Файл: Unit criminal justice grammar.docx

UNIT 1. CRIMINAL JUSTICE

1.1. GRAMMAR

1.1.1. Look through the table to see the way the form of the verb predicate changes in each tense group in the Active and the Passive Voice.







 

1.1.2. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the verb-form  and the Voice of predicate.

1.The measures taken by the Government prevent crime.

2.The guilty were convicted by the court.

3.Different kinds of offences are reflected in Crime Statistics.

4.The Common Law offences had been codified by 1986.

5.The Police in Manchester have just notified a serious offence at the stadium.

6.The offences have just been classified by the police service in London.

7.The Police office is investigating the latest robbery.

8.The Government and Parliament encourage and will be encouraging the development of crime prevention schemes.

9.The Government will affect clear-up rates for violence against the person at a larger scale next year.

 

1.2. FIRST READING OF THE TEXT “CRIMINAL JUSTICE” (SKIMMING READING)  (TEXT 1.5) 

Knowledge on criminal justice in Great Britain you, probably, gained your special Lectures on this subject or studying this question independently

1.2.1.          Read the text quickly and try to understand what it is about and what information is of primary importance or new to you.

1.2.2.          Write down the law terms, known to you, in Russian.

1.2.3.          Write a list of international words used in the text. Use your dictionary to check their exact meaning.

 

1.3. SCANNING READING

1.3.1.          Read the text «Criminal Justice» again.

1.3.2.          Pick out an idea or a phrase, which you think is most informative or most interesting, from each text.

1.3.3.          Pick out the law terms from the text, which you think you do not know. Refer to a dictionary or the glossary if necessary.

 

1.4. VOCABULARY AND WORD STUDY

1.4.1. Read and memorize the vocabulary to the text «Criminal Justice» and translate the given sentences.

1. crime – преступление.

The law is on our side. He gave up law to become a writer.

The police prevent and detect crime. 

It is a crime to waste money like that.

2. law – право, закон, профессия юриста, суд, статус. The new law comes into force next  month. Stealing is against the law.  lawyer – юрист, адвокат, законовед. Don’t sign anything until you have  consuled a lawyer.

lawful – законный.

Take power by lawful means!

3. culprit– преступник.

Someone broke a cup: who was the culprit? Police are searching for the culprits. 

4. convict (sb of sth) – признавать виновным, выносить приговор. She has twice been covicted(of fraud). 

convict - обвиненный, осужденный, заключенный. He is a convict as he is an escaped murderer. conviction – 1) осуждение, признание виновным; 2) убеждение.

She has six convictions for theft. Do you always act in accordance with your convictions?

5. acquit - оправдывать, освобождать.

The jury acquitted him of (the charge of) murder.

acquittal

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 – оправдание.

Lack of evidence resulted in their acquittal.

6. guilty – 1) виновный (of-в); преступный, 2) виноватый (о взгляде, виде).

The verdict of the jury was “not guilty”. I feel guilty about visiting her so rarely.

guilt - 1) вина, виновность, 2) комплекс вины.

The police established his guilt beyond doubt. Guilt was written all over her face. 

7. victim – жертва.

He is the victim of his own success.

8. criminal justice – уголовное судопроизводство.

9. suspect – подозревать.

Who do the police suspect (of the crime)?

suspect – подозреваемый.

He is a prime suspect in the murder case.

1. 
   common law – общее право, обычное право.
   
2. 
   riot  – нарушение общественной тишины и порядка. Riots broke out in several areas.
   
3. 
   disruption – 1) разрушение; 2) разрыв, раскол, подрыв. Violent disruption was caused by rioters.
   
4. 
   fraud – обман, мошенничество, подделка. Thousands of fraunds are committed every year.
   
5. 
   prosecute (for  smth/doing smth) – преследовать судебным порядком. He was prosecuted for exceeding the speed limit. He acted as the prosecuted lawyer. prosecutor, n – обвинитель; public prosecutor – прокурор.
   
6. 
   criminal law – уголовное право.
   
7. 
   legislation – 1) законодательство; 2) закон, законопроект. Legislation will be difficult and take time. New legislation is to be  introduced to help single-parent families. 
   
8. 
   probation – условное освобождение на поруки. on probation – условное освобождение на поруки.He has been released from prison on probation.
   
9. 
   violence – 1) жестокость насилие; 2) сила, неистовство, стремительность. Students’ violence resulted in violent clashes with the police.
   
10. 
    homicide – убийство.
    

He is accused of homicide.

11. burglary – ночная кража со взломом.

A number of burglaries have been committed in this area recently.

12. robbery – кража, грабеж.

Armed robbery is on the increase everywhere.

13. theft – воровство, кража.

A number of thefts have been reported recently.

14. . forgery– 1) подлог; подделка; 2) подделывание; 3) фальшивые деньги. He spent 5 years in prison for forgery.

