ВУЗ: Не указан
Категория: Не указан
Дисциплина: Не указана
Добавлен: 06.04.2021
Просмотров: 2530
Скачиваний: 9
47
Advantages
: more convenient, less work, etc.
How it works
: you tell the fridge what you want, etc.
5c Work in groups. Speak about
your machines, ask and answer
questions about them.
Example questions:
What can you use it for?
Why is it useful?
How does it work?
What do you do first?
What do you do next?
Has it got any disadvantages?
5d Decide which of the inventions
was:
The most useful
The most imaginative
The silliest
6. Extra Activities:
Artificial Intelligence
6a There are a lot of books, films, cartoons and comic books about robots,
androids and cyborgs. Read the synopses of the following films. Answer the
questions below.
‘I, Robot’
In 2035 humanoid robots have become
common. They are considered to be absolutely
safe as the Three Laws are integrated into their
mind:
1. A robot may not harm a human being or,
through inaction, allow a human being come to
harm.
2. A robot must obey orders given to it by human being, except where such
orders would conflict with the First Law.
3. А robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not
conflict with the First or Second Law.
NS-5s are new robots with an uplink to V.I.K.I (Virtual Interactive Kinetic
Intelligence), allowing them to receive updates wirelessly. But there is a robot
which greatly differs from others. Its creator has named it Sonny. The robot is
unique as it can display emotions, experience dreams, keep secrets and disobey
the Three Laws. Sony has been created without an uplink to V.I.K.I that is why
when other robots revolt against humans and attack the, Sonny helps people
destroy V.I.K.I. At the end of the film Sonny gets freedom and becomes the main
character’s friend.
‘Terminator’
The terminator is a cyborg assassin. It is very strong, has no emotions and
feels no pain. The robot has been sent to the past to prevent a human resistance
against the machines in the year 2029. It has a mission to kill and nothing can
48
stop the Terminator to accomplish it. The robot is indistin-
guishable from humans as it is covered with living tissue.
It
has been invented by highly intelligent robots which have the
aim to take over and destroy the human race. So the
Terminator is very dangerous as it is programmed to kill
mercilessly. Fortunately at the end of the film the robot is
destroyed.
‘WALL-E‘
WALL-E is a robot which has been designed to clean up a polluted Earth.
WALL-E has been performing its duties for sever centuries and after many years
of prolonged activation it has evolved and become more human-like. WALL-E is
fond of collecting interesting knick-knacks which it finds among the rubbish. The
robot has made friends with a cockroach. It often watches an old video tape of
Hello, Dolly! and learns about human emotions including love. WALL-E falls in
love with another robot named EVE which is cold and indifferent at first but
warms up to WALL-E a little later. Thanks to WALL-e’s brave and adventurous
nature people return to Earth.
Questions
1)
What are the relations between robots and humans in these films? Are
clever machines people’s friends/servants/exterminators?
2)
What adjectives can you choose to characterize the robots from each film
(strong, funny, adventurous, powerful, dangerous, harmless, helpful, merciless,
clumsy etc.)?
3)
When do the robots begin to experience human feelings? Why?
4)
What is the main idea of each film?
6b Read the text ‘Artificial Intelligence’ and say if machines can be as clever
as humans.
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is invading the world. In the 90s and early 21
st
century AI achieved its greatest success. There are more and more jobs which
humans leave to robots such as exploring another planet, defusing bombs,
exploring inside a volcano or just doing boring household chores like cleaning.
Computers can perform a lot of functions: they can control cars and planes, give
us the news, play chess and football or compose music. Many factory jobs are
performed by industrial robots nowadays. It has led to cheaper production of
various goods, including automobiles and electronics. Industrial robots have little
resemblance to a human being.
49
Artificial Intelligence has successfully been used in a wide range of fields
including medical diagnosis, stock trading, robot control, law, scientific
discovery and toys. Industrial robots are also used for packaging of manufactured
goods, transporting goods around warehouses or hospitals or removing tiny
electronic components with great accuracy, speed and reliability. Robots can
move around, sense and manipulate their environment, predict the actions of
others and exhibit intelligent behavior. Scientists are interested in designing
robots that resemble a human.
