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need the ability to predict future events, too. Will interest rates rise or fall?
Will the stock market go up or down? And what about trade... are exports
going to increase or decrease?
To become a financial journalist you train as a general reporter first. Then
you specialize in finance and economics. And when you've done that?
Well, if you are lucky you'll get a job in the media. One word of warning,
though —financial journalism is a very competitive career. In Britain, for
example, there are only 2,000 jobs available.
Auctioneer
. Two of the best-known auction houses in the world are
Christie's and Sotheby's. The auctioneer who works there regularly sells
famous paintings worth millions of pounds. But you'd be wrong to think
that auctioneers just sell Rembrandts and Van Goghs. It's much more
varied career than that. Some auctioneers sell farm animals, for example.
Others sell houses, antique furniture or even rock and roll “memorabilia”
(i.e. guitars, cars, clothes etc., which ones belonged to pop stars).
THE ART OF JOB APPLICATION
Illegible writing and long letters won't get you an interview
Caroline Turner
1.
Now is the time when law students eagerly await the post for news
of whether they have got a training contract for 1997.
To have a contract it is necessary to write an application letter properly and
be successful at an interview. Rather late, I wrote 28 applications for
contracts. Most firms stopped accepting applications by September, so I
could write only to those few whose deadlines had not passed, or whom I
hoped to persuade to make an exception.
Obtaining an interview, particularly with a small firm, is a feat in itself
when it is common to have hundreds of applications for one or two jobs.
Fashionable small firms get as many, or more, applications than the major
City firms. For example, Stephens Innocent, which takes on only one
trainee per year, has had about 2,000 applications, the same number as
Clifford Chance, the largest firm, with 120 places on offer.
2.
Nicole Solomon, a partner at Stephens Innocent, says that the high
numbers applying does not surprise her because the firm is high profile and
works in a sought-after area — media law and civil liberties. But how do
the smaller firms, without the large personnel departments, sift through
mounds of applications?
Ms. Solomon says she rejects anyone who says they have "inter-personal
skills", illegible writing and letters longer than one page. She looks for
people with media or civil liberties experience rather than those straight out
of college.
3.
Ian Bloom, of Bloom Camillin, which had 400 applications for two
places, looks for something distinctive in the application, which must be
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well written. The worst ones might say: "Do not bin this; I am desperate for
a job." Others are too knowing, and might say: "Everyone on planet Earth
has told me that you are the only firm worth applying to," but when asked
who recommended the firm, they cannot answer.
4.
Some recruitment administrators say they look for good academic
qualifications and responsibility, such as running the University Law
Society or being captain of a team. It could be anything from a sports team
to a choir. Conversely, a person's hobbies may indicate that he or she is a
loner, not a leader. Tricia Brett, a recruitment administrator, says: "We do
not want just a member of society, but a person who does some work for
it."
5. The long, complex application forms favoured by some of the larger
firms do not deter many applicants despite the big blank spaces left for
questions such as: "Why do you want to work for us?" and "What are your
greatest achievements to date?". "What experience was the most rewarding
and why?"
Some interviewers make the applicants state their "principal interest and
leisure activities" and how they contribute to and benefit from them.
6. My interest included theater, cinema, books and travel. I supposed my
contribution was paying for the tickets or book, and my benefit was
enjoining the show, holiday or read. It seemed a silly question, but now I
realize they were looking for active people.
In reply to my 28 applications, I have had seven acknowledgments, four
letters saying I am too late, five rejections and two invitations for
interviewers — one for a major firm and one for a small, specialist firm.
Despite the overload of would-be lawyers, competition between firms for
the best graduates is still as keen as ever. There never seems to be enough
really good people.
Education and Training
Jobs that require more training and education also tend to command higher
salaries, other things being equal, because, as Robert knows, these workers
give up years of working to acquire the skills necessary for access to the
higher paying jobs and because the education itself requires intelligence
and hard work to complete. Engineers and architects are, on average,
highly paid in most market economies in large part for these reasons.
Training, education and level of effort may all influence income, but one
very important factor is society's demand for a particular skill or line of
work. Skilled plumbers or electricians often command higher fees than
carpenters or auto mechanics; but a carpenter who is a skilled cabinetmaker
or a master mechanic may be in extremely high demand and command high
wages that reflect the value of his or her skills.
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The supply side of the equation works in a similar fashion in labor markets.
At most universities in market economies, for example, philosophy and
language professors have received lower salaries than engineering and
science professors for several decades now, simply because there are so
many more of them compared to the demand for their services. A large
number of people can qualify to work as retail clerks in stores, which is one
reason that wage rates of such jobs tend to be low relative to jobs where the
number of qualified persons are fewer.
