
mirabile dictul — got the j o b . F o r 26 weeks,
every M o n d a y night, I would bravely pitch
sports questions at the experts arrayed at the
panel desk in front of me. It was an
excruciating experience. It made me remember
b o y h o o d nightmares in which I would be in a
strange classroom about to take a final exam in
a course I had never heard of.
Apparently, I got away with the bluff,
because not one of the sports mavens ever
seemed to doubt that I knew whereof I spoke.
T h e p r o o f came a few weeks after the demise of
that quiz when I was once again called by
W O R .
My employer smiled benevolently. " Y o u ' v e
done a good j o b , G o o d s o n . N o w I have a real
opportunity for you. We are looking for
someone to help describe the D o d g e r ball
games from E b b e t s Field. H o w does that strike
y o u r
I paused. I had never been to a major-league
ball game. I knew nothing, minus zero, about
baseball. He responded to my hesitation. " T h i s
is a big deal, guaranteed $ 2 5 , 0 0 0 a y e a r . " I
swallowed. " I ' l l do i t . " " G o o d , " he replied,
looking at his calendar. " W e will give you an
on-the-air test in about two w e e k s . " " T e r r i f i c , "
I said — and dashed to the nearest bookstore.
T h e r e , I bought "Baseball: T h e Official
R u l e s . " If it wasn't 100 pages thick, it seemed
to be. I began on page 1, where the precise
measurements of the " d i a m o n d " were
diagramed, then went on to the functions and
duties of each player in the infield and outfield,
the definition of a strike, a foul, an infield fly
and on and on through the fine print. As I got
to the 10th page, I collapsed. M u c h as I needed
the money, I knew there was no way that I
could manage this bluff! I can't remember the
alibi I gave the executive, but certainly it wasn't
anything as shameful as " I ' v e really never seen
a baseball game." B u t I did b o w out.
T w e n t y years later, long after I had given up
performing and was running a television
production company specializing in " g a m e "
shows (quite an irony for a non-sports-fan to
earn a living at " g a m e s " ) , I was invited by my
banker to have dinner on the company yacht
while cruising around Manhattan Island. It was
a " m e n o n l y " party, and the talk centered on
business and, of course, sports.
After dinner, I stood on the deck in a group
that included G e n e T u n n e y , another former
heavyweight champion and by then a
successful Wall Street investor. I thought I was
doing an acceptable j o b of being responsive to
the sports chatter, when T u n n e y suddenly
broke off from the conversation, turned, gazed
down at me suspiciously from his enormous
height. " G o o d s o n , " he asked, "tell me about
you. W h a t do you do for a living?"
Because " W h a t ' s My L i n e ? " was my show at
that time, it seemed natural for me to respond,
" W h a t do you think I d o ? " He looked at me
thoughtfully. " G o o d s o n , I'd say you are a
p o e t . "
I blushed. I knew what he meant. H e ' d
found me out.
Mark Goodson is president of Goodson-Todman TV Productions.
258
1. Comprehension
Interview: High School Sports
Which way of completing each of the following
sentences agrees with the information given in
the interview?
1. When compared with Germany, school
sports in the U . S .
a) put much more emphasis on competitive
sports.
b) are almost entirely organized by sports
clubs.
c) consist of competitive sports and, equally
important, P.E.
2. In P . E . , students
a) do individual sports only.
b) can choose between team and individual
sports.
c) have to go through a general fitness
program.
3. The popularity of the basketball team at
QHS
a) has traditionally been strong.
b) has recently been matched by the girls'
volleyball team.
c) is strongly dependent on its success.
4. The basketball games are important for the
school because they
a) attract large audiences.
b) attract new students.
c) improve the school's finances.
5. At QHS 'Blue Devils' is the name of
a) the school's teams.
b) the mascots.
c) the basketball team's following.
6. The cheerleaders' function is
a) to stimulate the players during the
games.
b) to create a stimulating atmosphere in
order to support their team.
c) to please the audience through their
appearance and performance.
7. The community supports the basketball
team by
a) having large posters printed for every
game.
b) attending the home games.
c) frequently accompanying the team to
tournaments outside of Quincy.
8. When a successful team returns from a
tournament,
a) it is enthusiastically welcomed by the
community.
b) it parades along the mall on an old fire
truck.
c) it first goes to the gym to celebrate its
success.
9. The members of the basketball team are
a) popular unless they get too arrogant.
b) as popular with the girls as the
cheerleaders are with the boys.
c) unpopular because they are too arrogant.
10. The coach of the basketball team
a) is a local celebrity as long as the team is
successful.
b) will lose his coaching job if he is not
successful.
c) cannot be fired as a coach.
2. Text Analysis and Comment
Sports in America: Colleges and
universities
1. Why does Michener consider the American
college and university sports system unique?
2. Where is Michener critical of the system?
3. What role do sports play in American
society?
4. The author uses the rhetorical device of
comparison. Give examples and show what
function they serve.
5. " . . . I sort of get sick to my stomach when
some faculty committee issues a statement
that my boys should be scholars first and
athletes second. Any self-respectin' man with
his head screwed on right must realize that
football consumes so much of a boy's time,
fall, winter, spring and summer, that he
PART C
Exercises
SPORTS 259
simply ain't got time to be a scholar too. If we
didn't have a supply of snap courses, and
cooperatin' professors who know the score,
ain't no way my boys could stay in school.
We hire them to play football, and we pay
them well to do it, and it's only after their
eligibility is used up that they got time to be
scholars." (A university football coach,
quoted from Michener, Sports in America,
p.228)
In the light of this quotation, what would
you suggest to solve the problem?
3 . Comprehension
Baseball
Decide whether the following statements are
true or false and correct the false statements.
1. The ball used in the game of baseball is
covered with leather.
2. There are eleven players in a baseball team.
3. Fielders used to wear gloves, but now they
catch the ball in their bare hands.
4. The team which fields is called the battery.
5. A player does not score a run unless he runs
round all the bases before the next ball is
pitched.
6. There is more than one umpire.
7. The batter is out if he hits the ball into the
crowd.
8. After three players are out, the teams change
positions and the batters become the
fielders.
9. A player is out if he hits the ball into foul
territory and a fielder catches it before it
touches the ground.
10. If both teams have scored the same number
of runs at the end of nine innings, the game
continues until one player scores a home
run.
11. The batter can go to first base if he is hit by
the pitched ball.
12. The catcher wears a face mask because the
bouncing ball kicks up a lot of dust.
4. Comprehension
Running for Your Life
Which of the following statements are true,
which are false? Correct the false ones.
1. Quite a number of recent books and articles
refute the notion that physical exercise
prolongs life.
2. A long-term Harvard study does not
confirm that view.
3. The study covered 35-year-old and 74-year-
old Harvard graduates.
4. Men who did not burn more than 2,000
calories per week had a lower mortality rate.
5. The study shows that people who jog four
hours per week have a good chance of
prolonging their lives.
6. According to the study, the more exercises
people do, the greater their life expectancy
becomes.
7. Another result of the study is that regular
exercise not only protects against heart
disease but against other diseases as well.
8. 30 per cent of the smokers who did regular
exercises died during the survey.
9. University athletes are likely to live longer
than their less athletic classmates.
10. Sports activities in later years affect
longevity much more than activities during
the college years.
5. Letter Writing
Write a letter to the editor in which you express
your personal opinion about physical exercise,
and point out concrete examples which either
support or refute the findings of the Harvard
study.