Файл: Особенности развития памяти детей дошкольного возраста с нормой и отклонениями развития.pdf

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Working memory in children⁴

Working memory, also known as WM, is a better predictor of school achievement than IQ.

But kids with WM problems are often misunderstood.

Does your child have attention problems?

Does she have more trouble following directions than do other kids her age?

WM capacity: How big is your child’s "mental workspace"?

Can you add together 23 and 69 in your head? When you ask for directions to the post office, can get there without writing the instructions down?

Such tasks engage working memory, the memory we use to keep information immediately “in mind" so we can complete a task.

It’s like a mental workspace or notepad—the “place" where we manipulate information, perform mental calculations, or form new thoughts.

Just as different computers have different amounts of RAM, WM capacity varies from person to person. You can see this if you try giving the same verbal instructions to different kids.

“Please give me the red pencil, then pick up the blue eraser and put it in the green box."

Some kids find this relatively easy. Others try to carry out the instructions, but lose track of the details along the way. …

Is this related to ADHD?

Not exactly. Kids with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder have very low WM capacity. But they are also impulsive and hyperactive. It’s possible to have

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¹ Parenting science. How to improve attention problems and learning difficulties in kids

© 2010 -2012 Gwen Dewar, Ph.D. (электронный ресурс). Режим доступа: http://www.parentingscience.com/working-memory.html (дата обращения 13.06.16г)

poor WM skills without showing these additional symptoms….

In a recent longitudinal study, Tracy and Ross Alloway measured the IQs and working memory skills of 5-year-olds. Then, 6 years later, researchers tested the kids again, assessing not only IQ and WM, but also each child’s academic achievement in reading, spelling, and math.

The results were sobering. Early WM skills were a better predictor of later academic achievement then were early IQ scores (Alloway and Alloway 2010). And, unlike IQ, working memory did not correlate with the parents’ socioeconomic status or educational level.

How do we identify kids with low WM capacity? And what can we do to help?

Signs of low WM capacity

Researchers Susan Gathercole and Tracy Alloway describe the profile of a child with low WM capacity (Gathercole and Alloway 2007). Typically, this child

• Has normal social relationships with peers

• Is reserved during group activities in the classroom and sometimes fails to answer direct questions

• Finds it difficult to follow instructions

• Loses track during complicated tasks and may eventually abandon these tasks

• Makes place-keeping errors (skipping or repeating steps)

• Shows incomplete recall

• Appears to be easily distracted, inattentive, or “zoned out"

• Has trouble with activities that require both storage (remembering) and processing (manipulating information)

Gathercole and Alloway suggest strategies for teaching kids with WM difficulties.

For example, they advise teachers to break down tasks and instructions into smaller components. It’s also important to prompt kids with regular reminders of what they need to do next to finish a task.

Kids should be encouraged to ask questions when they have lost their way. And kids may benefit from being asked to repeat key information back. They may also benefit from special training in the use of memory aids--like note-taking.

Рабочая память у детей. ⁴

Рабочая память, также известная как ВМ, является лучшим предиктором успеваемости в школе. Но дети с WM проблемы часто не понимают.
Есть ли у вашего ребенка проблемы со вниманием?
- Есть проблемы по другим направлениям, отличные чем у других детей этого возраста? Емкость ВМ: насколько велика "умственное рабочее пространство вашего ребенка"? Вы можете сложить 23 и 69 в голове? Когда вы спрашиваете дорогу на почту, может попасть туда без написания инструкции?
Такие задачи задействуют рабочую память, память, которую мы используем для хранения информации, непосредственно “в уме" так мы можем выполнить задачу. Это как ментальное пространство или блокнот —“место", где мы манипулируем информацией, выполняем устные вычисления, или образуем новые мысли. Просто как разные компьютеры имеют разные объемы ОЗУ, емкость памяти варьируется от человека к человеку. Вы можете увидеть это, если вы попробуйте дать одни и те же словесные инструкции для разных детей. “Пожалуйста, дай мне красный карандаш, потом забери синий ластик и положи его в зеленый ящик".
Некоторые дети считают, что это сравнительно легко. Другие пытаются выполнять инструкции, но теряют детали по пути. Испытывая
очень низкую емкость ВМ. Но они также импульсивны и гиперактивны.