Файл: Unit criminal justice grammar.docx

Магистратские суды рассматривают в суммарном порядке (без присяжных) основную массу уголовных дел (до 98 % в год). Они могут приговаривать осуждённых лишь к штрафу либо лишению свободы на срок, как правило, до шести месяцев. Если магистраты приходят к выводу, что обвиняемый заслуживает более сурового наказания, они передают дело на рассмотрение Суда короны. Магистраты проводят также предварительное слушание по делам, преследуемым по обвинительному акту. В ходе этих слушаний они решают вопрос, имеется ли достаточно доказательств для предания обвиняемого Суду короны. Гражданская юрисдикция магистратов крайне ограничена и связана прежде всего с разбирательством споров о взыскании долгов и по некоторым вопросам семейного права. Магистраты, иногда по традиции называемые мировыми судьями (их насчитывается свыше 20 тыс.), в большинстве своём не являются профессиональными юристами и не обязательно имеют юридическое образование. Они рассматривают дела лишь в коллегиях, чаще всего из двух-трёх человек. Особую, достаточно малочисленную группу составляют платные магистраты: они назначаются лишь из юристов и рассматривают дела единолично. Некоторые магистратские суды по решению собрания судей получают право рассматривать дела о правонарушениях несовершеннолетних. В состав образуемого коллегией из трёх таких судей суда по делам несовершеннолетних обязательно включается одна или две женщины-судьи. Этот суд рассматривает дела о правонарушениях, совершенных подростками и молодыми людьми в возрасте до 21 года.

Answer the question:

In what courts are the majority of civil cases tried in the first instance? How many of them are there in England?
Who defines the boundaries of the region in which the proper County Court acts?
Are there any permanent judges working on a permanent professional base in the Lower Courts?
Is the value of claims being tried in these courts limited?
How is the process of hearing cases in the County Courts held?
What is the appeal procedure of the County Courts’ decision to the Appeal Court?
What cases do Magistrates’ Courts deal with? Is the presence of the jury necessary during the work of the Magistrates’ Court?

UNIT 5. CRIMINAL COURTS (PART II)

5.1. GRAMMAR

5.1.1. Look through the table to see how the form of the Infinitive changes in the Active and the Passive Voice and the way it is translated into Russian.

5.1.2. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the forms of the Infinitive.

The witnesses were glad to help the accused.
The prosecutor is satisfied to have been working at this case with Mr. X. during the trial.
The lawyers were glad to have been invited to train law students.
The judge is qualified to decide law questions.
The jury was directed to follow the instructions on the relevant law.
The defendant is satisfied to have been hearing witnesses during the trial.
Mr. Black is glad to be found ‘not guilty’.
The jury is ready to be helping the judge.
The accused appeared to be living in the area.
He hoped to be earning his living in a year’s time.
They thought that law to have been abolished in that country.

5.2. FIRST READING OF THE TEXTS “TRIAL” AND “THE JURY”

(SKIMMING READING) (TEXTS 5.5)

5.2.1.      Read the texts quickly and try to understand what they are about and what information about criminal trials in the United Kingdom is new to you.

5.2.2.      Write down the law terms, know to you, in Russian, concerning trials.

5.2.3.      Write a list of international words used in the texts. Use your dictionary to check their exact meaning.

5.3. SCANNING READING

5.3.1.          Read the texts “Trial” and “The Jury” again.

5.3.2.          Pick out an idea or a phrase, which you think is most informative or most interesting, from each text.

5.3.3.          Find in the text “Trial” the sentences about the functions of the defence and the rights of the defendant.

5.3.4.          Pick out the law terms from the texts “Trial” and “The Jury”, which you do not know. Refer to a dictionary or the glossary if necessary.

5.4. VOCABULARY AND WORD STUDY

Vocabulary

5.4.1. Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the texts “Trial” and “The Jury” and translate the given sentences.

1. presume – предполагать, полагать, допускать, считать доказанным;

I presume that an agreement will eventually be reached. In English law, an accused man is presumed (to be) innocent until he is proved guilty.

presumption – предположение, основание для предположения, вероятность, юр. презумпция; presumption of innocence – презумпция невиновности.

2. defendant – ответчик, подсудимый, обвиняемый.

A defendant is a person accused or sued in a legal case.

custody – 1) опека, попечение, охрана; 2) заключение, заточение; to be held in custody, to take sb. into custody – арестовать, взять под стражу. You’d better leave your valuables in safe custody, e.g. in a bank. When his parents died, he was placed in the custody of his aunt. The magistrate remanded him in custody for two weeks.
evidence – зд. улика, свидетельское показание;in evidence – принятый в качестве доказательства;

There wasn’t enough evidence to prove him guilty. His statement to the police was used in evidence against him.

to turn King’s or Queen’s evidence – выдать сообщников и стать свидетелем обвинения.

witness – 1) свидетель (особ. в суде);
to call to witness – ссылаться на свидетеля, призывать в свидетели; 2) очевидец; 3)

понятой; 4) доказательство, свидетельство (to, of); to bear witness to (of) – свидетельствовать, удостоверять;

I was a witnesses (also eyewitness) to their quarrel. The witness was cross – examined by the defending counsel. Will you act witness to the agreement between us? Give witness on behalf of an accused person.

