Файл: Типовик_Ноябрь 2008 English.doc

Тема 19. Сочетание модальных глаголов must, may, might с Perfect Infinitive

Examples: 1. He must have got the article he needed. – Он, должно быть, достал статью, которая была ему нужна. 2. These structures may have occurred in the molecules of amino acids. – Эти структуры возможно встречались в молекулах аминокислот. 3. That might have been expected. – Этого можно было ожидать.

Task. Translate the following sentences into Russian

A.

1. You might have observed this phenomenon in nature.

2. The scientists might have controlled the movement of the object by radar.

3. The experiment might have given a good result.

4. This phenomenon may have been observed only in the north.

5. The student must have missed the lecture.

6. The students might have completed the laboratory work on time.

7. We may have expected good results.

8. The scientist might have investigated this case to explain it.

9. You must have made a mistake.

10. They must have made an appointment to meet at the scientific conference.

B.

1. The engineer might have overlooked something that may turn out to be important in carrying out this experiment.

2. The student might have made the report on time.

3. All the preparations might have been completed.

4. These phenomena may have been observed earlier.

5. They must have taken certain steps to reduce the weight of the mechanical part.

6. Heat must have been removed from the gas.

7. They must have chosen a new detector.

8. The students must have lowered the voltage.

9. It’s clear that heat must have been removed from the gas

10. The transformers may have been used to increase d.c. voltage.

11. We might have been used silver conductors but they could be much more expensive.

12. The construction of the machine must have been special attention to.

13. New electronic equipment might have been bought to complete the laboratory test of a new computer’s controller to check it’s reliability.

14. The construction of the new plant must have been completed on time.

15. The situation is serious. Something must have been done before it’s too late.

16. Low temperature may have influenced the conductivity of metals.

17. The experiments might have provided very good results.

18. Further investigation may have described the properties of the substance obtained.

19. The state of the substance might have been transformed by the energy transferred.

20. The students might have used a galvanometer to detect and measure small electrical current.

Тема 20. Сочетание модальных глаголов cannot, could not, could, might, should, ought с Perfect Infinitive

Examples: 1. He can’t have made such a mistake. – Не может быть, чтобы он совершил подобную ошибку. 2. The rockets could not have been launched without the development of the modern science. – Ракеты не могли бы быть запущены без развития современной науки. 3. The students could have solved that problem. – Студенты могли бы решить эту задачу. 4. The necessary calculations might have been done. – Необходимые вычисления могли бы быть сделаны. 5. You should have used a computer for your research. – Надо было бы использовать компьютер для ваших исследований. 6. They ought to have paid more attention to this problem. – Им следовало бы уделить больше внимания этой проблеме.

Task. Translate the following sentences into Russian

A.

1. You might have spoken to the scientific supervisor to solve this problem.

2. You should have followed the traffic regulations.

3. They must have studied the subject thoroughly, they answered every question.

4. You should have spoken to him on the matter. Why do you keep him in the dark?

5. The students can’t have been so careless.

6. You couldn’t have achieved better results.

7. You ought to have paid more attention to this problem.

8. He couldn’t have escaped through the door because it was locked.

9. She might have left.

10. The car must have run out of petrol.

B.

1. They ought to have changed the fault element in the circuit.

2. He may have got that journal.

3. All the preparations might have been completed.

4. He can’t have been so careless.

5. They could have solved this problem.

6. The report might have been made on time.

7. We should have used that new device.

8. That ought to have been described in detail.

9. You should not have been so careless.

10. The machine couldn’t have been put into operation.

11. The scientists can’t have investigated the data in the shortest time.

12. The scientists can’t have solved the problem of controlled thermonuclear reactions.

13. The research worker couldn’t have realized the programme of scientific research.

14. You can’t have investigated the data in the shortest time.

15. The students should have listened to the professor more carefully.

16. There is actually no reason why the test could not have been performed by that time.

17. Problems that might have taken years to solve nowadays are solved faster.

18. The producer could have made more specific product.They can’t have used the existing cables and relays to introduce a new technology.

Тема 21. Глагольные формы, оканчивающиеся на −ed, стоящие подряд (ed … ed)

Example: The substances utilized neutralized each other. – Вещества, которые были использованы, нейтрализовали друг друга. The substances – подлежащее, выраженное существительным во мн. числе. neutralized – сказуемое, выраженное правильным глаголом в Past Simple. utilized – Participle II (страдательное причастие), образованное от правильного глагола с помощью –ed и выполняющее функцию определения (к подлежащему).

А.

1. The research completed presented a new method of solving that problem.

2. The amount of electricity produced depended on the quality of battery.

3. The methods applied showed good results.

4. The scientist mentioned worked out the new method of dissolving these substances.

5. The paper presented discussed the results of the induction motor test, conducted at the experimental lab.

6. The law formulated contained the clauses on the property rights.

7. The resolution passed provoked much curiosity.

8. The properties described required further investigation.

9. The article translated belonged to our professor.

10. The methods applied increased the productivity of motors.

B.

