Файл: Учебное пособие по курсу Иностранный язык Казань 2007 удк 804. 37. 022 М90 Мулюков И. М., И. А. Абдуллин Английский язык для технических специальностей Учебное пособие для студентов технических вузов. Казань Казан гос энерг унт, 2007.doc

Words and expressions

to cave in - обрушиваться, оседать, опускаться

bracing - крепление; обрешетка; поперечина

vault - свод

masonry wall - стена из кирпичной кладки

span - пролет

truss - ферма

tension - напряжение; напряженное состояние

ratio - 1)отношение, соотношение, пропорция;

2) степень, коэффициент

rigid connection - жесткое соединение

Exercise 1

Ответьтенаследующиевопросы:

1. 
   What are the basic elements of any ordinary structure?
   
2. 
   Are floors horizontal supporting members or vertical supporting members?
   
3. 
   Are the variety of possible shapes much greater with low buildings than with taller buildings?
   
4. 
   What shape is ordinarily used in low buildings?
   
5. 
   What a simple single-story structure might consist of?
   
6. 
   What is the most common construction method for low buildings?
   
7. 
   What is usually done if the roof span is short in a building under construction?
   
8. 
   Has each structural material a particular weight-to-strength ratio, cost, and durability?
   
9. 
   In what case the range of suitable materials for roof becomes narrower?
   
10. 
    Depending on what the roof may have one-way framing beams or two-way framing beams?
    
11. 
    From what materials trusses are usually made of?
    

Exercise 2

Заполните пропуски недостающими по смыслу словами, используя текст:

1. 
   The basic elements of any ordinary structure are the … .
   
2. 
   With … the variety of possible shapes is much greater than with taller buildings.
   
3. 
   In a simple single-story structure … may be laid directly on the ground thus forming the foundation of the building.
   
4. 
   For low buildings, the most common construction method is the use of … between load-bearing walls.
   
5. 
   As a general rule, the … the roof span, the more complicated the structure supporting the roof becomes.
   
6. 
   As a general rule, the … the roof span, the narrower the range of suitable materials.
   
7. 
   The roof may have one-way framing beams or two-way framing depending on the … of the span.
   
8. 
   Trusses are usually made of … , but reinforced concrete may be used.
   

Exercise 3

Соответствуют ли данные предложения содержанию текста:

1. 
   The basic elements of any ordinary structure are windows and interior wall.
   
2. 
   Floors and roof are horizontal supporting members of any structure.
   
3. 
   Columns and walls are vertical members, bracing is a diagonal member.
   
4. 
   Rigid connections are used to give the structure stability.
   
5. 
   In low buildings the variety of possible shapes is less than with taller buildings.
   
6. 
   For tall buildings, the use of interior columns between masonry load-bearing walls is still the most common construction method.
   
7. 
   Each construction structural designl has a particular weight-to-strength ratio, cost, and durability.
   
8. 
   As a general rule, the greater the roof span the narrower the range of suitable materials.
   
9. 
   Trusses are never made of timber or steel, only reinforced concrete may be used.
   

Exercise 4

Используя текст, составьте высказывания с данными словами и выражениями:
Basic element - horizontal supporting member - vertical member - diagonal member - structure stability - tall building - low building - reinforced-concrete slab - exterior masonry wall - interior column - load-bearing wall - weight-to-strength ratio – durability - range of suitable materials - triangular pattern – to be shaped in one piece - exterior walls – closed end - reinforced plastic.
Exercise 5

Кратко передайте содержание каждого абзаца.
Exercise 6

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Выделите пять основных идей текста.
Exercise 7

Составьте предложения, используя данные выражения:

• 
  ratio of reinforcement (процент армирования); ratio of compression (коэффициент сжатия)
  
• 
  compression member (элемент работающий на сжатие); tension member (элемент работающий на растяжение)
  
• 
  roof truss (стропильная ферма, перекрытие); steel truss(стальная ферма); timber truss (деревянная фкрма).
  

Exercise 8

Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения:

1. 
   The design of a building begins with its future user or owner.
   
2. 
   The client brings his ideas to a team of design professionals composed of architects and engineers.
   
3. 
   Building design professionals: architects and structural, mechanical, and electrical engineers must certify that the building they design will conform to all governmental codes and regulations.
   
4. 
   The design professionals draw upon a number of sources in preparing their design.
   
5. 
   The building science has been gradually built up over the past 300 years.
   
6. 
   The building science includes the parts of physical theory that relate to building, such as the elastic theory of structures and theories of light, electricity, and fluid flow.
   