3. witness – 1) быть свидетелем чего-либо; Europe witnessed many war.

2) давать показания (against, for); 3) заверять подпись; 4) служить уликой, доказательством, свидетельствовать; to witness an accident, a murder, a quarrel;

We were witnessing the most important scientific development of the century. You should witness to the truth of a statement. to witness the signing of a contract; to witness a signature, treaty, will; to witness to the truth of a statement.

4. jury – присяжные.

Seven men and five woman sat on (i.e. were members of) the jury. The jury returned a verdict of (i.e. reached a decision that the accused was) not guilty.

The jury is/are still out, i.e. members of the jury are still thinking about their decision.

5. testify (to sth; against/in favour of sb.) – 1) давать показания, свидетельствовать в пользу, против, клятвенно утверждать; 2) торжественно заявлять (о своих убеждениях, о вере), свидетельствовать (о чем-либо), быть свидетелем.

Two witnesses testified against her and one in her favour. He testified under oath that he had not beet at the scene of the crime.

6. sentense – приговор; to pass a sentence upon sb. – выносить приговор кому-л.; a sentence of death – под приговором смерти; a sentence of 10 year’s imprisonment – приговор, равный десяти годам заключения;

She has served her sentence and will now be released.

sentence v – осуждать, приговаривать.

He has been sentenced to pay a fine of £ 1 000.

7. dissentient – зд. 1) голос против; 2) инакомыслящий;

The motion was passed with only two dissentients.

dissenting vote (adj) – голос против; without a dissenting vote – единогласно.

8. prove – 1) доказывать, удостоверять, подтверждать; 2) утверждать (завещание);

I shall prove to you that the witness is not speaking the truth. The will has to be proved before we can inherit. proven доказанный; not proven (шотл. юр.) – преступление не доказано.

9.judiciary = judicial – 1) judiciary law – судебное право; 2) n = judicature; judges collectively – отправление правосудия; challenge – зд. юр. отвод присяжных, вызов;

10. challenge – давать отвод присяжным; оспаривать, подвергать сомнению; to challenge potential jurors.

to challenge sb’s authority/ right to do sth. challenge a claim, an assertion, a verdict.

challenger n – 1) посылающий вызов; 2) претендент; 3) возражающий против чего-л., оспаривающий что-л.

5.4.2. Commentary and Notes to text 5.5.

1) the form of a contest – форма состязания;

2) the prosecution and the defense – обвинение и защита;

3) the innocence of an accused person – невинность обвиняемого;

4) if remained in custody – в случае заключения под стражу;

5) mental state – психическое состояние;

6) unfit to be tried – непригодный для судебного разбирательства;

7) rules of evidence – правила (нормы) свидетельских показаний;

8) a conviction can be quashed – осуждение может быть отменено;

9) the last speech at the trial – заключительная речь в судебном разбирательстве;

10) a preparatory open Crown Court hearing – предварительное открытое слушание в Суде короны;

11) to settle points of law – решать вопросы права;

12) a unanimous verdict – единодушный вердикт;

13) corroborated evidence – подтверждающие доказательства (подтверждаемые доказательства);

14) a jury once it is sworn in – присяжные, приведенные к присяге;

15) an individual juror is likely to be biased – вероятно, отдельный присяжный предубежден;

16) community service – общественная служба. Word Study

5.4.3 (a). Find the related nouns in the texts “Trial” and “The jury”.

to try –	to witness – to acquit –
to contest –	to prove – to attempt –
to prosecute –	to convict – to challenge-
to defend –	to appeal – to reason –
to aid –	to cross- examine to suffer –
to advise –	to conduct – to imprison –
to prepare –	to hear – to limit –

5.4.4. Improve your vocabulary.

Make the following sentences complete by translating the words and phrases in brackets.

Scotland’s six sheriffdoms are further divided into sheriff (окружные суды), each of which has one or more sheriffs, who are the judges of the court.
The High Court of Justiciary, Scotland’s supreme criminal court, is both a trial and an(апелляционный суд).
Any of the following judges is entitled to (рассматривать дела) in the High Court: the Lord Justice General (the (председатель-глава) of the court), the Lord Justice Clerk (the judge next in seniority) or one of the Lord Commissioners of Justiciary.
The main seat of the court is in Edinburgh, although the (Верховный суд) also tries cases in other towns.

Criminal Courts (PART II)

5.5. TEXTS

5.5.1.Read the texts “Trial”, “The Jury”.

