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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
- нарушение закона.
3) нападение, наступление.
They deserved to lose, their offence was badly planned.
offend – 1) обижать, оскорблять; 2) совершить проступок, нарушить закон(against).
to offend against custom – нарушить обычай.
She may be offended if you don’t reply to her invitation. He offends against humanity.
2.4.2. Commentary and Notes to text 2.5.
2.4.3 (a). Translate the following word combinations.
2.4.3 (b). Form nouns of the following verbs.
2.4.4. Improve your vocabulary.
Make the following sentences complete by translating the words and phrases in brackets.
2.5. TEXT “STATUS AND DUTIES”
2.5. Read and Translate the text.
A British police officer is subject to the law and may be sued or prosecuted for any wrongful act committed in carrying out duties. Police discipline codes are designed to prevent any abuse of the considerable powers enjoyed by a police officer, to ensure the impartiality of the service in its dealings with the public and to maintain public confidence. Statutory procedures, including an independent element, govern the way in which complaints from the public against the police are handled. The establishment in 1985 of the independent Police Complaints Authority, with powers to supervise the investigation of any serious complaint against a police officer, substantially reformed the complaints system in England and Wales. In Scotland complaints against police officer involving allegations of any form of criminal conduct are investigated by independent public prosecutors.
In Northern Ireland the Independent Commission for Police Complaints is required to supervise any case involving death or serious injury and has the power to supervise the formal investigation of any other complaint if it so wishes; in certain circumstances the Secretary of State may direct the Commission to supervise the investigation of matters that are not the subject of a formal complaint.
Police work ranges from the protection of people and property, road or street patrolling (the trend is increasingly away from the car patrol and back to ‘community’ policing on foot) and traffic control to crime prevention, criminal investigation and arresting offenders. In urban areas, particularly, police officers have to deal with social problems and may bring in other social agencies and expert help.
Most forces have community liaison departments coordinate their efforts to produce good relations with the community. The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 requires arrangements to be made for obtaining the views of people in the area about the policing of it and for obtaining their co-operation with the police in preventing crime. Almost all areas have police/community consultative groups which enable people to discuss issues of concern with the police in a constructive spirit. Particular efforts are made to develop relations with young people, through greater contact with schools, for example. Emphasis is also placed on relations with ethnic minorities; racially discriminatory behavior by police officers is an offence under the Police Code, and training in community relations is available to officers.
To release as many uniformed police officers as possible for operational duties, police authorities employ over 41,500 civilians (including part-time employees) in England and Wales and over 2,530 in Scotland. The number of civilian support staff growing as forces secure economies by replacing police officers with civilians where posts do not require police powers and training. Traffic wardens (of whom there are over 4,700 in England and Wales and about 540 in Scotland) carry out specified duties concerned with traffic and parking. Wardens are under the control of the chief constable.
Each force has an attachment of volunteer special constables who perform police duties in their spare time, without pay, acting mainly as auxiliaries to the regular force. In Northern Ireland there is a part-time and full-time paid reserve. Members of the police service may not belong to a trade union nor may they withdraw their labour in furtherance of a trade dispute. All ranks, however, have their own staff associations to represent their interests.
2.6. READING FOR GENERAL UNDERSTANDING
2.6.1. Choose the answer, which you think, is correct.
1. What are police discipline codes designed for?
a. for emphasizing specific police powers;
b. for strengthening the Monarch’s power;
2.for ensuring the impartiality of the service in its dealings with the public and for maintaining public confidence.
3. Whom are complaints against police officers investigated by in Scotland?
a. by the local police chief;
b. by Parliament;
4.by independent public prosecutors.
3. What year was the independent Police Complaints Authority established?
a. in 1897;
b. in 1985;
с. in 1994.
5. What are the main duties of the Independent Commission for Police Complaints in Northern Ireland?
a. to supervise any case involving death or serious injury and to supervise any other complaint;
b. to supervise the cases at the commission chairman’s discretion;
c. to supervise only the cases sent by the State Secretary.
6. How does police work range?
a. in ranges widely enough, but it does not cover criminal investigation;
b. in ranges greatly and it covers the protection of people and property, road and street patrolling, traffic control to crime prevention, criminal investigation and arresting offenders;
d. it really ranges greatly, but even in urban areas it does not cover social problems.
6. Do all areas have police/community consultative groups?
a. yes, they do mainly. They enable people to discuss issues of concern with the police in a constructive spirit;
b. such police/community constructive groups exist, but they are quite few in number;
c. the issue is on the agenda, but the community is not in favour of them.
