Файл: Уманець А.В. та н. Grammar in Use.doc

Примітка 1 (до Present Simple).

Дієслова в третій особі однини мають закінчення -s: to work – works.

Закінчення -es додається до дієслова у таких випадках:

а) якщо основа дієслова закінчується на -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -tch, -x, -o: to go – goes, to do – does, to teach – teaches;

б) якщо основа дієслова закінчується на –у з попередньою приголосною; при цьому перед -es буква у замінюється на і: to try – tries, але to obey – obeys .

Закінчення третьої особи однини в Present Simple вимовляється

[s] – після глухих приголосних звуків, крім [s, ∫, t∫] :

He keeps.

[z] – після дзвінких приголосних, крім [z, з, dз] і після голосних:

He trains.

He sees.

[ız] – після свистячих і шиплячих звуків [s, z, ∫, з, t∫, dз]

He watches.

Примітка 2 (до Past Simple).

При вживанні правильних дієслів у стверджувальній формі потрібно пам’ятати такі правила їх правопису:

а) якщо інфінітив закінчується буквою -е, то в Past Simple перед закінченням -еd, вона не пишеться: to live – lived; use – used; change – changed; hope – hoped.

б) якщо інфінітив закінчується буквою -у, якій передує приголос-
на, то перед закінченням -еd у змінюється на і: to try – tried; deny – denied; apply – applied; dry – dried.

в) якщо інфінітив закінчується однією приголосною буквою, якій передує короткий наголошений голосний звук, то кінцева приголосна перед -еd подвоюється: to drop – dropped; flop – flopped; crop – cropped; clip – clipped.

г) кінцева буква l подвоюється, якщо їй передує короткий наголошений чи ненаголошений звук у британському варіанті англійської мови (BrE): to travel – travelled; cancel – cancelled; marvel – marvelled; level – levelled.

Закінчення -еd вимовляється так:

[t] – після глухих приголосних, крім t: to work – worked; kiss – kissed; gossip – gossiped; ask – asked.

[d] – після дзвінких приголосних, крім d, та після голосних: to open – opened; to answer – answered; scream – screamed; cover – covered.

[id] – після t, d, te, de: to translate – translated; to land – landed; skate – skated; decide – decided.

д) кінцева буква r подвоюється, якщо останній склад наголошений і не має дифтонга: to prefer – preferred; confer – conferred; refer – referred; concur – concurred.

Exercises

I. Put the following sentences in the negative and interrogative forms.

1. He wants to have lots of children.

2. I have a huge breakfast.

3. It is a boiling hot day.

4. I am not at a loose end.

5. It takes me half an hour to get to the University.

6. We work hard at our English every year.

7. They zoom off to the library to borrow books.

8. Nick tries to squeeze some physical exercises into his busy schedule.

II. Write sentences about the past using yesterday, last week (month, year), ago etc.

1. My alarm doesn’t go off every day.

2. They buy a new tape-recorder every year.

3. She often visits her granny.

4. I usually meet my boy-friend every evening.

5. My younger brother often loses his key.

6. Scientists make some fundamental discoveries every year.

III. Complete the gaps in the jazz chant with one of the phrases from the box. Use the Present Simple in the first verse and the Past Simple in the second verse.

1. On Monday I always go out for a drink

And have a good long chat.

On Tuesday I often ________ a walk

Then _______ to my best friend’s flat.

On Wednesdays and Thursdays I stay at home

And _______ at eight.

On Fridays I sometimes ________ for a meal

And get back really late!

I ______ for most weekends

To the beach and my house by the sea.

I ______ and shopping on Saturdays

And on Sundays I’m at home by three.

2. On Mondays John went out for a drink

And had a good long chat

On Tuesday night he________ a walk

Then _______ to his best friend’s flat.

On Wednesdays and Thursdays he stayed at home

And _______ at eight.

On Friday night he________ for a meal

And got back really late!

He ______ for whole weekends

To the beach and my house by the sea.

He______ late on Saturdays

And on Sundays was dead by half past three.

IV. Put in the correct verb form (Present Simple or will…)

1. If you _______after two hares, you ______neither (run, catch).

2. She doesn’t know when she _______a job (find).

3. Don’t trouble trouble until trouble_______ you (trouble).

4. If the sky ______ we shall catch larks (fall).

5. I can borrow my raincoat if you _______ it back (bring).

6. If I ______ a million, I shall go round the world (have).

V. Fill in the missing forms of verbs.

VI. Read these sentences and correct any tense errors.

VII. Answer the following questions.

Pattern: When do you usually get up? – Usually I get up at 7 o’clock. Yesterday I got up at 8 and tomorrow I’ll get up at 6 because I have a lot of work to do.

1. Where do you usually spend your holidays?

2. How long does it take you to do your homework?

3. What TV programs do you prefer to watch?

4. What kind of sport do you go in for?

5. Where do you usually have your dinner?

6. Where do you like to go for a walk?

7. When do you go sleeping?

8. How often do you see your grandparents?

VIII. Replace the Infinitive in brackets by the correct tense form.

Michelangelo (1475-1564) was one of the most inspired creators in the history of art. He (have) a tremendous influence on all his contemporaries, as a sculptor, an architect, a painter, and a poet.

