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c) the death penalty remains on the statute book for the offences of treason and a number of other offences; it has, however, not been used since 1946.
6. In Scotland in summary cases the sheriff may normally impose up to three months’ imprisonment or six months’ for some repeated offences.
a) the sheriff may impose up to a year’s imprisonment;
b) the sheriff does not impose up to any term’s imprisonment without Court;
c) yes, it is true; in addition his powers are extended by statute in some exceptional cases.
7. The purpose of probation is to protect society by the rehabilitation of the offender, who continues to live a normal life in the community while subject to the supervision of a probation officer.
a) probation may last from a month to three months;
b) probation may be ensured without the offender’s consent;
c) probation may last from six months to three years, the court must explain the order in ordinary language, ensuring that the offender consents to the requirements of the order.
6.6.2. Pick out from the texts «Treatment of Offenders» all the word combinations with the following words (terms) and give their Russian equivalents.
| - sentence; | - offence; |
| - court; | - murder; |
| - penalty; | - accuse; |
| - appeal; | - indictment; |
| - custody; | - sanction. |
6.7. READING FOR DETAIL AND LANGUAGE STUDY
6.7.1. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following phrases.
- апелляционный суд издает руководства;
- правительство считает, что тюремное заключение должно применяться как санкция в последней инстанции...;
- лица, занимающиеся вынесением приговоров в Англии и Уэльсе, должны изучать каждое дело;
- максимальное наказание обусловливается положением суда;
- Верховный суд может выносить приговор к заключению на любой срок;
- суд магистратов не может передать дело в Суд короны;
- налагать на правонарушителя новый надзорный и ограничительный порядок;
- общественные работы;
- домашний арест;
- штрафные санкции;
- общественный надзор;
- перевоспитание преступника;
- лечение душевных заболеваний;
- неоплачиваемая работа;
- местный департамент общественных (социальных) работ;
- совет по условному освобождению; - суд вправе выносить решение об отсрочке приговора на срок не более двух лет.
6.7.2. Explain the meanings of the following words and expressions.
- to pass the sentence;
- to be entirely the matter for the courts;
- sanction;
- justification for a custodial sentence;
- custody;
- to impose consecutive sentences;
- life imprisonment;
- the death penalty;
- manslaughter;
- in summary cases;
- a term of imprisonment;
- probation;
- compensation to the victim.
6.7.3. Translate either the text «Custody» or «Probation» in written form.
6.7.4. Translate the micro text «Compensation and Reparation» in written form.
Compensation and Reparation
The courts may order an offender to pay compensation for personal injury, loss or damage resulting from an offence. The Government favours the courts making full use of their compensation powers. Under the Criminal Justice Act 1988 courts in England and Wales will be required to give reasons for not awarding compensation to a victim who has suffered loss, injury or damage. Experimental schemes have been started to enable offenders to make direct reparation to their victims, either by paying financial compensation or by undertaking some service for them.
Courts may order the confiscation of proceeds gained by a criminal from drug trafficking and this principle is to be extended to other very serious offences. In certain circumstances courts may also order forfeiture of property involved in the commission of crime.
6.8. ORAL PRACTICE
6.8.1. Answer the questions on the texts «Treatment of Offenders».
-
In what way should the sentencers in England and Wales (according to the statement of the Court of Appeal) examine each case? -
How do magistrates’ courts work in England and Wales on imposing terms? -
Which sentences may the Crown Court impose? -
Has the death penalty been repealed in England and Wales? -
What are the peculiarities of the court in Scotland? -
What are the powers of the High Court in Scotland? -
What are the sheriffs powers in Scotland? -
What is the maximum term of imprisonment in the district court in Scotland? -
Can a magistrates’ court commit an offender for sentencing at the Crown Court? -
What kinds of penalties in Great Britain are known to you, except for custody? -
What is the most common sentence in Britain? -
Is there any limit to the fine? In case you answer «yes», what is the maximum limit in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and in Scotland? -
What is the purpose of probation? -
For how long can an offender be placed on probation? -
At what age can offenders be placed on probation? -
In what way is the cost on the probation service shared in England and Wales? -
Who is the probation service administered by? -
How do probation services function in Scotland and in Northern Ireland? -
May offenders aged 16 or over 17 convicted of imprisonable offences be given community service orders? -
Give the examples of community work done, will you? -
In what cases is the sentence on probation suspended? -
What do you know about the courts’ order on compensation to victims? -
What is the attitude of the Government to awarding compensation? -
What is the practice like on this problem?
6.8.2. Read the text «Non-custodial Treatment» and make comments on it.
Non-custodial Treatment
Since successive British Governments have believed that non-custodial treatment should be used by the courts wherever possible, there has been an expansion in the range of such penalties; these include fines, probation, supervision, community service, suspended prison sentences and absolute or conditional discharge. In 1988 the Government issued a consultative document on punishment within the community suggesting that courts should be able to impose a new supervision and restriction order (instead of a prison sentence) on an offender which could include compensation to the victim, community service, residence at a hostel or other appointed place, prescribed activities at a day center or elsewhere, curfew or house arrest, or tracking an offender’s whereabouts.
6.8.2 (1). Vocabulary Notes to text 6.8.2.
