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Forms & Types of the Infinitive

Forms

V oice

Tense
Active
Passive
Характер

действия

Simple
to write

to be written
одновременное действие,

относится

к настоящему или будущему

Continuous
to be writing



Perfect
to have written
to have been written
предшествующее действие,

относится

к прошлому

Perfect Continuous
to have been writing





Примеры:

  1. She wants to talk to him now. Она хочет поговорить с ним сейчас.

  2. We hope to be given a pay rise soon. Мы надеемся, что скоро нам поднимут зарплату.

  3. I am happy to be dancing with you. Я счастлив, что сейчас танцую с Вами.

  4. I am glad to have met him. Я рада, что познакомилась с ним.

  5. He claims to have been arrested illegally. Он заявляет, что его арестовали незаконно.

  6. She claims to have been working very hard lately. Она говорит, что последнее время работает очень напряжённо.


1. Fill in the correct infinitive form:

  1. He seems ……… (read) a lot.

  2. He seems …….... (watch) TV now.

  3. She seems ……... (cook) since morning.

  4. I am glad ………. (do) all my homework yesterday.

  5. I want ………….. (take) my dog to the local vet.

  6. The suspect expected ………. (advise) by his solicitor.

  7. A: Alan has been offered a new job, hasn’t he?

B: No, he hasn’t. He just pretended … (offer) a new job not ... (upset) you.

  1. Alex claims …. (meet) lots of famous people but I don’t believe him.

  2. A: Ivan seems ….. (work) hard all morning.

B: Yes, he hasn’t even stopped for a cup of coffee.

  1. She is sorry …… (miss) the beginning of the concert.

  2. It seems …… (rain) for the next couple of days.

  3. I like George but I think he tends …. (speak) too much sometimes.

  4. We decided not ….. (go out) because it was too late.

  5. Ann pretended not ….. (notice) us.

  6. Alan is sorry not ….. (accept) the job they have offered to him.


2. Monica Collins is a famous actress.

  • She is going on holiday to another country Say what she expects to do and be done on her arrival, as in the example:

e.g. (meet at the airport) She expects to be met at the airport

  • give some flowers

  • drive to the hotel

  • provide with excellent service at the hotel

  • give a red-carpet welcome

  • make friends with nice people

  • do much sightseeing

  • give a high profile (создавать популярность)

  • invite to appear on TV

  • photograph for newspapers and magazines

  • enjoy the holiday very much




  • Monica is back home now. Say what things didn’t happen the way she expected them to. Make sentences, as in the example:

e.g. She expected to have been met at the airport.

NB! Перфектный инфинитив показывает, что действие было за­планировано, но не выполнено.

Infinitive Types

Инфинитив с частицей to
Инфинитив без частицы to

  • после глаголов advise, agree, decide, expect, hope, offer, promise, refuse, seem, want, etc.

e.g. He refused to answer my question. Он отказался ответить на мой вопрос.

  • после пассивнойформыглаголов be made/ be heard/ be seen/ be allowed (вместоглаголаlet)

e.g.

He was made to pay for the damage.

Его заставили возместить убытки

  • .после . would like / would prefer

e.g. I would like to study law. Мне бы хотелось изучать право.

  • после глаголов ask, know, learn, remember, want to know, etc. + вопросительноеслово (who, what, where, when, how) + to-Infinitive

NB! После why инфинитив не ставится:

e.g. I don’t know how to answer this question. Я не знаю, как ответить на этот вопрос.

BUT: He can’t explain why he left.

Он не может объяснить, почему ушёл

  • после прилагательных glad, happy, nice, sorry, ashamed, willing, etc.

e.g. I am glad to meet you.

Я радпознакомиться с Вами.

  • после too и enough

e.g. It’s too cold to goskiing.

Слишком холодно, чтобы кататься на лыжах.

He is rich enough to buy a new car.

Он достаточно богат, чтобы купить новый автомобиль.

  • после модальных глаголов can, may, must, should (кроме ought to и эквивалентов модальных глаголов to be to, to have to, to be able to)

e.g. You must study hard.

Вы должны учиться усердно.

  • после глаголов let, make, see, hear, feel, watch, notice в действитель­ном залоге

e.g. They made him pay for the damage.Онизаставилиеговозместитьубытки.

  • после had better и would rather

e.g. You had better sign the contract. Вам бы лучше подписать контракт..

  • в вопросах, начинающихся с Why?

(Зачем….. ? Почему бы не ….. ?)

e.g.