7. What efforts are made to develop relations with young people?
a. the police do not deal with these matters;
b. the police pay a lot of attention to it and develop contacts even with schools, sports clubs;
c. the police forces sometimes establish contacts with the youth; but it is not going to be a system.
8. Is there civilian support staff among police officers?
a. it is out of the question in England;
b. the number of civilian support staff has been growing as forces secure economies by replacing police officers;
c. this matter is under consideration at the moment and in some areas there is small civilian staff.
9. Are there any volunteer special constables?
a. yes, there are. They perform police in their spare time, without pay, acting mainly as auxiliaries to the regular force;
b. yes, there are. They act mainly as auxiliaries to the regular force, but they are paid;
c. no, there are not.
2.6.2. Pick out from the text all the word combinations with the following words (terms) and give their Russian equivalents:
2.7. READING FOR DETAIL AND LANGUAGE STUDY
2.7.1. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following phrases:
2.7.2. Explain the meanings of the following words and expressions:
- to ensure the impartiality;
- to maintain public confidence;
- to handle complaints;
- to supervise the investigation;
- to reform the complaints system;
- criminal conduct;
- crime prevention;
- police duties.
2.7.3. Translate part of text 2.5, which is of greatest interest to you, in written form.
2.7.4. Translate the micro text on the Police Service in written form.
The interception of communications on behalf of the police is regulated by the Interception of Communications Act 1985. This act establishes a statutory the interception of messages in the telecommunications and postal services and sets out the grounds on which certain Secretaries of State are empowered to authorize interception. So far as the police are concerned, these are the prevention and detection of serious crime, and, in some instances, the protection of national security. The other for interception is the safeguarding of the economic well-being of the United Kingdom. Interception outside the procedures established by the Act is a criminal offence.
2.7.4 (1). Commentary and Notes to text 2.7.4.
1) on behalf of – от имени;
2) the Interception of Communications Act 1985 – Акт 1985 г. о подслушивании (прослушивании) телефонных разговоров;
3) to authorize- санкционировать, разрешать;
4) the safeguarding – гарантия.
2.8. ORAL PRACTICE
2.8.1. Answer the questions on the text “Status and Duties”.
2.8.2. Read the text “Police Forces” and make comments on it.
Each of Britain’s 52 police forces is responsible for law enforcement in its area, but there is constant co-operation among them.
Outside London most counties (regions and Scotland) have their own police forces, though in the interests of efficiency several have combined forces. The policing of London is in the hands of the Metropolitan Police Force, with headquarters at New Scotland Yard, and the City of London force. The strength of the regular police in Britain at the end of 1992 was over 145,800 (including over 14,200 policewomen); of these nearly 27,300 belonged to the Metropolitan Police Force and just over 8,260 to the Royal Ulster Constabulary. It is recognized that the composition of the police forces should reflect the make-up of a multiracial society and efforts are being made to encourage more members of the ethnic minorities to join them.
2.8.2 (1). Vocabulary Notes to text 2.8.2.
1) headquarters – штаб;
2) make-up – состав;
3) the Metropolitan Police Force – столичные полицейские силы.
2.8.3. Read the text “The Police Service” and discuss it in the form of a dialogue, using clichés, set expressions and phrases given below.
In enforcing the law, police action rests mainly upon common consent, for there are only a small number of officers in relation to the population (roughly one officer to every 400 or so people).
Officers in Great Britain do not normally carry firearms (their only weapon is a truncheon) and there are strict limitations on police powers. Because of the emergency situation there, the police are armed in Northern Ireland.
The powers of the police in England and Wales have been modernized and clarified by the police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, which at the same time has enhanced safeguards for the citizen. The Act does not generally extend to Scotland or Northern Ireland where separate legislation applies.
2.8.3 (1). Clichés, set expressions and phrases.
Enforcing the law must rest upon… – Воплощение (выполнение) закона должно основываться на ...
I fully agree with you. – Я с вами полностью согласен.
Police officers do not carry firearms. – Полицейские офицеры не носят оружие.
Everything depends on the circumstances. – Все зависит от обстоятельств.
In my opinion – По моему мнению.
Difference of opinion was clarified. – Разногласия были уточнены.
