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12. What future for Europe?
Europe in 12 lessons
‘A day will come when all the nations of
this continent, without losing their distinct
qualities or their glorious individuality, will
fuse together in a higher unity and form
the European brotherhood. A day will come
when the only battlefield will be the market-
place for competing ideas. A day will come
when bullets and bombs will be replaced by
votes.’
Victor Hugo spoke those prophetic words in
849, but it took more than a century for
his utopian predictions to start coming true.
During that time, two world wars and count-
less other conflicts on European soil caused
millions of deaths and there were times
when all hope seemed lost. Today, the first
decade of the 2st century offers brighter
prospects, but it also brings Europe new dif-
ficulties and challenges.
A major enlargement of the Union has gone
ahead. As a politician from a new member
state put it, ‘Europe has finally managed to
reconcile its history with its geography’. In
future, the European Union will continue to
welcome new members. In the meantime,
its leaders, listening carefully to public opin-
ion, will have to decide where to draw the
Union’s geographical, political and cultural
boundaries.
The European Union is a pact between sov-
ereign nations which have resolved to share
a common destiny and to pool an increas-
ing share of their sovereignty. It touches
on things that Europeans care most deeply
about: peace, economic and physical well-
being, security, participatory democracy,
justice and solidarity. This pact is being
strengthened and confirmed all across Eu-
rope: half a billion people have chosen to
live under the rule of law and in accordance
with age-old values centred on humanity
and human dignity.
The current technological revolution is radi-
cally transforming life in the industrialised
world, including Europe. It is vital to under-
stand that this creates new challenges that
transcend traditional frontiers. Sustainable
development, population trends, economic
dynamism, social solidarity and an ethical
response to progress in the life sciences are
issues that can no longer be effectively dealt
with at national level. We must also show
consideration to future generations.
The process of European integration now
affects the whole continent, which, in turn,
is part of a rapidly and radically chang-
ing world that needs to find new stability.
Europe is affected by events on other con-
tinents, whether it be relations with the Is-
lamic world, disease and famine in Africa,
unilateralist tendencies in the United States,
the dynamic economic growth in Asia or the
global relocation of industries and jobs. Eu-
rope must not only concentrate on its own
development but also embrace globalisa-
tion. The European Union still has a long
way to go before it can claim to be speaking
with one voice or to be a credible player in
global politics and diplomacy.
• European integration will continue in the fields in which the member
states consider it is in their best interests to work together within the
traditional EU framework (on issues like trade, globalisation, the
single market, regional and social development, research
and development, measures to promote growth and jobs
and many others.)
• The institutional process of updating the rules governing the relations
between the member countries and the EU and between the EU and its
citizens will continue. The issue of the Constitutional Treaty will be at
the forefront of discussions in the years to come, regardless of the form
and content of any text that will eventually be adopted.
The EU institutions have proved their worth,
but they must be adapted to cope with the
enlargement of the Union and the increas-
ing number of tasks for which it is responsi-
ble. The bigger the number of members, the
greater the centrifugal forces that threaten
to tear it apart. Short-term interests can all
too easily derail long-term priorities. That is
why everyone involved in this unprecedent-
ed adventure must shoulder their responsi-
bilities to make sure the EU’s institutional
system can continue to work effectively. Any
definitive change in the present system must
ensure plurality and respect the differences
that are the most precious assets of Europe’s
nations. Reforms must also concentrate on
the decision-making process. Insisting on
unanimous agreement in all cases would
simply lead to paralysis. The only kind of
system that will work is a political and le-
gal system based on majority voting, with
checks and balances built in.
The Constitution, which was adopted, sub-
ject to ratification, by the 2 Heads of State
or Government in Rome in October 2004,
tried to answer the need for simplification
of the existing Treaties and greater trans-
parency in the EU’s decision-making system.
Ordinary people need to know ‘who does
what in Europe’. Only then will they feel
that it is relevant to their daily lives, vote
in European elections and support the idea
of European integration. The Constitution
clarifies the powers and responsibilities
of the EU, its member states and regional
authorities. It makes it clear that European
integration is based on dual legitimacy: the
directly expressed will of the people and the
legitimacy of the nation states, which are
still the framework within which European
societies operate.
Whatever constitutional system the EU
countries finally choose on the basis of
fresh discussions, it will have to be ratified
by each of them either by parliamentary
vote or national referendum. To facilitate
the debate, the European Commission has
launched a drive to reach out to its citizens
through Plan D for Democracy, Dialogue
and Debate.
Europe – a marketplace of ideas.
© Flying Colours/Digital Vision/Getty Images
Europe in 12 lessons
The European Constitution
Background
In December 200, to meet the many challenges that enlargement to the countries of
central and eastern Europe would create for the European Union, the European Council
established a Convention to prepare a draft Constitutional Treaty.
This Convention, which carried out its work in 2002 and 200 under the presidency of
Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, had 0 members, including representatives of the member
governments and candidate countries, national parliamentarians, MEPs and members of
the European Commission.
The Convention adopted its draft treaty by consensus in June 200.
The Treaty was formally signed in Rome on 29 October 2004, and sent to member states
for ratification.
Although the majority of member states have ratified the treaty, it was rejected in May
and June 200 by voters in France and the Netherlands. Following these ‘no’ votes, the
European Council meeting later in June announced a period of reflection on the future
of the Constitutional Treaty.
Main provisions of the Constitution
• Election of a President of the European Council by qualified majority for a term of
two and a half years, renewable once.
• Election of the President of the Commission by a simple majority of MEPs following
a proposal from the European Council, and ‘taking into account the European parliamen-
tary elections’.
• Creation of the post of EU Foreign Minister.
• Incorporating the Charter of Fundamental Rights into the EU Treaty.
• Increasing the number of fields covered by qualified majority voting in the Council.
• Giving the European Parliament greater legislative and budgetary powers.
• A clearer presentation of the breakdown of powers and responsibilities between
the Union and its member countries.
• Giving national parliaments a role in ensuring that the EU complies with
the principle of subsidiarity.
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Key dates in the history
of European integration