1. The phenomenon demonstrated attracted everybody’s attention.

2. The problem discussed appeared to be very exciting.

3. The phenomenon occurred attracted students’ attention.

4. The material applied proved to be a good insulator.

5. The results achieved demonstrated our success in that field.

6. The substances burned raised the temperature of the ambient air.

7. The energy transferred transformed the state of that substance.

8. The gas dissolved changed the properties of a heated substance.

9. The liquids heated expanded much more than it was expected.

10. The work completed provided us with the new data.

11. The system developed increased the safety and the efficiency of a car.

12. A force applied caused a body to move in a straight line.

13. The iron magnetized turned out to be a strong magnet.

14. The devices employed improved the efficiency of the machine.

15. The machine designed proved to be efficient in its operation.

Тема 22. Условные придаточные предложения первого типа

Examples: 1. If the characteristics obtained are not acceptable, I shall repeat the experiment with this filter. − Если полученные характеристики не будут приемлемыми, я повторю этот опыт с фильтром. 2. Any electrical device will stop operating, if there is no current in the circuit. − Любой электроприбор перестанет работать, если в цепи не будет тока.

Task. Translate the following sentences into Russian

A.

1. If the wire is broken, there will be no current in the circuit.

2. If a short circuit occurs, the generator will be put out of action.

3. If the phenomenon is interesting for us, we shall make a lot of experimental work.

4. If we look around, we shall see that we can’t live without electricity.

5. If he does not come in time, he will ring us up.

6. If the library is working, the students will take the textbooks.

7. I shall go nowhere, if it rains tomorrow.

8. If a book is not interesting, children will not read it.

9. If you open the window, fresh air will go into the room.

10. If the students need the textbooks, they will go to the library.

B.

1. If the method proposed is suitable for us we shall use it in our experiment.

2. If the pressure rises rapidly, the water pipes will be damaged.

3. If there is fuel shortage, the thermal power station will not be able to generate electricity.

4. If you use advanced technologies, your profit will be higher.

5. If the temperature of a metal wire becomes higher, its resistance will be higher too.

6. If you heat a metal bar to the temperature of melting, the metal will begin melting.

7. If the air supply stops, the fuel will stop burning.

8. If you mount a step-up transformer in this electrical circuit, you will be able to increase voltage in the load.

9. If mankind continues to emit greenhouse gases, the global warming will be unavoidable.

10. If workers keep electrical safety rules, there will be much less accidents in plants.

11. If you do not simplify the design of the device, this will be very expensive and many companies will not be able to afford it.

12. If you replace an ammeter with a voltmeter, you will not be able to measure current.

13. If the potential difference becomes great enough, the electrons will jump through the air forming an electric spark.

14. If the secondary coil has more windings of wire than the primary one, the output voltage will be stepped up.

15. The energy yield will remarkably increase if new equipment is installed at the thermoelectric power station.

16. If a user has a break from the computer from time to time, he will not get tired.

17. If you do not see a power-station boiler, you will not imagine its real enormous size.

18. If you study the types of radio waves, you will know them to be long, medium and short.

19. If you want to be so strict about the law, do everything in such way, as the law will say.

20. If anybody does not like to sleep when the light is on, he will switch it off.

21. If we once have become friends, we shall always now remain friends.

Тема 23. Условные придаточные предложения второго типа

Examples: If there were no oil, we should not have a lot of modern devices now. – Если бы не было нефти, у нас не было бы многих современных приборов. If the river were deeper, it would be navigable. – Если бы река была глубже, она была бы судоходной.

Task. Translate the following sentences into Russian

A.

1. If the protective equipment were bad, there would be a lot of accidents.

2. If we had an ammeter, we should be able to measure the current.

3. If we had a better boiler, we should be able to produce more steam.

4. If the equipment met our requirements, we should buy it immediately.

5. If the turbines and boilers did not meet our requirements, we should not buy them.

6. If the turbine efficiency were higher, we should save fuel and money.

7. If we were all here, we should start our experiment.

8. If I were you, I should not become an engineer.

9. If the director were in, he would receive you in his office.

10. I should be able to do much better job, it I weren't so tired now.

B.

1. If the current in the winding were lower, the results of the experiment would be wrong.

2. If the generator were broken, the power station would not be able to supply electrical power to its consumers.

3. If you did not know the basic principles of this physical theory, you would not pass the exams to enter our institute.

4. If we continued to use solid fuel instead of gas, the losses would be much higher.

5. If the temperature changed frequently, thermal stresses would cause the pipeline breaking.

6. If the weather were colder, combined power stations would not be able to supply enough heat power.

7. If all the electrical devices were properly insulated, there would be no accidents in the factory.

8. If we received new equipment, we should have to change the standard operational and maintenance procedures.

9. If we reduced emissions of the greenhouse gases, the atmosphere would become cleaner.

10. If we used computers from morning till evening, we should hurt our sight.

11. If we looked around, we should see that we couldn't live without electricity.

12. They would accept this lot of instruments, if they were satisfied with today's tests.

13. They would refuse to buy the tools, if they weren't satisfied with their quality.

14. If this model were improved in the output power and overall sizes, the use of it would be increased a lot.

15. If he were in Moscow next week, he would come to our plant.

16. Unless the engineers and scientists solved the disposal problem, nuclear energy would not become a widespread source.

17. If Antarctica did not play a unique role in the world environmental system, the scientists would not pay great attention to it.

18. If she were free today, she would not hesitate to join us.

19. If you visited this exhibition, you would see the latest models of this firm.

20. We were grateful to you, if you would reserve a room in the hotel.