I would like to add… – Я хотел бы добавить…
2.9. DEVELOPMENT
2.9.1. Read the text “Central Authorities” and make a synopsis of it in Russian.
The Home Secretary and the Secretaries of State for Scotland and Northern Ireland approve the appointment of chief, deputy and assistant chief constables, and may require a police authority to retire a chief constable in the interests of efficiency, call for a report from a chief constable on matters relating to local policing or institute a local inquiry. They can make regulations covering such matters as police ranks; qualifications for appointment, promotion and retirement; discipline; hours to duty, leave, pay and allowances; and uniform. Some of these regulations are first negotiable within the Police Negotiating Board for the United Kingdom, which has an independent chairman and representatives of the police authorities, police staff associations and the home departments. Matters of a non-negotiable king and general questions are discussed by the Police Advisory Boards.
All police forces (except the Metropolitan Police Force, for which the Home Secretary is directly responsible) are subject to inspection by inspectors of constabulary reporting to the appropriate Secretary of State. Inspectors maintain close touch with the forces they inspect and have advisory functions.
2.9.1 (1). Commentary and Notes to text 2.9.1.
1) The Home Secretary – министр внутренних дел
3) нападение, наступление.
They deserved to lose, their offence was badly planned.
offend – 1) обижать, оскорблять; 2) совершить проступок, нарушить закон(against).
to offend against custom – нарушить обычай.
She may be offended if you don’t reply to her invitation. He offends against humanity.
2.4.2. Commentary and Notes to text 2.5.
-
… to ensure the impartiality – гарантировать беспристрастность. -
Independent Police Complaints Authority – независимое отделение полиции по рассмотрению жалоб. -
Community liaison departments – общественные департаменты связи. -
The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 requires arrangements to be made – акт 1984 г. о полицейских и уголовных доказательствах требует соблюдения особого порядка.
-
… part-time employees – частично занятые служащие. -
…under the Police Discipline Code – в соответствии с полицейским кодексом. -
… traffic wardens – транспортные начальники (надзиратели). -
…auxiliaries to the regular force – помощники регулярных отрядов полицейских. -
…in furtherance – в поддержку.
2.4.3 (a). Translate the following word combinations.
2.4.3 (b). Form nouns of the following verbs.
2.4.4. Improve your vocabulary.
Make the following sentences complete by translating the words and phrases in brackets.
-
Each regular police force is maintained by a (власть полиции). -
In England and Wales these are committees of (члены местного совета и магистраты), and in Scotland they are the regional and islands councils. -
The police authority for the Metropolitan Police Force is the (министр внутренних дел). -
In Northern Ireland the police authority (назначать) by the Secretary of State. -
In the Metropolitan Police area the commissioner of police and his (подчиненные) are appointed on the (рекомендация) of the Home Secretary. -
The police authorities are financed by central and local (правительство).
THE POLICE SERVICE (PART I)
2.5. TEXT “STATUS AND DUTIES”
2.5. Read and Translate the text.
Status and Duties
A British police officer is subject to the law and may be sued or prosecuted for any wrongful act committed in carrying out duties. Police discipline codes are designed to prevent any abuse of the considerable powers enjoyed by a police officer, to ensure the impartiality of the service in its dealings with the public and to maintain public confidence. Statutory procedures, including an independent element, govern the way in which complaints from the public against the police are handled. The establishment in 1985 of the independent Police Complaints Authority, with powers to supervise the investigation of any serious complaint against a police officer, substantially reformed the complaints system in England and Wales. In Scotland complaints against police officer involving allegations of any form of criminal conduct are investigated by independent public prosecutors.
In Northern Ireland the Independent Commission for Police Complaints is required to supervise any case involving death or serious injury and has the power to supervise the formal investigation of any other complaint if it so wishes; in certain circumstances the Secretary of State may direct the Commission to supervise the investigation of matters that are not the subject of a formal complaint.
Police work ranges from the protection of people and property, road or street patrolling (the trend is increasingly away from the car patrol and back to ‘community’ policing on foot) and traffic control to crime prevention, criminal investigation and arresting offenders. In urban areas, particularly, police officers have to deal with social problems and may bring in other social agencies and expert help.
Most forces have community liaison departments coordinate their efforts to produce good relations with the community. The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 requires arrangements to be made for obtaining the views of people in the area about the policing of it and for obtaining their co-operation with the police in preventing crime. Almost all areas have police/community consultative groups which enable people to discuss issues of concern with the police in a constructive spirit. Particular efforts are made to develop relations with young people, through greater contact with schools, for example. Emphasis is also placed on relations with ethnic minorities; racially discriminatory behavior by police officers is an offence under the Police Code, and training in community relations is available to officers.