7. 
   The proposed building site should include topographic and boundary surveys, investigations of subsoil conditions for foundation.
   
8. 
   The design team works with the client to better define the often vague notions of building function into more precise and concrete terms.
   
9. 
   This document forms an agreement between the client and the construction company as to expected building size and performance.
   

Exercise 9

Переведите на английский язык:

1. 
   Крыша и полы здания являются вертикальными элементами конструкции.
   
2. 
   Внешние стены здания выполнены из кирпичной кладки.
   
3. 
   У невысоких зданий архитектурно - конструкционное разнообразие значительно шире чем у высоких зданий.
   
4. 
   Ленточные фундаменты наиболее широко используются при строительстве невысоких зданий.
   
5. 
   Каркас крыши изготавливается из различных материалов, таких как древесина, металл или железобетон.
   
6. 
   Каждый строительный материал имеет особый коэффициент вес-к-прочности.
   
7. 
   Каркас здания может быть изготовлен из металла, древесины или бетона.
   
8. 
   Наиболее распространенным материалом при строительстве высоких зданий является железобетон.
   
9. 
   На сегодняшний день существует множество возможных кострукционных форм зданий.
   

Exercise 10

Текст на самостоятельный перевод:

Multibay and Multistory Buildings

By far the most common form of building structure is the skeleton frame, which consists essentially of the vertical members, combined with a horizontal framing pattern. For tall buildings, the use of load-bearing walls with horizontal framing members has declined steadily; non load-bearing curtain walls are used most frequently.

The skeleton frame most often consists of multiples of the construction. For structures up to 40 stories high, reinforced concrete, steel, or composite-reinforced concrete and steel can be used in a variety of ways. The basic elements of the steel skeleton frame are vertical columns, horizontal girders spanning the longer distance between columns, and beams spanning shorter distances The frame is reinforced to prevent distortion and possible collapse because of uneven or vibratory loads. Lateral stability is provided by connecting the beams, columns, and girders; by the support given the structure by the floors and interior walls; and by diagonal bracing or rigid connections between columns, girders, and beams. Reinforced concrete can be used in a similar way, except that concrete shear walls would be used instead of diagonal bracing to provide lateral stability. Newer techniques of constructing moderately high buildings include inserting prefabricated units within the skeleton frame; cable hanging; and stacking.

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For the insertion technique, a stable skeleton frame may be constructed with a utility core that includes fire stairs, elevators, plumbing, piping, and wiring. Prefabricated boxlike units then can be inserted in the openings between the horizontal and vertical framing. Removing and replacing the boxlike units could then make major changes in the future use of the building.

In hanging, a vertical utility core is built, and strong horizontal roof framing is anchored to the top of the core. All floors below, except at ground level, are supported by attaching them to the core and to tension members hung from the roof framing. After the core is complete, the floors are built from the top down.

Stacking is a construction technique in which prefabricated, boxlike units are raised by cranes and placed on top of and alongside each other and then are fastened together.

For buildings over 40 stories, typically steel had been considered the most appropriate material. However, recent advances in the development of high-strength concretes have made concrete competitive with steel. Tall buildings often require more sophisticated structural solutions to resist lateral loads, such as wind, and earthquake forces. One of the more popular structural systems is the exterior structural tube, which was used in the construction of the World Trade Center (411 m) in New York City. Here, closely spaced columns connected rigidly to the horizontal spandrel beams on the perimeter of the building provide sufficient strength to resist loads and the stiffness to minimize lateral deflections. The structural tube has now been used with concrete and with composite construction consisting of structural steel members encased in reinforced concrete.

For very tall buildings, the mixing of steel and concrete is becoming more popular. The high strength-to-weight ratio of steel is excellent for the horizontal spanning members. High-strength concretes can economically provide the compression resistance needed for vertical members. In addition, the mass and internal damping properties of the concrete assist in minimizing vibration effects, which are potential problems in very tall buildings

Communications and Power Systems

The growing use of power, telephone, and facsimile transmission equipment and of closed circuit television, intercommunication, and security and alarm systems has increased the amount of wiring that must be installed in buildings. Main cables run vertically in open shafts, with branches at each floor running through conduits located either in the hung ceiling space or embedded in the floor slab itself. The electrical power required in buildings has increased with the number and complexity of environmental systems in operation. Because a power outage cannot be tolerated, emergency power generators are installed in an increasing number of buildings. Some buildings, particularly in remote locations, are equipped with their own primary electrical generating systems Diesel and gas-turbine generators are used. The heat generated by these engines, instead of being wasted, is sometimes utilized for other purposes within the building.

