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198 AMERICA IN CLOSE-UP
3. continued
Q: Is there a strict code of conduct at your school?
A: Each student receives a detailed student hand-
book which therein has the rights and responsibilities
governing smoking, lavatory use, language -
obscene or vulgar - what may and may not be
brought to school, such as radios or weapons or
drugs. There are also rules concerning absenteeism
and tardiness to class and the penalties such as
detention, m-school suspension, out-of-school sus-
pension and expulsion.
I know these rules sound really strict, and they are a
bit, but for the most part they're common sense. And
the atmosphere isn't as bad as it sounds. It is not a
prison. It's actually quite relaxed and quite friendly.
Q: What part of the school life at Quincy would you be
critical of?
A: Well, as a whole I like Quincy High a lot and if I could
change one thing, it would probably be the breaks
between class. I think they are too short. Five minutes
isn't enough time to get from one class to the other.
Q: What do you like best about your school?
A: Well, I like Quincy High a lot. I like the teachers the
best. They're good teachers and they're easy to get
along with. I also like the fact that Quincy is a bigger
school because that gives me more opportunities in
sports and in the variety of classes that I can take.
Attendance Policy & Procedures
Quincy Senior High Attendance Policy for 1984 — 85
Improved attendance is a major goal for Quincy
Senior High School because it means students
should learn more and get better grades. The
efforts of the past school year on the part of
students, parents and school staff yielded a
decrease in absences from 9.3% in 1983 to 7.3%
in 1984. In actual days this means that the average
student missed 16.3 days in 1983 and 12.8 days in
1984 [ . . . ] We are very happy about this trend,
but we know we can do better. Even our current
improved record wouldn't be acceptable to
employers.
Poor attendance affects learning and earned
grades the most for those students who miss 20
days or more during the school year. With this in
mind, our attendance policy in 1984—85 insists
that students attend class a given number of days
before credit in the course is allowed. Our faculty
feels strongly that students who miss class
excessively miss so much content that it is very
difficult to make up outside class. . . .
When a student reaches 12 class absences in a
semester at Quincy Senior High, we believe that
too much class time has been missed to justify
granting credit for the course. When a student
has 12 absences or more, his or her grade will
become "incomplete". This means that credit is
suspended until certain requirements are met. To
change this "incomplete" to a credit-bearing
grade will require much responsibility on the
student's part to change the attendance pattern
and meet other obligations set by the school,
students and parents.
Of course, there will be some special
circumstances where exceptions will need to be
made in the interest of fairness. The Illinois
School Code, in Section 122:26—1, gives school
officials the right to excuse a student temporarily.
Within the guidelines of the school code, this
policy will be implemented fairly for students
who have medical excuses from a doctor and
other extenuating circumstances which
contribute to absences which can't be avoided.
The following reasons for absences are
included in the 12 absence limit. These are
classified as excused absences as far as makeup
work is concerned. Most students should miss
less than 6 days a year for these reasons.
1. Illness of the student.
2. Serious illness in the family.
3. Death in family.
4. Approved emergency needs at home.
5. Absences which have been arranged by
parents prior to the student's absence.
Tardiness, or being late to class, is also a bad
habit for students to develop. When a student is
tardy three times, it will be counted as a one-day
absence.
Skipping classes or being unexcused is a more
serious type of absence. These absences count
more heavily toward the 12-day limit. Each class
absence for skipping or an unexcused reason
counts the same as 3 days excused absence toward
the limit of 12. . . .
EDUCATION 199
In a 1984 opinion poll student leaders were asked to qualify the
public schools in the U.S.A. The statistics show their answers to five
key questions.
O
What letter grade would you give to
the overall quality of education you
are receiving at your school?
A (excellent) 2 8 . 1 %
B (good) 57.2%
C
(average) 13.4%
D (fair) 1.1%
F (poor) 0.2%
O
The single most important action
my school could take to improve my
education is:
Raise the quality of teachers 50.0%
Make classwork more
challenging 26.3%
Improve discipline 14.0%
Extend the school day 2.3%
Other 12.3%
M M The biggest problem with the quality
^Jp
of teachers today is:
They fail to make subject matter
interesting 5 6 . 1 %
They do not challenge students to
work harder in class 22.2%
They cannot maintain discipline in
the classroom 10.6%
They do not have a good grasp of
their subject matter 8.7%
Other 1 3 . 1 %
What letter grade would you give to
the overall quality of your teachers?
A (excellent) 1 4 . 1 %
B(good) 55.3%
C
(average) 26.2%
D(fair) 4.2%
F (poor) 0.3%
5
More money could be spent best
in my school by:
Buying better textbooks and
instructional materials 47.3%
Raising all teachers' salaries 23.2%
Raising the salaries of a few
superior teachers 1 8 . 1 %
Extending the school day 2.6%
Other 12.9%-
Note: Percentage totals may exceed 100
because some students gave more than
one response to certain questions.
200 AMERICA IN CLOSE-UP
0
UNIVERSITIES
IN TRANSITION
By David Riesman
The following text is taken from an essay in the W i l s o n
Quarterly which deals with some fundamental changes at
American universities during the 1970s. Although the
explosive activism on university campuses during the 1960s
gave that decade the greatest press coverage, Professor
Riesman claims that the 1970s have brought about a more
significant change in higher education. He sees the reasons
for this in the large-scale tuition subsidies granted by
Congress in 1972 and the active recruitment of blacks and
other minorities which have brought eleven million students
of all races and social backgrounds into U.S. universities.
Students at Boston University
T
he sheer diversity of Amer-
ican higher education, so
baffling to foreigners,
baffles many Americans
as well. There were, at last official
count, 3,075 accredited colleges and
universities in the United States.
