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9
Europe in 12 lessons
1950
9 May
Robert Schuman, the French Minister of
Foreign Affairs, makes an important speech
putting forward proposals based on the ide-
as of Jean Monnet. He proposes that France
and the Federal Republic of Germany pool
their coal and steel resources in a new or-
ganisation which other European countries
can join.
Since this date can be regarded as the date
of birth of the European Union, 9 May is
now celebrated annually as Europe Day.
1951
18 April
In Paris, six countries — Belgium, the Federal
Republic of Germany, France, Italy, Luxem-
bourg and the Netherlands — sign the Trea-
ty establishing the European Coal and Steel
Community (ECSC). It comes into force on
2 July 92, for a period of 0 years.
1955
1–2 June
At a meeting in Messina, the foreign min-
isters of the six countries decide to extend
European integration to the economy as a
whole.
1957
25 March
In Rome, the six countries sign the treaties
establishing the European Economic Com-
munity (EEC) and the European Atomic En-
ergy Community (Euratom). They come into
force on January 98.
1960
4 January
At the instigation of the United Kingdom,
the Stockholm Convention establishes the
European Free Trade Association (EFTA),
comprising a number of European countries
that are not part of the EEC.
1963
20 July
In Yaoundé, an association agreement is
signed between the EEC and 8 African
countries.
1965
8 April
A treaty is signed merging the executive
bodies of the three Communities (the ECSC,
EEC and Euratom) and creating a single
Council and a single Commission. It comes
into force on July 9.
1966
29 January
The ‘Luxembourg compromise’. Following a
political crisis, France agrees to take part in
Council meetings once again, in return for
an agreement that the unanimity rule be
maintained when ‘vital national interests’
are at stake.
1968
1 July
Customs duties between the member states
on industrial goods are completely abol-
ished, 8 months ahead of schedule, and a
common external tariff is introduced.
1969
1–2 December
At the Hague Summit, the EEC’s political
leaders decide to move further ahead with
European integration, opening the way for
its first enlargement.
1970
22 April
In Luxembourg, a treaty is signed allowing
the European Communities to be increas-
ingly financed from ‘own resources’ and giv-
ing greater supervisory powers to the Euro-
pean Parliament.
1972
22 January
In Brussels, treaties of accession to the Eu-
ropean Communities are signed with Den-
mark, Ireland, Norway and the United King-
dom.
1973
1 January
Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom
join the European Communities, bringing
their membership to nine. Norway stays out,
following a referendum in which a majority
of people voted against membership.
0
0
1974
9–10 December
At the Paris Summit, the political leaders
of the nine member states decide to meet
three times a year as the European Council.
They also give the go-ahead for direct elec-
tions to the European Parliament, and agree
to set up the European Regional Develop-
ment Fund.
1975
28 February
In Lomé, a convention (Lomé I) is signed be-
tween the EEC and 4 African, Caribbean
and Pacific (ACP) countries.
22 July
A treaty is signed giving the European Par-
liament greater power over the budget and
establishing the European Court of Auditors.
It comes into force on June 9.
1979
7–10 June
The first direct elections to the 40-seat
European Parliament.
1981
1 January
Greece joins the European Communities,
bringing the number of members to 0.
1984
14–17 June
The second direct elections to the European
Parliament.
1985
7 January
Jacques Delors becomes President of the
Commission (98–9).
14 June
The Schengen Agreement is signed with
the aim of abolishing checks at the borders
between member countries of the European
Communities.
1986
1 January
Spain and Portugal join the European Com-
munities, bringing their membership to 2.
17 and 28 February
The Single European Act is signed in Luxem-
bourg and The Hague. It comes into force
on July 98.
1989
15 and 18 June
The third direct elections to the European
Parliament.
9 November
The fall of the Berlin Wall.
1990
3 October
German unification.
1991
9–10 December
The Maastricht European Council adopts a
Treaty on European Union, laying the foun-
dation for a common foreign and security
policy, closer cooperation on justice and
home affairs and the creation of an eco-
nomic and monetary union, including a sin-
gle currency.
1992
7 February
The Treaty on European Union is signed at
Maastricht. It comes into force on Novem-
ber 99.
1993
1 January
The single market is created.
1994
9 and 12 June
The fourth direct elections to the European
Parliament.
1995
1 January
Austria, Finland and Sweden join the EU,
bringing its membership to . Norway
stays out again following a referendum in
which a majority of people voted against
membership.
Europe in 12 lessons
23 January
A new European Commission takes of-
fice with Jacques Santer as its President
(99–99).
27–28 November
The Euro-Mediterranean Conference in Bar-
celona launches a partnership between the
EU and the countries on the southern shore
of the Mediterranean.
1997
2 October
The Amsterdam Treaty is signed. It comes
into force on May 999.
1998
30 March
The accession process begins for the new
candidate countries. Cyprus, Malta and 0
central and eastern European countries will
be involved in this process.
1999
1 January
Start of the third stage of EMU: EU coun-
tries adopt the euro, which is launched on
the financial markets, replacing their curren-
cies for non-cash transactions. The Europe-
an Central Bank takes on responsibility for
monetary policy. The countries are joined
by Greece in 200.
10 and 13 June
The fifth direct elections to the European
Parliament.
15 September
A new European Commission takes office
with Romano Prodi as its President (999–
2004).
15–16 October
The Tampere European Council decides to
make the EU an area of freedom, security
and justice.
A new currency was born in 1999, when the euro was introduced for financial (non-cash)
transactions. Notes and coins followed in 2002.
© Reuters
2
2
2000
23–24 March
The Lisbon European Council draws up
a new strategy for boosting employment
in the EU, modernising the economy
and strengthening social cohesion in a
knowledge-based Europe.
7–8 December
In Nice, the European Council reaches agree-
ment on the text of a new Treaty changing
the EU’s decision-making system so that
the Union will be ready for enlargement.
The presidents of the European Parliament,
the European Council and the European
Commission solemnly proclaim the Charter
of Fundamental Rights of the European
Union.
2001
26 February
Signing of the Treaty of Nice. It comes into
force on February 200.
14–15 December
Laeken European Council. A declaration on
the future of the EU is agreed. This opens
the way for the forthcoming major reform of
the EU and for the creation of a Convention
to draft a European Constitution.
2002
1 January
Euro notes and coins are introduced in the
2 euro-area countries.
13 December
The Copenhagen European Council agrees
that 0 of the candidate countries (Cyprus,
the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia,
Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slov-
enia) can join the EU on May 2004.
2003
10 July
The Convention on the Future of Europe
completes its work on the draft European
Constitution.
4 October
Start of the intergovernmental conference
responsible for drawing up the constitu-
tional treaty.
2004
1 May
Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hunga-
ry, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia
and Slovenia join the European Union.
10 and 13 June
The sixth direct elections to the European
Parliament.
29 October
The European Constitution is adopted in
Rome (subject to ratification by member
states).
22 November
A new European Commission takes office
with José Manuel Barroso as its President.
2005
29 May and 1 June
Voters in France reject the Constitution in
a referendum, followed three days later by
voters in the Netherlands.
3 October
Accession negotiations begin with Turkey
and Croatia.
2007
1 January
Bulgaria and Romania join the European
Union.
Slovenia adopts the euro.
The European Union