Prices and Wages
The education and training issue also shows that the decisions workers
make in labor markets are, once again, strongly influenced by various
prices, and especially by wage rates. These prices for labor are in turn
influenced by the demand for the products and services for which workers
are hired. As a result, wages in different occupations rise and fall over time
in large part because of changes in the prices for those consumer goods and
services. For example, as automobiles replaced horses in the first part of
this
century, the wages of blacksmiths and saddle makers fell sharply,
while the wages for auto mechanics rose.
Similarly, in just the past few years, the demand for workers with college
degrees has increased sharply in most market economies largely because
most businesses now work with more sophisticated technologies than they
did in the past. Robert is attracted to computers, in part, because he sees it
as a growing field with relatively high demand, and consequently, high
wages.
International trade can also be an important factor in determining overall
demand. Industries and companies that can compete successfully and
export to foreign markets open more jobs and career opportunities for
workers - just as imports from these countries offer them, as consumers, a
wider choice of goods at competitive prices.
Workers who prepare for careers that experience strong growth in demand
will gain from their foresight. Those who try to cling to jobs in declining
markets using traditional skills will often be disappointed, and may even
find themselves unemployed. They will need training, whether provided
through their own resources, by government or by their employer. But that
too is part of the strong system of incentives which directs more resources -
labor resources in particular - into the production of goods and services that
consumers want most, and away from those no longer in demand.
This constant emphasis on producing what consumers want is, over time,
the most fundamental reason why labor and other resources are so
productive in market economies. The lesson is clear: to prosper, produce
what people want and need.
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What is job satisfaction?
Lock gives a following detail definition
of job satisfaction:
“pleasant,
positive emotional condition coming from your job evaluation or job
experience.” Job satisfaction is a result of the very employees’ perception
of the fact for how much their job provides important, from their
viewpoint, things.
There are three most important parameters of job satisfaction. First, job
satisfaction represents emotional reaction for the situation at the office. It's
impossible to see it, it can be only experienced. Second, job satisfaction is
defined often by that extent how much results of work correspond to
expectations. For instance, if organization employees see they work much
more, than other department employees, but receive less for that, more
probably, they will have negative attitude toward their job, supervisor and
colleagues.
They will experience dissatisfaction feeling. On the other hand, if they see,
they get favorable attitude and materially rewarded, their attitude toward
the job will be positive. They will experience satisfaction feeling from their
job. Third, through job satisfaction some another settings are expressed.
Smith, Kendall and Hulling suppose that there are five parameters of job,
most exactly characterizing it from the viewpoint of those affective
reactions, which job causes on people. These parameters are enumerated
below:
1.
Job itself.
The extent, in which job gives people interesting
assignments, opportunities to perceive new, experience responsibility
feeling for the job laid upon.
2.
Payment.
The sum of money reward, which is paid for the job and
that in which way the given sum corresponds to reward, received by other
organization member.
3.
Promotion possibilities.
Career promotion opportunities.
4.
Management. The
capacity of a head to provide both technical and
moral support.
5.
Colleagues.
The extent of technical knowledge of colleagues and the
level of social support.
THINK BEFORE SAYING 'I QUIT'
Stephen Hayward
There is nothing worse than wanting to turn back time and thinking: "If
only I knew then what I
know now". But turn back time you cannot do, so
how do you know you make the right career decision?
Once you have got down the recruitment track, and an offer is forthcoming,
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there are three key issues you need to sort out in your mind: how to weigh
up the offer; how to handle your resignation; and how to react to any
possible counter-offer.
"First, you must remember that a job offer is a lot more than just
remuneration," says Nigel Bates, director of Selection Department.
"You've got to trust your instincts and say to yourself: 'Can I spend 45
weeks of the year with these people?'. You should ask yourself, too, if this
is an undertaking that genuinely excites you."
"You must also look to the longer term and see what routes forward there
are from this job."
Always think of each career move as a stepping stone - as you move
forward, every stone brings more choices, each leading to a different
destination.
"Too often I still hear about problems that people discover shortly after
joining, so you need to do your research properly", says Bates.
"Nothing is too much."
Preparing for key business meetings is, of course, critical, and you need to
plan the resignation meeting with particular care.
"Take no risks, so make sure you've got a rock-solid, binding-offer letter in
your hand before resigning," says Bates, "and make sure that you have
truly decided to go, and have rehearsed your responses to the 'why?'
questions that you will inevitably be asked."
Having done all that, there still might be one hurdle to cross and that is
handling the buy-back offer. Bates believes that very few buy-backs
actually work.
"My experience is that many people who are bought back actually only
stay for a few more months."
Follow this advice and you will not find yourself in the wrong job with the
wrong employer.
TWELVE FACTORS FOR BUSINESS SUCCESS
Starting & Growing a Successful Business
1.
Develop your own excellent resources and networks.
2.
Identify and evaluate your personal qualities:
•
your real motivation for being in business;
•
your past business-related skills; and
•
the personality traits common to successful entrepreneurs.
Business skills are personal attributes that are important for anyone owning
or managing a business:
•
persistence & vigilance;
•
the ability to face the facts;
•
the ability to minimize risks;'