Many of them have their own se-
parate lobbies in Washington: the
community colleges, the land-grant
schools and other state universities,
the former teachers' colleges and
regional state universities, the pre-
dominantly black schools, the private
colleges. Not to mention women's
schools and Catholic schools, and
schools affiliated with dozens of
other religious denominations. . . .
At the end of World War II, ap-
proximately half of the 1.5 million
college and university students in
the United States were educated in
private institutions, the other half
in state or locally supported schools.
Today, private colleges educate
barely one-fifth of the 11 rniUion
American students.
. . . it is not simply tuition that
has taken private schools out of the
market, for inflation spreads its
penalties — and windfalls — all too
evenly. There are still millions of
Americans who have enough, could
save enough, or could safely borrow
enough to send their children even
to the most expensive private
college. . . .
At the heart of the problem is the
fact that, as our culture becomes
"democratized", the idea of attend-
ing a private school has come to
EDUCATION 201
6. continued
seem unnatural and anachronistic
to many people. .. .
Among one group of victims of
this egalitarianism — the exclu-
sively private single-sex colleges -
panic has been spreading since the
late 1950s. . . . It has become an
increasingly idiosyncratic choice to
attend the few single-sex schools
that remain. One element of Ame-
rican diversity is thus being lost —
as is an opportunity for some young
people who would benefit, for a
time, from not having to compete
nth or for the opposite sex. Yet
opportunity to choose is supposed
to be one of the very essentials of
democratization. . . .
Advocates of public higher edu-
cation claim that there is virtually
no innovation to be found in the
private sector that cannot also be
duplicated in the public sector. And
indeed, the public schools are often
less monolithic than is often
thought. The University of Califor-
nia, with its eight campuses, offers
students everything from small-
college clusters in rural settings of
great natural beauty (Santa Cruz) to
large urban universities (Los
Angeles). And Evergreen State
College, begun 10 years ago in
Olympia, Washington, is more
avowedly experimental than most
private colleges.
Yet an important difference re-
mains: Private colleges, and (with
such exceptions as Northeastern
and New York University) most
private universities as well, are on
average far smaller than public
ones. And while small size is not
necessarily a virtue, it often is, par-
ticularly insofar as it continually
reminds the sprawling public cam-
puses that "giantism" may itself be
a deformity. I am inclined to believe
that, in the absence of the private
model, state colleges and universi-
ties would never have sought to
create enclaves of smallness. . . .
. . . private schools were the first
actively to seek re-cruitment of
minority students. Private colleges
have also in fact (though by no
means universally) possessed a
somewhat greater degree of
academic freedom and autonomy
than public ones. Sheltered from
the whims of angry governors and
legislators, they set a standard for
academic freedom and non-inter-
ference that the public institutions
can - and do — use in defending
themselves.
State university officials recog-
nize the importance of maintaining
a private sector. State pride is a
factor here. The state universities
of Michigan and Texas, of Illinois
and Indiana, Virginia and North
Carolina, Washington and Califor-
nia all want to be world-class in-
stitutions on a level with private
universities like Stanford, Chicago
and Yale, and they use these private
models as spurs to their legislative
supporters and beneficent gra-
duates. They have even been able
to maintain some selectivity, shunt-
ing those students with less de-
monstrable ability to the growing
regional branches of central state
universities. These regional state
colleges and universities are now
large and well established. Given
the general egalitarian temper of
the times, these schools have no
qualms about competing for state
money with the older, more pres-
tigious parent campuses. The in-
eluctable, if not immediately
perceptible, consequence is that of
"leveling".
Riesman, David: born 1909, professor of social sciences at Harvard University and
author of The Lonesome Crowd, the most celebrated and widely translated study of
American character in the twentieth century.
202
PART C
Exercises
1. Global Comprehension
American Educational Philosophies
1. Diane Ravitch distinguishes between three
clearly identifiable periods in American
educational policy:
- t h e late 1940s to 1957;
- 1 9 5 7 to the mid 1960s;
- t h e mid 1960s to the mid 1970s.
Which period(s) does she regard as
progressive and which as traditional?
2. Find names for each of the three
corresponding educational movements.
2. Text Analysis
1. Describe the characteristics of each
educational movement.
2. What kind of criticism did each movement
evoke?
3. Show how American educational
philosophies respond to changes in the social
and political climate.
3. Discussion and Comment
1. Diane Ravitch's analysis of educational
history finishes in 1977. Taking into account
the information about the 1983 report "A
Nation at Risk" do you think that it is still
true that policies swing from progressivism
to traditionalism?
2. The controversy between progressives and
traditionalists is basically about the question
of whether education should be more child-
centered, i.e. centered around the indivi-
dual's capacities, interests and habits or more
society-oriented, i.e. geared to the special
needs and requirements of society. Find
arguments for both sides and discuss them in
class.
4. Comprehension
What Makes Great Schools Great
When you have read the two texts, compare the
situation at Thomas Jefferson and that at
Glenbrook South High School. Make two
columns and look at each of the following
aspects:
a) size of school;
b) ethnic and social background of students;
c) forces and efforts that make the school
outstanding;
d) problem areas and how they are tackled;
e) parent support;
f) community support.
5. Interpretation and Discussion
1. If you compare both schools, it is obvious
that they are very different in type. Judging
from the descriptions of these two schools,
which factors do you think mainly determine
the character of a school?
2. Besides the forces that constitute the
"greatness" of both schools, are there any
other aspects of school-life not mentioned in
the text that you would regard as important?
How would you characterize your own
school?