To release as many uniformed police officers as possible for operational duties, police authorities employ over 41,500 civilians (including part-time employees) in England and Wales and over 2,530 in Scotland. The number of civilian support staff growing as forces secure economies by replacing police officers with civilians where posts do not require police powers and training. Traffic wardens (of whom there are over 4,700 in England and Wales and about 540 in Scotland) carry out specified duties concerned with traffic and parking. Wardens are under the control of the chief constable.
Each force has an attachment of volunteer special constables who perform police duties in their spare time, without pay, acting mainly as auxiliaries to the regular force. In Northern Ireland there is a part-time and full-time paid reserve. Members of the police service may not belong to a trade union nor may they withdraw their labour in furtherance of a trade dispute. All ranks, however, have their own staff associations to represent their interests.
2.6. READING FOR GENERAL UNDERSTANDING
2.6.1. Choose the answer, which you think, is correct.
1. What are police discipline codes designed for?
a. for emphasizing specific police powers;
b. for strengthening the Monarch’s power;
2.for ensuring the impartiality of the service in its dealings with the public and for maintaining public confidence.
3. Whom are complaints against police officers investigated by in Scotland?
a. by the local police chief;
b. by Parliament;
4.by independent public prosecutors.
3. What year was the independent Police Complaints Authority established?
a. in 1897;
b. in 1985;
с. in 1994.
5. What are the main duties of the Independent Commission for Police Complaints in Northern Ireland?
a. to supervise any case involving death or serious injury and to supervise any other complaint;
b. to supervise the cases at the commission chairman’s discretion;
c. to supervise only the cases sent by the State Secretary.
6. How does police work range?
a. in ranges widely enough, but it does not cover criminal investigation;
b. in ranges greatly and it covers the protection of people and property, road and street patrolling, traffic control to crime prevention, criminal investigation and arresting offenders;
d. it really ranges greatly, but even in urban areas it does not cover social problems.
6. Do all areas have police/community consultative groups?
a. yes, they do mainly. They enable people to discuss issues of concern with the police in a constructive spirit;
b. such police/community constructive groups exist, but they are quite few in number;
c. the issue is on the agenda, but the community is not in favour of them.
7. What efforts are made to develop relations with young people?
a. the police do not deal with these matters;
b. the police pay a lot of attention to it and develop contacts even with schools, sports clubs;
c. the police forces sometimes establish contacts with the youth; but it is not going to be a system.
8. Is there civilian support staff among police officers?
a. it is out of the question in England;
b. the number of civilian support staff has been growing as forces secure economies by replacing police officers;
c. this matter is under consideration at the moment and in some areas there is small civilian staff.
9. Are there any volunteer special constables?
a. yes, there are. They perform police in their spare time, without pay, acting mainly as auxiliaries to the regular force;
b. yes, there are. They act mainly as auxiliaries to the regular force, but they are paid;
c. no, there are not.
2.6.2. Pick out from the text all the word combinations with the following words (terms) and give their Russian equivalents:
-
code; -
public; -
complaint; -
investigate; -
investigation; -
supervise; -
social; -
prevent; -
prevention; -
relations; -
duties; -
police.
2.7. READING FOR DETAIL AND LANGUAGE STUDY
2.7.1. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following phrases:
-
процедуры, установленные статусом; -
отделение полиции по рассмотрению жалоб; -
независимый народный прокурор; -
надзирать за формальным (предварительным) расследованием любой жалобы; -
уличное патрулирование; -
общественные департаменты связи; -
Акт о полицейских и уголовных доказательствах; -
общественные консультативные группы; -
развитие отношений с этническими меньшинствами; -
экономия средств путём замены полицейского состава гражданским, обладающим полицейскими полномочиями; -
полицейский состав может не входить в профсоюз и его деятельность не связана с профсоюзными спорами.
2.7.2. Explain the meanings of the following words and expressions:
- to ensure the impartiality;
- to maintain public confidence;
- to handle complaints;
- to supervise the investigation;
- to reform the complaints system;
- criminal conduct;
- crime prevention;
- police duties.
2.7.3. Translate part of text 2.5, which is of greatest interest to you, in written form.
2.7.4. Translate the micro text on the Police Service in written form.
The interception of communications on behalf of the police is regulated by the Interception of Communications Act 1985. This act establishes a statutory the interception of messages in the telecommunications and postal services and sets out the grounds on which certain Secretaries of State are empowered to authorize interception. So far as the police are concerned, these are the prevention and detection of serious crime, and, in some instances, the protection of national security. The other for interception is the safeguarding of the economic well-being of the United Kingdom. Interception outside the procedures established by the Act is a criminal offence.