 

1.4.2. Commentary and Notes to text 1.5. 

1. 
   The Drug Trafficking (Offences) Act 1986 for the pre-trial freezing of suspected drug trafficker’s assets, backed up on conviction by immediate confiscation of the assets to the proceeds of the crime. – Акт о противозаконной торговле наркотиками 1986 года предусматривает при предварительном слушании замораживание счетов подозреваемых торговцев наркотиками и, при признании их виновными, подкрепляется (дополняется) немедленной конфискацией счетов/собственности на сумму, полученную от криминальных доходов.
   
2. 
   The Public Order Act – Акт общественного порядка.
   
3. 
   The Criminal Justice Act – Акт уголовного судопроизводства.
   
4. 
   Act 1987 a Serious Fraud Office – Закон 1987 года «О злостном мошенничестве».
   
5. 
   Voluntary bodies – добровольные объединения.
   

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1.4.3 (a). Form nouns of the following verbs.

Example: to prevent V – prevention N





1.4.4. Improve your vocabulary.

Make the following sentences complete by translating the words and phrases in brackets.

1. 
   Common law, the ancient law of the land deduced from (обычай) and interpreted in court cases by the (судьи), has never been precisely defined or (кодифицировать) but forms the (база всего права) except when superseded by legislation.
   
2. 
   European Community law is (ограничивать) mainly to economic and social (вопросы); in certain circumstances it takes precedence over domestic law.
   
3. 
   It is normally applied by the (местные судьи), but the most authoritative (постановления) are given by the European Court of Justice.
   
4. 
   Certain (изменения) to United Kingdom (право) have been enacted as a result of (постановления) of the European Court of Human Rights in particular cases where the domestic law was in breach of the Council of Europe’s Convention for the Protection of (права человека) and Fundamental Freedoms, to which the United Kingdom is a party. 
   

 

1.5. TEXT “CRIMINAL JUSTICE”

1.5.1. Read the text “Criminal Justice”.

Criminal Justice

 

The Government’s strategy for dealing with crime is to sustain the rule of law by preventing crime where possible; to detect culprits when crimes are committed; to convict the guilty and acquit the innocent ; to deal firmly, adequately and sensibly with those found guilty; and to provide more effective support for the victims of crime. It is also concerned with ensuring that public confidence in the criminal justice system is maintained and that a proper balance between the rights of the citizen and the needs of the community as a whole is maintained.

With continuing concern in Britain, as in many other countries, over rising crime rates, public expenditure on the law and order program reflects the special priority given by the Government to these services. Recent increases have been made to cover, in particular, greater police manpower, the probation service and extra spending on prison building. More than two -thirds of total expenditure is initially incurred by local authorities (with the help of central government grants), mainly on the police service.

 A number of measures to strengthen the criminal justice system have been taken. The Drug Trafficking Offences Act 1986 provides for the pretrial freezing of suspected drug trafficker’s assets, backed up on conviction by immediate confiscation of the assets to the value of the proceeds of the crime similar provisions are included in the Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1987. The Public Order Act 1986 codifies the common law offences of riot, unlawful assembly and affray; enhances the powers of the police to control public processions and assemblies likely to result in serious disorder or disruption; strengthens the law against incitement to racial hatred; and provides additional powers to combat football hooliganism. Under the Criminal Justice Act 1987 a Serious Fraud Office with wide powers to investigate and prosecute serious or complex fraud in England, Wales and Northern Ireland was established in 1988.

 

The Criminal law

 

The criminal law, like the law generally, is interpreted by the courts but changes in the law are matters for Parliament. In practice most legislation affecting criminal law is government-sponsored, but there is usually consultation between government and the legal profession, the police, the probation service (in Scotland, the social work agencies) and voluntary bodies.

 

Crime Statistics

 

Differences in the legal systems, police recording practices and statistical classifications in the countries of the United Kingdom make it impracticable to analyze in detail trends in crime for the country as a whole. Nevertheless, it is clear that, as in Western Europe generally, there has been a substantial increase in crime since the early 1950s. However, official statistics cover only crime recorder by the police and may thus be affected by changes in the proportion of crimes which are undiscovered or unreported. The level of police manning and deployment of the force may also affect recording.

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 Table l shows the rate of noticeable offences recorded by the police in England and Wales in 1985, 1986 and 1987.



Source: Home Office.

The 1985 and 1986 figures have been revised to accord with changes in compilation.

Some 95 per cent of crime is against property, much of this being relatively small scale. This reinforces the Government‘s view, encourage the development of crime prevention schemes.

The number of noticeable offences recorded by the police England and Wales in 1987 was 3.9 million*, of which 33 per cent were cleared up. Clear-up rates for certain very serious offences were much higher – over 90 per cent for homicide and 75 per cent for violence against the person and for sexual offences. The Scottish police recorded 481, 230 crimes, of which 35 per cent were cleared up.