He (be) born near Arezzo, but he considered Florence to be his home town. He (love) the city’s art, architecture, and culture above all. He (concentrate) on sculpture initially. He (begin) to carve a figure of David from a huge block of marble in 1501 and (finish) it in 1504.

Pope Julius II asked Michelangelo to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel later. Michelangelo (work) on this task every day for four years from 1508 till 1512.

Many buildings (be) designed by him. His work at St. Peter’s Basilica (represent) his greatest achievement as an architect. This revolutionary design (be) difficult to appreciate nowadays.

Michelangelo (belong) to that small group of artists such as Shakespeare and Beethoven who have been able to express the deepest experiences of humanity through their work. Every new generation of people (know) and (remember) Michelangelo’s immortal works.

IX. Use the prompts to write a conversation about an accident. Choose the best form of the verb.

A: Frank told me you (have) accident yesterday. What (happen)?

B: We were driving home and another car (stop) suddenly and we (go) into it.

A: (Be) the other car all right?

B: Yes, of course, because I never (drive) very fast. But as for my brother, he (not like) to drive slowly.

A: By the way, tomorrow we (go) to London to see our friends.

B: That (be) great. I (be) sure your trip (be) wonderful.

X. In the 2^nd century BC a list was made of the most impressive and beautiful man-made objects in the world:

the Pharos, light house of Alexandria;

the Hanging Gardens of Babylon;

the Statue of Zeus at Olympia;

the Colossus of Rhodes;

the Pyramids of Egypt;

the Tomb of Mausolus;

the Temple of Diana.

These were called The Seven Wonders of the World.

1) Translate their names into Ukrainian;

2) Name the greatest wonders of our time (the 20-th–21-st centuries). Don’t just think of buildings!

3) Write a short essay about one of the seven wonders of the world using the Simple Tenses.

XI. 1. What machines are important in our life? Mark them 1 for the most important down to 10 for the least important.

ٱthe car

ٱthe telephone

ٱthe television

ٱthe computer

ٱthe washing machine

ٱthe plane

ٱthe atom bomb

ٱthe space rocket

ٱthe fax machine

ٱthe space satellite

2. What other machines would you add to the list?

3. Act out the following topics using the Simple Tenses:

a) the most important machine in my life;

b) machines which have changed the world the most.

XII. 1. Read the text and reproduce it.

Madonna is a well-known singer and actress in the whole world. She was born in Michigan (the USA) in 1959. Originally a dancer, she had her first hit record “Holiday” in 1983. In 1985 she began her film career and also married the actor Sean Penn, but the marriage lasted less than four years. Her “Blond Ambition Tour” in 1990 – complete with outrageous costumes designed by Jean Daul Gaultier – and her book “Sex” (1993) caused much controversy. Her career took a more respectable direction, however, with the birth of her first child, Lourdes, in 1997, and her performances in the title role of Evita.

3. Do you have a favourite singer or actor? Why do you like him (her)? Compare your favourites with the rest of the class. Work in groups. Ask each other questions and answer them. Use the Simple Tenses.

XIII. Role-play. Work in pairs. Make up a dialogue on one of these situations using the Simple Tenses and the prompts given.

- A is a shop-assistant; B is a custumer. Prompts: department store, shoe department, a pair of shoes, to be the latest fashion, to try on, size, to buy, polite.

- A is going for a walk; B offers to accompany her/him. Prompts: weather, rain, umbrella, raincoat, trainers, fresh air.

- A is cooking dinner for the family; B offers to help. Prompts: to cook broth, to prepare vegetables, chops, stuffed cabbage rolls, to fry potatoes, stewed fruit.

XIV. Look at the conversation between Karl Brown’s secretary and John Williams. Try to complete the dialogue and reproduce it in pairs. Use the Simple Tenses.

S. Hello! Karl Brown’s office.

J.W. Hello! Could I speak to Karl Brown, please? This is John Williams.

S. I am afraid he is out at this moment.

J.W. I see. What time will he be back in the office?

S. I am not sure. I don’t know, but… …

XV. Role-play. Work in pairs.

You are in a hotel. A is an receptionist, and B is a guest. The guest has several requests and phones Reception from his/her room. Use these situations:

• You’d like some coffee and a sandwich in your room.

• You want the telephone number of the airport.

• You want to be woken at 6.00 in the morning.

• You want to order a taxi to take you to the airport.

Use the Simple Tenses.

XVI. Work with a partner. Choose from the list and make short dialogues using the Simple Tenses.

Read / a book in a foreign language?

Drive / a car?

Sleep / in the open air?

See / a horror movie?

Try / iced tea?

Meet / anyone famous?

XVII. Role-play. Work in groups of three.

You are the parents of C. One of you is a teacher, and the other is a lawyer. You would like C to follow one of these professions, but C has other ideas. Your son wants to be a dancer. Talk together and try to persuade each other to see your point of view. Use the Simple Tenses.