2.7.4 (1). Commentary and Notes to text 2.7.4.
1) on behalf of – от имени;
2) the Interception of Communications Act 1985 – Акт 1985 г. о подслушивании (прослушивании) телефонных разговоров;
3) to authorize- санкционировать, разрешать;
4) the safeguarding – гарантия.
2.8. ORAL PRACTICE
2.8.1. Answer the questions on the text “Status and Duties”.
-
What do statutory procedures provide for? -
What are the police powers according to the establishment in 1985 of the independent Police Complaints Authority? -
Whom are complaints against police officers investigated by in Scotland? -
What are the functions of the Independent Commission for Police Complaints in Northern Ireland? -
Does the Secretary of State have powers to direct the Commission to supervise the investigation of any matters in Northern Ireland? 6. What are police officers’ powers on crime prevention? -
In what areas do police officers bring in social agencies and expert help? -
What is known to you about the number of civilian staff among police officers in England, Wales and Scotland? 9. What are traffic wardens’ duties concerned with? -
Whose control are traffic wardens under? -
What are auxiliaries to the regular police force? -
Who represents professional interest of the police service in a trade union?
2.8.2. Read the text “Police Forces” and make comments on it.
Police Forces
Each of Britain’s 52 police forces is responsible for law enforcement in its area, but there is constant co-operation among them.
Outside London most counties (regions and Scotland) have their own police forces, though in the interests of efficiency several have combined forces. The policing of London is in the hands of the Metropolitan Police Force, with headquarters at New Scotland Yard, and the City of London force. The strength of the regular police in Britain at the end of 1992 was over 145,800 (including over 14,200 policewomen); of these nearly 27,300 belonged to the Metropolitan Police Force and just over 8,260 to the Royal Ulster Constabulary. It is recognized that the composition of the police forces should reflect the make-up of a multiracial society and efforts are being made to encourage more members of the ethnic minorities to join them.
2.8.2 (1). Vocabulary Notes to text 2.8.2.
1) headquarters – штаб;
2) make-up – состав;
3) the Metropolitan Police Force – столичные полицейские силы.
2.8.3. Read the text “The Police Service” and discuss it in the form of a dialogue, using clichés, set expressions and phrases given below.
The Police Service
In enforcing the law, police action rests mainly upon common consent, for there are only a small number of officers in relation to the population (roughly one officer to every 400 or so people).
Officers in Great Britain do not normally carry firearms (their only weapon is a truncheon) and there are strict limitations on police powers. Because of the emergency situation there, the police are armed in Northern Ireland.
The powers of the police in England and Wales have been modernized and clarified by the police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, which at the same time has enhanced safeguards for the citizen. The Act does not generally extend to Scotland or Northern Ireland where separate legislation applies.
2.8.3 (1). Clichés, set expressions and phrases.
Enforcing the law must rest upon… – Воплощение (выполнение) закона должно основываться на ...
I fully agree with you. – Я с вами полностью согласен.
Police officers do not carry firearms. – Полицейские офицеры не носят оружие.
Everything depends on the circumstances. – Все зависит от обстоятельств.
In my opinion – По моему мнению.
Difference of opinion was clarified. – Разногласия были уточнены.
I would like to add… – Я хотел бы добавить…
2.9. DEVELOPMENT
2.9.1. Read the text “Central Authorities” and make a synopsis of it in Russian.
Central Authorities
The Home Secretary and the Secretaries of State for Scotland and Northern Ireland approve the appointment of chief, deputy and assistant chief constables, and may require a police authority to retire a chief constable in the interests of efficiency, call for a report from a chief constable on matters relating to local policing or institute a local inquiry. They can make regulations covering such matters as police ranks; qualifications for appointment, promotion and retirement; discipline; hours to duty, leave, pay and allowances; and uniform. Some of these regulations are first negotiable within the Police Negotiating Board for the United Kingdom, which has an independent chairman and representatives of the police authorities, police staff associations and the home departments. Matters of a non-negotiable king and general questions are discussed by the Police Advisory Boards.
All police forces (except the Metropolitan Police Force, for which the Home Secretary is directly responsible) are subject to inspection by inspectors of constabulary reporting to the appropriate Secretary of State. Inspectors maintain close touch with the forces they inspect and have advisory functions.
2.9.1 (1). Commentary and Notes to text 2.9.1.
1) The Home Secretary – министр внутренних дел