 

1.6. READING FOR GENERAL UNDERSTANDING

1.6.1. Choose the answer, which you think, is correct.

1. The Government’s strategy for fighting with crime is to observe the rule of law by preventing crime where possible.

a)  the Government tends only to sustain the rule of law and the whole strategy is designed on it;

b)  the Government’s strategy is to convict the guilty and acquit the innocent but no attention is paid to preventing crime;

c)   yes, it is true. The Government’s strategy is to prevent crime where possible and to deal firmly, adequately and sensibly with those found guilty.

2.Have a number of measures been taken to strengthen the criminal justice system?

a) the attempts have been made;

b)  no measures have been taken whatever;

c)   some serious measures have been taken. 

3. The public Order Act 1986 codifies the common law offences.

a)  it codifies such offences as riot, unlawful assembly and affray;

b)  it does not enhance the powers of the police to control public processions; 

c)   it does not provide additional powers at all to combat football hooliganism.

4. In practice most legislation affecting criminal law is government-sponsored, but there is usually…

a)  consultation with the party leaders; 

b)  consultation between governments departments and the legal profession; 

c)   consultation with trade union leaders.

5. In the United Kingdom, as in Western Europe generally, there has been a substantial increase in crime…

a)  the united Kingdom is an exception; there has been any crime growth since early

1950s; 

b)  nothing definite can be said on this matter as official statistics cover only crime recorded by the police;

c)   nevertheless, it is clear that in England and Wales there has been a substantial increase in crime since the early 1950s, especially violence against the person, burglary, robbery, theft, etc.

6. The number of noticeable offences recorded by the police in England and Wales were much higher in 1987 was 3.9 million.

a)  no, it is wrong. In 1987 there were 2.5 million offences;

b)  the number of offences recorded by the police was 6 million; 

c)   yes, it is true and only 33 per cent were cleared up. 

7.Clear-up rates for certain very serious offences in England and Wales much higher in 1987.

a)  yes, it is true. Clear-up rates for homicide were about 60 per cent;

b)  yes, it is true. Clear-up rates for certain very serious offences were about 70 per cent;

c)   clear-up rates for very serious offences were homicide and 75 per cent for violence against the person.

1.6.2. Pick out from the text “Criminal Justice” all the word combinations with the following words (terms) and give their Russian equivalents.



1.7. READING FOR DETAIL AND LANGUAGE STUDY

1.7.1. Find in the text “Criminal Justice” the English equivalents for the following phrases.

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-   стратегия правительства;

-   поддержать закон;

-   осудить виновного;

-   оправдать невиновного;

-   акт уголовного правосудия;

-   акт общественного порядка;

-   нарушения обычного права;

-   незаконное собрание;

-   серьезные беспорядки или разрушения;

-   законодательство, касающееся уголовного права;

-   служба, ответственная за условно освобожденных;

-   анализ тенденций преступности;

-   уровень полицейского состава;

-   темп роста зарегистрированных преступлений;

-   уровень раскрытия очень серьезных преступлений.

1.7.2. Explain the meanings of the following words and expressions.

-   to convict the guilty;

-   to acquit the innocent;

-   pre-trial;

-   additional powers to combat;

-   trends in crime;

-   noticeable offences;

-   to encourage the development of crime prevention schemes.

1.7.3. Translate part of text 1.5, which is of greatest interest to you, in written form.

1.7.4. Translate the micro text “The Law” in written form.

The Law

Although the United Kingdom is a unitary state, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland all have their own legal systems and law courts. There is substantial similarity on many points, but considerable differences remain in law, organization and practice. In Northern Ireland procedure closely resembles that of England and Wales but there are often differences in enacted law. However, a large volume of modern legislation applies throughout the United Kingdom and there is a common distinction between criminal law, concerned with wrongful acts harmful to the community, and civil law, with individuals’ rights, duties and obligations towards one another. The main sources of law are legislation, common law and European Community law. Legislation consists of Acts of Parliament, orders (rules and regulations made by ministers under the authority of an Act of Parliament) and by-laws made by local government or other authorities exercising powers conferred by Parliament. 

1.7.4 (1). Commentary and Notes to text 1.7.4. 

1. 
   The Home Office – Министерство внутренних дел (в Великобритании)
   
2. 
   Crime concern, a national independent voluntary body – Национальное независимое добровольное объединение (организация) «Отношение к преступлениям».
   

1.7.5. Translate the text in written form. 

Современные тенденции развития правовой системы

Modern Tendencies in the Development of Law System

 

За последние десятилетия английское законодательство приобретает все более систематизированный характер. В 1965 г. была создана Правовая комиссия для Англии (одновременно аналогичная комиссия была учреждена и для Шотландии), которой поручено готовить проекты крупных консолидированных законодательных актов в различных отраслях права

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