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1. Why the European Union?
Europe in 12 lessons
I. Peace and stability
Before becoming a real political objective,
the idea of uniting Europe was just a dream
in the minds of philosophers and visionar-
ies. Victor Hugo, for example, imagined a
peaceful ‘United States of Europe’ inspired
by humanistic ideals. The dream was shat-
tered by the terrible wars that ravaged the
continent during the first half of the 20th
century.
However, a new kind of hope emerged from
the rubble of World War Two. People who
had resisted totalitarianism during the war
were determined to put an end to inter-
national hatred and rivalry in Europe and
create the conditions for lasting peace. Be-
tween 94 and 90, a handful of cou-
rageous statesmen including Robert Schu-
man, Konrad Adenauer, Alcide de Gasperi
and Winston Churchill set about persuading
their peoples to enter a new era. New struc-
tures would be created in western Europe,
based on shared interests and founded
upon treaties guaranteeing the rule of law
and equality between all countries.
Robert Schuman (French foreign minister)
took up an idea originally conceived by Jean
Monnet and, on 9 May 90, proposed es-
tablishing a European Coal and Steel Com-
munity (ECSC). In countries which had once
fought each other, the production of coal
and steel would be pooled under a common
High Authority. In a practical but also richly
symbolic way, the raw materials of war were
being turned into instruments of reconcilia-
tion and peace.
II. Bringing Europe
together again
The European Union encouraged German
unification after the fall of the Berlin Wall
in 989. When the Soviet empire crumbled
in 99, the former communist countries of
central and eastern Europe, after decades
under the authoritarian yoke of the Warsaw
Pact, decided that their future lay within the
family of democratic European nations.
The enlargement process continues to this
day. Entry negotiations began with Turkey
and Croatia in October 200, while several
countries in the Balkans have set out along
the road that could one day lead to EU
membership.
III. Safety and security
Europe in the 2st century still faces safety
and security issues. The EU has to take effec-
tive action to ensure the safety and security
Europe’s mission in the 21st century is to:
• provide peace, prosperity and stability for its peoples;
• overcome the divisions in the continent;
• ensure that its peoples can live in safety;
• promote balanced economic and social development;
• meet the challenges of globalisation and preserve the diversity
of the peoples of Europe;
• uphold the values that Europeans share, such as sustainable
development and a sound environment, respect for human rights
and the social market economy.
of its members. It has to work constructively
with the regions just beyond its borders:
the Balkans, North Africa, the Caucasus
and the Middle East. It must also protect
its military and strategic interests by
working with its allies, especially within
NATO, and by developing a genuine com-
mon European security and defence policy.
Internal security and external security
are two sides of the same coin. The fight
against terrorism and organised crime re-
quires the police forces of all EU countries
to work together closely. Making the EU an
‘area of freedom, security and justice’ where
everyone has equal access to justice and is
equally protected by the law is a new chal-
lenge that requires close cooperation be-
tween governments. Bodies like Europol, the
European Police Office, and Eurojust, which
promotes cooperation between prosecutors,
judges and police officers in different EU
countries, also have a more active and effec-
tive role to play.
IV. Economic and social
solidarity
The European Union was created to achieve
the political goal of peace, but its dynamism
and success spring from its involvement in
economics.
EU countries account for an ever smaller
percentage of the world’s population. They
must therefore continue pulling together if
they are to ensure economic growth and be
able to compete on the world stage with
other major economies. No individual EU
country is strong enough to go it alone in
world trade. The European single market
provides companies with a vital platform for
competing effectively on world markets.
But Europe-wide free competition must be
counterbalanced by Europe-wide solidarity.
This has clear tangible benefits for Europe-
an citizens: when they fall victim to floods
and other natural disasters, they receive as-
sistance from the EU budget. The Structural
Funds, managed by the European Commis-
sion, encourage and supplement the efforts
of the EU’s national and regional authori-
ties to reduce inequalities between different
parts of Europe. Money from the EU budget
and loans from the European Investment
Bank (EIB) are used to improve Europe’s
transport infrastructure (for example, to ex-
tend the network of motorways and high-
speed railways), thus providing better access
to outlying regions and boosting trans-Eu-
ropean trade. The EU’s economic success
will be measured in part by the ability of its
single market of half a billion consumers to
benefit as many people and businesses as
possible.
V. Identity and diversity
in a globalised world
Europe’s post-industrial societies are becom-
ing increasingly complex. Standards of living
have risen steadily, but there are still signifi-
cant gaps between rich and poor. Enlarge-
ment has widened the gap since countries
have joined with living standards below the
EU average. It is important for EU countries
to work together to narrow the gap.
But these efforts have not been made at the
expense of compromising the separate cul-
tural or linguistic characteristics of EU coun-
tries. On the contrary — many EU activities
help to create new economic growth based
on regional specialities and the rich diver-
sity of traditions and cultures.
Half a century of European integration has
shown that the EU as a whole is greater
than the sum of its parts: it has much more
economic, social, technological, commercial
and political clout than if its member states
had to act individually. There is added value
in acting together and speaking with a sin-
gle voice as the European Union.
Why?
• Because the EU is the world’s leading
trading power and therefore plays a deci-
sive role in international negotiations, such
as those at the 49-country World Trade
Organisation (WTO), as well as in the imple-
mentation of the Kyoto protocol on air pol-
lution and climate change;
Europe in 12 lessons
• Because it takes a clear position on sen-
sitive issues affecting ordinary people, such
as environmental protection, renewable en-
ergy resources, the ‘precautionary principle’
in food safety, the ethical aspects of biotech-
nology and the need to protect endangered
species;
• Because it launched important initia-
tives for sustainable development on the
whole planet, in connection with the ‘Earth
Summit’ in 2002 in Johannesburg.
The old saying ‘unity is strength’ is as rel-
evant as ever to today’s Europeans. But the
process of European integration has not
smothered the different ways of life, tradi-
tions and cultures of its peoples. Indeed, the
EU makes its diversity one of its key values.
VI. Values
The EU wishes to promote humanitarian
and progressive values, and ensure that
mankind is the beneficiary, rather than
the victim, of the great global changes that
are taking place. People’s needs cannot be
met simply by market forces or imposed by
unilateral action.
So the EU stands for a view of humanity and
a model of society that the great majority of
its citizens support. Europeans cherish their
rich heritage of values, which includes a be-
lief in human rights, social solidarity, free
enterprise, a fair distribution of the fruits of
economic growth, the right to a protected
environment, respect for cultural, linguistic
and religious diversity and a harmonious
blend of tradition and progress.
The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the
European Union, which was proclaimed in
Nice in December 2000, sets out all the
rights recognised today by the EU’s member
states and their citizens. These values can
create a feeling of kinship between Europe-
ans. To take just one example, all EU coun-
tries have abolished the death penalty.
© Sylvain Grandadam/Van Parys Media
United in diversity – a bilingual street sign in Malta.
88
2. Ten historic steps
2. Ten historic steps