Why risk it? Зачемрисковать?

Why not dance now?

Почему бы сейчас не потанцевать?

  • второй инфинитив, когда два ин­финитива соединяются союзом and

e.g. He decided to go to university and study law. Он решил поступить в университет и изучить право.

Примечание:

1. Оба типа инфинитива (с to и без to) можно употреблять после глаго­лов help и dare (сметь, осмелиться)

e.g. He helped me (to) fix the tap.

I wouldn’t dare (to) tell him.

2. после daren’t/dare not инфинитив ставится без частицы to:

e.g. I daren’t tell him what happened.


3. Fill in the gaps with correct infinitive types (with or without TO):

1) They seem ___ (have) plenty of money. 2) He advised me ___ (apply) for this job. 3) Don’t break the law if you don’t want ___ (spend) the rest of your life in prison. 4) The state must ___ (protect) our security. 5) Before suspects are interviewed they have ___ (be cautioned – огласить права). 6) What would you like ___ (do) tonight? 7) You had better not ___ (be late) for work. 8) I would rather ___ (enter) into a contract that is legally binding. 9) I am not obliged ___ (assist) the police, but I would prefer ___ (do) so as I feel a sense of moral duty. 10) You can’t make me ___ (say) what you want me ___ (say). 11) He asked me to let her ___ (know) when mother would be back. 12) Liz tried to make him ___ (see) a doctor. She wouldn’t dare ___ (tell) him the truth herself. 13) She heard the door ___ open) and saw a shadow ___ (move) across the room. 14) We were sorry ___ (hear) bad news. 15) The teacher is always willing ___ (help) us. 16) Alexander is proud ___ (rank) top in his class. 17) She’s too shy ___ (answer) this question. 18) Why not ___ (join) the Police Forces and ___ (protect) people against crime?
4. Complete answers in the following dialogues using question words and Infinitives, as in the example:

e.g. A: Which candidate are you going to hire?

B: I am not sure which candidate to hire?


A: Where are you going to arrange your birthday party?

B: I don’t know ………………………………………

A: How many people are you going to invite?

B: I can’t decide ………………………………………

A: How are you going to do your hair?

B: I’m still wondering ………………………………...

A: What kind of a birthday cake are you going to bake?

B: I‘ve not decided ……………………………………

A: You can buy any cake you like at the baker’s.

B: Why ……. an expensive cake when I can bake it myself?

A: What wine are you going to help your guests to?

B: I have no idea …………………………………………..

A: Why are you so undecided?

B: I don’t know …………… .Could you help me, please?

The Functions of the Infinitive

Функции инфинитива в предложении

Функция
Пример
Перевод

1. Подлежащее

(Subject)
1) To incite racial hatred is a criminal offence.
2) It is illegal to discrimi­nate against people.
1) Разжигание расовой не­нависти – это уголовное преступление.

2) Дискриминировать лю­дей – противозаконно.

2. Часть

составного

сказуемого

(Predicate)
1) His greatest wish was to fight against crime.
2) The state must protect our security.
1) Самым большим его же­ланием было бороться с преступностью.

2) Государство должно ох­ранять нашу безопасность.

3. Дополнение

(Object)
1) The criminal managed to escape.

2) I am afraid to miss the train.
1) Преступнику удалось сбежать.

2) Я боюсь опоздать на поезд.

4. Определение

(Attribute)
1) He is the man to do it.
2) He was the first to pass the examination.
1) Он как раз тот человек, который сделает это.

2) Он первым сдал экзамен. (Он был первым, кто сдал экзамен.)




  1. Practise translating the following sentences:

Subject

  1. It is rude to stare at people.

  2. To frame the foreign and home politics is one of the main functions of the Government.

  3. It is sometimes easier to tell white lies rather than the truth.

  4. To hear courteously, to answer wisely, to consider soberly (трезво), and to decide impartially (беспристрастно) are the four things to belong to a judge. (after Socrates)

  5. It is sometimes difficult to draw a clear line between what is criminal and what is immoral.

Predicate

  1. Youth priorities are to be independent and free to choose.

  2. The President’s most important task is to manage the nation’s economy.

  3. In a true contract there have to be two parties to the agreement.

Object

  1. If you want to know who your friends are, get yourself a jail sentence.

  2. The book “Law in Everyday Life” will show you how to be aware of your rights and liabilities.

  3. He was afraid to be imprisoned.

  4. Most young people don’t want to obey their parents.

NB! Attribute

  1. The American legislative system is one of a very few to have an upper House that is popularly elected as well as politically powerful.