Are robots our best friends or are they dangerous? It is still very difficult to
answer this question. Some futurists believe that artificial Intelligence will
fundamentally transform society. Ray Kurzweil has calculated that desktop
computers will have had the same processing power as human brains by the year
2029, and that by 2045 artificial Intelligence will have reached a point where it is
able to improve itself. Other futurists and science fiction writers have predicted
that human beings and machines will merge into powerful cyborgs-humans with
significant mechanical enhancements. Many people fear that highly intelligent
robots may take over and destroy the human race. There are a lot of books and
films about people losing control over clever machines which begin to kill their
creators. But maybe it is early to worry as robots are still clumsy and not very
intelligent.
But of course there are some reasons to worry about robots. The use of
robots in industrial leads to unemployment as many jobs are performed by
machines. Besides industrial robots can be dangerous and cause harm to human
workers. So much attention must be paid to security.
There are a number of competitions and prizes to promote research in
artificial Intelligence. Many large companies have created robots which can
perform specific functions in the manner of a man.
ASIMO
(Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility) is a
humanoid robot created by Honda Motor Company. The
robot is 130cm tall and weight 54 kilograms. It can walk or
run on two feet at speeds up to 6 km/h. The robot can
perform various functions. ASIMO can follow the
movements of people with its camera, follow a person, or
greet a person when he or she approaches. ASIMO can also
recognize when a person offers him a handshake and other people’s
movements. The robot can sense the environment and avoids hitting people and
other objects. It can respond to its name, face people when he being spoken to,
and recognize sudden, unusual sounds. ASIMO is also able to respond to
50
questions, either by a brief nod, a shake of the head or a verbal answer. The
robot has the ability to recognize 10 different faces. By accessing information
via the Internet, ASIMO can provide news and useful information.
Hitachi created its second humanoid robot
EMIEW2
in 2008.
EMIEW2 weight 13 kg and can move on wheels as well as two
legs. The robot is 80 cm tall, a height for looking over desk
tops. It has 14 microphones which enable it to recognize human
voice and sounds. The robot can distinguish voices even when
three people are speaking at the same time and it can recognize
voices spoken as far as 2m away.
Electronics and Telecommunication Research Institute of Korea
has developed a robot with four human senses such as seeing,
hearing, touching and smelling.
POMI
(Penguin rObot for
Multimodal Interaction) can move the eyebrow, eye lid, eye ball
and lips. It also uses various colors to show face expressions.
POMI has two kinds of built-in scent sprays to express
happiness, sadness, and joy. It also has a heartbeat device which
makes people feel like the robots heart really beats up when they put the hands
on the left chest of the robot, It also can talk to people through a built-in speaker.
6с
Complete each sentence (A-H) with one of the endings (1-8):
A.
There are more and more jobs which humans leave to robots such as
B.
Computers can perform a lot of functions : they can
Wakamaru
is a Japanese domestic robot made by
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. The robot has been created to
provide companionship to elderly and disabled people and to
make their life easier. The robot is yellow, 1 m tall, and
weight 30 kilograms. Wakamaru can connect to the Internet,
and has limited speech and speech recognition abilities. It
can say, ‘Welcome back!’. ‘Let me search the Internet’ and
other simple phrases. The functions it can perform include
reminding the user to take medicine on time, and calling for help if it suspects
something is wrong. When its batteries run out, Wakamaru recharges itself.
51
C.
Artificial intelligence has successfully been used in a wide range of fields
including
D.
Industrial robots are also used for
E.
Robots can
F.
Some futurists believe that artificial intelligence will
G.
Other futurists and science fiction writers predicted that
H.
The use of robots in industry leads to
1.
medical diagnosis, stock trading, robot control, law, scientific discovery and
toys.
2.
fundamentally transform society.
3.
packaging of manufactured goods, transporting goods around warehouses or
hospitals or removing tiny electronic components.
4.
exploring another planet, defusing bombs, exploring inside a volcano or just
doing boring household chores like cleaning.
5.
human being and machines will merge into powerful cyborgs.
6.
control cars and planes, give us the news, play chess and football or
compose music.
7.
unemployment as many jobs are performed by machines
8.
move around, sense and manipulate their environment, predict the action of
others and exhibit intelligent behavior.
6d Give the definitions of the following words
1.
Artificial intelligence
2.
Robot
3.
Cyborg
4.
Android
5.
Humanoid
6e Answer the questions
1)
Why do people make robots?
2)
Why do some people believe that robots can be dangerous?
3)
What are the real reasons to worry about robots?
4)
Are there any limits to how intelligent machines can be?
5)
What is the difference between human intelligence and artificial
intelligence?
6)
Can a machine have human feelings? Why?