1) successive British Governments – последовательно меняющиеся британские власти (правительства);
2) an expansion in the range of... penalties – развитие (расширение) диапазона ... наказаний;
3) restriction order – ограничительный порядок;
4) residence at a hostel or other appointed place – проживание в общежитии или в ином назначенном месте;
5) curfew
– комендантский час;6) tracking an offender’s whereabouts – наблюдение за передвижением правонарушителя.
6.8.3. Read the text «Measures» and discuss it in the form of a dialogue, using cliches, set expressions and phrases, given below.
Measures
The court in England and Wales may discharge a person absolutely or conditionally if it believes that punishment should not be inflicted and a probation order is not appropriate. If he or she is conditionally discharged, the offender remains liable to punishment for the offence if convicted of another offence within a period specified by the court (not more than three years). The Crown Court may ‘bind over’ an offender by requiring him or her to keep the peace and/or be of good behaviour; if this requirement is not complied with, the offender may be brought before the court and dealt with for the original offence. Alternatively the ‘binding over’ may take the form of recognition that a sum of money will be forfeit if conditions stated by the court are not complied with.
In Scotland the same effects of conditional discharge and binding over are achieved by a system of deferral of sentence until a given future date to enable the accused person to be of good behaviour in the interim and to meet other conditions stipulated by the court.
Police cautions are used particularly for young offenders; the caution is a form of warning and no court action is taken.
6.8.3 (1). Commentary and Notes to text 6.8.3.
1) punishment should not be inflicted – наказание не должно налагаться;
2) to ‘bind over’ an offender – связывать правонарушителя обязательством;
3) if this requirement is not complied with – если это требование не выполняется;
4) a system of deferral of sentence – система, согласно которой откладывается вынесение приговора;
5) in the interim
– тем временем, за время;
6) to meet conditions – удовлетворять условиям;
7) stipulated by the court – обусловленные судом.
6.8.3 (2). Cliches, set expressions and phrases.
I remember quite clearly that the court in England and Wales... – Я помню совершенно точно, что суд в Англии и Уэльсе...
It is worth (doing)... – Имеет смысл (стоит)...
As far as I can remember if he or she is conditionally discharged... – Насколько я помню, если он или она условно освобождены...
Let me think for a moment. By the way, the Crown Court... – Дайте мне подумать минутку. Между прочим, Королевский суд...
It makes sense. But if conditions stated by the court are not complied with... – Это правомерно. Однако если условия (требования), определенные судом, не выполняются...
I’m not sure I can remember all the details, but in Scotland... – Я не уверен, что помню все подробности, но в Шотландии...
It is difficult to say... – Трудно сказать...
6.9. DEVELOPMENT
6.9.1. Read the additional text «Prisons» for 8 minutes and think over its contents. Give the annotation of it in Russian.
Prisons
The Government aims to provide a humane, efficient and effective prison service. The average inmate population in 1987 in England and Wales was nearly 49,000 and, if past trends continue, is projected to rise in the future. The figure for Scotland was 5,588 in 1986. In Northern Ireland the daily average inmate population reached a peak of almost 3,000 in 1978 but fell to 1,950 in 1987.
Prisons to which offenders may be committed directly by a court are known as ‘local prisons’; all are closed. Other prisons, open or closed, receive prisoners on transfer from local prisons. (Open prisons do not have physical barriers to prevent escape.) In England, Scotland and Wales sentenced prisoners are classified into groups for security purposes.
There are separate prisons for women.
There are no open prisons in Northern Ireland, where the majority of offenders are serving sentences for terrorist offences.
People awaiting trial in local prisons or in remand centres are entitled to privileges not granted to convicted prisoners and, as far as practicable, are separated from convicted prisoners. Those under 21 awaiting trial are, where possible, separated from older prisoners. In 1988 the Government set out proposals in a consultative document under which the private sector would be brought into the management of new remand prisoner facilities subject to certain conditions such as security and the humane treatment of inmates: the Government believes that this step could make new remand accommodation available and reduce overcrowding in existing remand centres and local prisons. Feasibility is being examined by a group of management consultants.
Many of the prisons in England and Wales were built in the nineteenth century, and are now in need of major repairs. Others are housed in converted premises, which are expensive to maintain. In order to reduce overcrowding and ensure that all prisoners are housed in decent conditions, a major programme of building and refurbishment is now in progress. This includes the construction of 26 new prisons, six of which are already complete and in use. In Northern Ireland there is no overcrowding in the six prison establishments, five of which have been built since 1970; two new prisons – one for women – opened in 1986.
6.9.1 (1). Vocabulary Notes to text 6.9.1.
1) inmate population – заключенные (в тюрьме);
2) if past trends continue – если существующие тенденции продолжатся;
3) on transfer from local prisons – по переводу из местных тюрем;
4) for security purposes – в целях безопасности;
5) remand centres – центры предварительного заключения (следственные изоляторы);
6) to reduce overcrowding – сократить количество людей (заключенных);
7) converted premises – приспособленные помещения;
8) decent conditions – приличные условия;
9) a programme of building and refurbishment – программа строительства и реконструкции.
6.9.2. Read the text «Parole and Life License» and make a synopsis of it in Russian.