  2. The Parliament has the power to accept or reject the annual budget.

  3. By law the couple to be married must be unmarried.

  4. The Police Service requires the ability to think and act quickly.

  5. Decent citizens have nothing to fear from the legislation.

  6. Children cannot look after themselves and need the law to protect their interests.

  7. As a driver you have a responsibility to behave reasonably and in such a way as to avoid harming others.

  8. Have you anything else to add to your evidence?

  9. Scientists are still arguing over who was the first to invent the radio.

  10. Galileo was the first to observe the Sun spots with his optic tube in 1609.

    Пассивный инфинитив в функции определения переводится с от­тенком модальности (должен, нужно, необходимо, следует, может) или действием, относящимся к будущему.

    e.g. The text to be read at home describes the Constitution.

    Текст, который необходимо прочесть дома, описывает Конституцию.

  11. By law the couple to be married must be unmarried.

  12. The person to be interviewed should be prepared to give some personal details.

  13. The problems to be discussed at the conference are very important.

  14. The plans to be fulfilled by our local government are unbelievable.

Инфинитив в функции обстоятельства

Adverbial Modifier of Purpose Обстоятельство цели
Adverbial Modifier of Result or Degree Обстоятельство следствия или степени

  • to do smth + to do smth.


e.g.

He went to England to improve his English.

Он поехал в Англию, чтобы улучшить свой английский язык.


  • to do smth +in order / so as + to do

e.g.

1) In order to fight against crime he joined the Police Service.

Для того чтобы бороться с пре­ступность, он пошёл служить в полицию.

2) I keep the window open, so as to let fresh air in.

Я держу окно открытым, чтобы воздух был свежим.

  • после enough, too, only

(only – неожиданный результат)

e.g.

1)He is too young to vote.

Он слишком молод, чтобы голосовать.

2) He is old enoughto vote. Он доста­точно взрослый, чтобы голосовать.

3) He rushed into the garage (only) to discover that his car was gone.

Он вбежал в гараж и обнаружил, что его машина исчезла.

NB!

  • too ставится перед наречиями и прилагательными:

e.g. It’s too cold to go out.

  • enough ставится после наречий и прилагательных, но перед сущест­вительными:

e.g. He is rich enough to buy a car.

He has got enough money to buy a car.




  1. Practise translating Infinitives in the function of adverbial modifiers of purpose, result and degree in the following sentences:

  1. They drove through the town to avoid the motorway.

  2. I have drawn a diagram so as to make my explanation be clearer.

  3. What do you need to know in order to be a good lawyer?

  4. Try to write clearly so as not to be misunderstood.

  5. She had to give up her job in order to stay at home and look after her children.

  6. They went on foot, so as not to be heard.

  7. The University will need at least three lecturers more in order to have two hundred students.

  8. I don’t think I’ve got enough information to speak confidently.

  9. He was too proud to apologize to the teacher for being rude.

  10. The witness is in hospital and he is too weak to give evidence in the court.

  11. Peter is flexible enough to get on with all kinds of people.

  12. He devoted himself to science and did not even find time to get married.

  13. The term “government” can be used to refer to all the politicians who govern a country or state.

  14. The law exists to ensure that civilized life is possible.

  15. The legal system has used the new electronic technology to explain itself to the general public in a number of web sites.

  16. A good detective must be prepared to spend months, or even years of painstaking work in order to solve a crime.

  1. Answer these questions using “too” or “enough” and the words in brackets:

e.g. A: Would you like to go to the disco?

B: Oh no. I’m too tired to go to the disco. (tired)






A: Can you reach the top shelf to give me that book?

B: No, I’m not …………………to reach it. (tall)



A: Did you go on a picnic yesterday?

B: No, it was………..to go on a picnic. (cold)



A: Why can’t you talk to me now?

B: Sorry, but I’m ………….. now. (busy)



A: Why not sit in the outside cafe?

B: It’s not………………to sit outdoors. (warm)



A: Would you like to be a politician?

B: No, I’m ……… to be a politician. (decent)



A: Are you going to buy a new car this year?

B: No, I haven’t got ………….to buy a car. (money)



A: Was George promoted to senior officer in his department?

B: No, he is not …………..to be promoted. (experienced)



A: Did your son enjoy the horror film?

B: No, he is not ……(old) and was ……(scared) to enjoy it.



A: Has Edgar joined the Police Service?

B: No, he is not physically..…to perform the duties. (fit)



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