Vertical Transportation

Elevators, especially high-speed, automatically controlled, cable-operated elevators, are the major form of vertical transportation in high-rise structures. Low-rise buildings and the lower floors of commercial buildings may also have escalators. For fire protection, it is necessary to provide at least two means of egress from every major space in a building. Therefore, in addition to elevators and escalators, all buildings, even the tallest, have two enclosed and protected stairways for their entire height.

Water Supply and Waste Disposal

Buildings must have a piped-in water supply for a variety of purposes: drinking, washing, cooking, waste disposal, internal fire fighting (either through standpipes and hoses or through automatic sprinklers), and service to air-conditioning systems or boilers.

Disposal of wet and dry wastes in buildings is accomplished by a variety of devices, such as incinerators, shredders, and garbage compactors. There are also devices that assist waste-pickup and disposal systems. The usual method of carrying away waterborne waste is through piping connected to the sewer system outside the building. New technology is aimed at recycling water to reduce waste and pollution.

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UNIT 5

Text A

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Electric Motors and Generators

Electric Motors and generators are a group of devices used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, or electrical energy into mechanical energy, by electromagnetic means. A machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy is called a generator, alternator, or dynamo, and a machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy is called a motor.

Two related physical principles underlie the operation of generators and motors. The first is the principle of electromagnetic induction discovered by the British scientist Michael Faraday in 1831. If a conductor is moved through a magnetic field, or if the strength of a stationary conducting loop is made to vary, a current is set up or induced in the conductor. The converse of this principle is that of electromagnetic reaction, first observed by the French physicist Andre Marie Ampeare in 1820. If a current is passed through a conductor located in a magnetic field, the field exerts a mechanical force on it.

The simplest of all dynamoelectric machines is the disk dynamo developed by Faraday. It consists of a copper disk mounted so that part of the disk, from the center to the edge, is between the poles of a horseshoe magnet. When the disk is rotated, a current is induced between the center of the disk and its edge by the action of the field of the magnet. The disk can be made to operate as a motor by applying a voltage between the edge of the disk and its center, causing the disk to rotate because of the force produced by magnetic reaction.

The magnetic field of a permanent magnet is strong enough to operate only a small practical dynamo or motor. As a result, for large machines, electromagnets are employed. Both motors and generators consist of two basic units, the field, which is the electromagnet with its coils, and the armature, the structure that supports the conductors which cut the magnetic field and carry the induced current in a generator or the exciting current in a motor. The armature is usually a laminated soft-iron core around which conducting wires are wound in coils.

Words and expressions

armature - арматура; якорь; броня кабеля; обкладка

конденсатора

alternator - генератор переменного тока, синхронный

генератор

dynamo - генератор постоянного тока

conducting loop - проводниковый контур

converse - противоположенное или обратное

значение

Exercise 1

Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. 
   Are electric generators used to convert or electrical energy into mechanical energy?
   
2. 
   How machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy is called?
   
3. 
   How a machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy is called?
   
4. 
   What are two related physical principles which underlie the operation of generators and motors?
   
5. 
   Who was the first to discover the principle of electromagnetic induction?
   
6. 
   Who was the first to observe the principle of electromagnetic reaction?
   
7. 
   What happens if a current is passed through a conductor located in a magnetic field?
   
8. 
   In what condition the field exerts a mechanical force on a conductor?
   
9. 
   What is the simplest of all dynamoelectric machines?
   
10. 
    What does the disc dynamo developed by Faraday consist of?
    
11. 
    Is the magnetic field of a permanent magnet strong enough to operate large machines?
    
12. 
    What types of magnets are used to operate large machines?
    

Exercise 2

Заполните пропуски недостающими по смыслу словами, используя текст:

1. 
   Electric Motors are used to convert … energy into … energy.
   
2. 
   The principle of … induction was first discovered by the British scientist Michael Faraday in 1831.
   
3. 
   The converse of … is that of electromagnetic reaction.
   
4. 
   The simplest of all … machines is the disk dynamo developed by Faraday.
   
5. 
   The magnetic field of a permanent magnet is strong enough to operate only a … dynamo or motor.
   
6. 
   In large machines … are employed.
   
7. 
   Both … and … consist of two basic units.
   

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