XVIII. Role-play.

You are going to interview Jimmy Brown, a news reporter from the BBC and a documentary maker. Work in groups to prepare questions. When you are ready, conduct the interview. Don’t forget to use the following questions paying attention to the Present Simple.

1. What sort of programmes does he find offensive? Why?

2. Does he feel people can tell the difference between fantasy and reality? Does he think it matters whether they can? What examples can he quote to support his view?

3. Does he think television reflects society, or influences society? Does he feel that television has positive as well as negative influences?

Compare your answers and swap information.

XIX. Translate into English.

Українська мова є і завжди буде основою нашого державного й національного суверенітету. Кожна людина здатна володіти, а в наші часи і просто зобов’язана розмовляти і читати кількома мовами, якщо хоче бути успішною у своїй справі. Але тільки однією, рідною, мовою будується душа людини, її емоційна система, зв’язок з космосом, з Богом, а найголовніше – з собою. Тому ми повинні знати і любити нашу рідну українську мову, берегти та шанувати її.

XX. Test yourself.

1. Last night they _____ a strange object in the sky.

a) don’t see; c) saw;

b) see; d) will be.

2. Every summer my friends ______ me to have rest at their place.

a) invite; c) invited;

b) invites; d) didn’t invite.

3. On Sunday I ______ the TV on and was pleasantly surprised.

a) will switch; c) switch;

b) didn’t switch; d) switched.

4. My younger sister ______ from the University in a year.

a) graduates; c) graduate;

b) graduated; d) will graduate.

5. Ocassionally I _____ letters to my relatives at the weekend.

a) will write; c) write;

b) didn’t write; d) wrote.

6. Susan ______ shopping and ______ a wonderful summer frock.

a) didn’t go; c) go; a) buy; c) will buy;

b) goes; d) went. b) bought; d) didn’t buy.

XXI. Discuss the following questions in the groups using the Simple Tenses.

1. Are you an organized person or not?

2. Do you like to plan carefully in advance or do you prefer to be more spontaneous?

3. Do you have any friends or relatives who are very different from you in this respect? Does this ever cause problems?

4. Do you think age or sex affect how organized people are?

XXII. Write your essays on the topics:

1. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

A competitive society brings out the best in every individual.

2. In your opinion, who is mainly responsible for a child’s academic success, the parents or the teachers?

3. Should parents try to teach their children before they go to school? Use specific details and examples in your answer.

Exercises

I. Answer the questions according to the model.

Model: - Is Tom very busy right now? (write)

- Yes, he is. He is writing.

1. Are the students very busy right now? (read)

2. Is Susan very busy right now? (have breakfast)

3. Are the Greens very busy right now? (shop)

4. Is Miss Black very busy right now? (tape)

5. Is Jane very busy right now? (wash up)

6. Are the girls very busy right now? (skate)

II. Perform an action and describe it using the Present Con-
tinuous Tense.

Model: stand next to your desk

Student A stands up.

Teacher: Who is standing next to her desk?

Student B: Maria is standing next to her desk.

1. smile

2. read your grammar book

3. look at your watch

4. rub your palms together

5. hold your pen in your left hand

6. shake your hands with someone

7. count aloud the number of people in the room.

8. shake your head “no”

9. clean the board

III. Find out occupations (hobbies) of the people mentioned below, judging by their actions.

Model: Student A: I am doing history.

Student B: Do you mean that you are a student of the history Department.

Student A: Yes, I am.

1. She is reading for her finals.

2. He is working at his thesis.

3. She is baby-sitting now.

4. Helen is reading on the usage of computers.

5. He is writing his first term-paper.

6. My grandmother is taking her medicine now.

7. His uncle is training on the ice now.

8. My aunt is playing the piano now.

IV. Complete the sentences with the words in brackets. Use the Present Indefinite or the Present Continuous.

1. Right now I (to read) at the board. I (to see) some words on the board.

2. Right now Ann (to read) an article in the newspaper, but she (to understand, not) it. Some of the vocabulary (to be) too difficult for her.

3. Right now I (to think) about sea gulls and waves.

4. I (to think) that sea gulls are beautiful.

5. They always gossip, she never (to do) it.

6. Sally (to take) a shower now.

7. I hardly ever (to work) on Monday now.

8. We (to go) to the seaside every summer.

V. Combine the two sentences into one sentence by using a time clause. Use the word in brackets to introduce the time clause.

1. (before) First: I did my homework

Then: I went to bed.

2. (after) First: Bob graduated from the university.

Then: He got a job.

3. (while) First: I was studying.

Then: Amanda called me on the phone.

4. (when) First: My alarm clock rang.

Then: I woke up.

5. (before) First: I bought some flowers.

Then: I went to the hospital to visit my friend.

6. (when) First: I ate dinner.

Then: Eric came to see me.

VI. Answer the questions using the word because.

Model: Why didn’t you come to the party?

Because I was feeling bad.

1. Why didn’t you go out last night? (rain)

2. Why did they tell him to be quiet? (watch TV).

3. Why did Helen stay at home? (to do flat)

4. Why didn’t he stop to talk to you? (hurry to the lecture)

5. Why did she switch off the radio? (work)

6. Why didn’t you go to the skating-rink last week (snow heavily).