Trial

Criminal trials in the United Kingdom take the form of a contest between the prosecution and the defense. Since the law presumes the innocence of an accused person until guilt has been proved, the prosecution is not granted any advantage, apparent or real, over the defense. A defendant (in Scotland, called an accused) has the right to employ a legal adviser and may be granted legal aid from public funds. If remanded in custody, the person may be visited by a legal adviser to ensure a properly prepared defense. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland during the preparation of the case, the prosecution usually the defense of relevant documents which it is not proposed to put in evidence and discloses them if asked to do so. The prosecution should also inform the defense of witnesses whose evidence may help the accused and whom the prosecution does not propose to call. The defense or the prosecution may suggest that the defendant’s mental state renders him or her unfit to be tried. If the jury (or in Scotland, the judge) decides that this is so, the defendant is admitted to a specified hospital.

Criminal trials are normally in open court and rules of evidence (concerned with the proof of facts) are rigorously applied. If evidence is improperly admitted, a conviction can be quashed on appeal. During the trials the defendant has the right to hear or crossexamine witnesses for the prosecution, normally through a lawyer; to call his or her own witnesses who, if they will not attend voluntary, may be legally compelled to attend; and to address the court in person or through a lawyer, the defense having the right to the last speech at the trial. The defendant cannot be questioned without consenting to be sworn as a witness in his or her own defense. When he or she does testify, cross-examination about character or other conduct may be made only in exceptional circumstances; generally the prosecution may not introduce such evidence.

In England, Wales and Northern Ireland the Criminal Justice Act 1987 provides that in complex fraud cases there should be a preparatory open Crown Court hearing at with the judge will be able to hear and settle points of law and to define the issues to be put to the jury.

The Jury

In jury trials the judge decides questions of law, sums up the evidence for the jury and instructs it on the relevant law, and discharges the accused or passes sentence. Only the jury decides whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty. In England and Wales, if the jury cannot reach a unanimous verdict, the judge may direct it to bring in a majority verdict provided that, in the normal jury of 12 people, there are not more than two dissentients. In Scotland, where the jury consists of 15 people, the verdict may be reached by a simple majority, but as a general rule, no person may be convicted without corroborated evidence. If the jury returns a verdict of ‘not guilty’ (or in Scotland ‘not proven’, which is an alternative verdict of acquittal), the prosecution has no right of appeal and the defendant cannot be tried again for the same offence. In the event of a ‘guilty’ verdict, the defendant has a right of appeal to the appropriate court.

A jury is completely independent of the judiciary. Any attempt to interfere with a jury once it is sworn in is punishable under the Contempt of Court Act 1981.

Although the right of the defense to challenge up to three potential members of a jury without giving any reason is to be abolished in England and Wales, it will remain open to both parties to challenge potential jurors by giving reasons where they believe that an individual juror is likely to be biased.

People between the ages of 18 and 65 whose names appear on the electoral register, with certain exceptions, are liable for jury service and their names are chosen at random. (Proposals to increase the upper age limit from 65 to 70 in England and Wales are contained in the Criminal Justice Act 1988.) Ineligible persons include the judiciary, priests, people who have within the previous ten years been members of the legal profession, the Lord Chancellor's Department, or the police, prison and probation services, and certain sufferers from mental illness. Persons disqualified from jury service include those who have, within the previous ten years, served any part of a sentence of imprisonment, youth custody or detention, or been subject to a community service order, or, within the previous five years, been placed on probation. Anyone who has been sentenced to five or more years’ imprisonment is disqualified for life.

5.6. READING FOR GENERAL UNDERSTANDING

5.6.1. Choose the answer, which you think, is correct.

1.In the United Kingdom criminal trials take the form of a contest between the prosecution and the defense.

a) it is not always like that as there are cases when the judge by himself tries the case;

b) in a number of cases the Government interferes with a criminal case;

c) yes, it is true; the prosecution is not granted any advantage, apparent or real, over the defense.

2. A defendant has the right to employ a legal adviser and may be granted legal aid from public funds.

a) no, it is not quite so. A defendant has only the right to employ a legal adviser;

b) every defendant is granted legal aid only from public funds;

c) yes, it is true.

3. The defense should be informed by the prosecution of witnesses.

a) the prosecution never informs the defense of supposed witnesses;

b) yes, it is true. The prosecution should inform the defense of witnesses;

c) the prosecution informs the defense only under the pressure of mass media.

4. Criminal trials are normally held in open court.

a) criminal trials are not normally held in open court;

b) yes, it is true as evidence may help the accused, the defense having the right to the last speech at the trial;

c) criminal trials are normally in both open court and closed court.

5. The defendant cannot be questioned without consenting.

a) the jury can question the defendant without his consent;

b) without consenting the defendant cannot be sworn as a witness of his or her own defense; generally the prosecution may not introduce such evidence;

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